Infecções por helmintos e protozoários intestinais em gestantes de primeira consulta atendidas em centros de saúde da rede estadual no subdistrito do Butantã, município de São Paulo

No período compreendido entre abril e outubro de 1988, foram estudadas 481 gestantes de primeira consulta, as quais estavam inscritas no Programa de Atendimento à Gestante em oito Centros de Saúde da Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo. Do total estudado, 86 gestantes não trouxeram amostras de fezes para análise, mesmo após várias solicitações. A idade média da população estudada foi de 24,5 anos (idade mínima de 14 e máxima de 46 anos); a renda média das famílias das gestantes foi de 0,97 SMPC (salário mínimo per capita) e o número médio de pessoas que compunham suas famílias foi de quatro (um a quinze pessoas). A prevalência de verminose foi de 45,1% (n=395). Os parasitas mais freqüentes foram: Ascaris lumbricoides (19,0%); ancilostomídeos (16,7%) e Trichuris trichiura (15,9%). Das 248 gestantes infectadas de enteroparasitas, 70 (28,2%) eram portadoras somente dos seguintes protozoários: Endolimax nana, Entamoeba coli e Iodamoeba butschllii. A prevalência de parasitas intestinais foi significativamente maior (p<0,05) nas gestantes pertencentes às famílias com renda de até 0,5 SMPC e compostas por 5 pessoas ou mais.

A low cost method to produce a gaseous environment for the isolation of Helicobacter pylori

A low cost method (LCM) to produce a gaseous environment for the isolation of Helicobacter pylori, was compared with the standard Gas Park system. The LCM uses a carbonated antacid tablet, a plastic bag with tap water, a candle, and a wide-mouthed glass jar provided with a tight-fitting metalic screw cap and a rubber gasket. Antral gastric biopsies from 153 cases were incubated by duplicate on blood agar plates and treated with the two methods. In 95 cases the agent was isolated from both, and only from the standard method in 10 cases; the opposite condition was found in five cases, and 43 were negative. That difference is not significant (Pearson's X²= 93.25 p > 0,05)

Avaliação da atividade terapêutica do itraconazol nas infecções crônicas, experimental e humana, pelo Trypanosoma cruzi

Alguns pesquisadores demonstraram que o intraconzol, "in vitro" e na infecção aguda de animais, possui atividade antiparasitária referente ao Trypanosoma cruzi. Diante dessas observações, decidimos empreender estudo sobre e etapa crônica da parasitose devida a esse protozoário, considerando que ela é mais proeminente sob o ponto de vista médico-assistencial. A propósito, efetuamos apreciações baseadas em modelo composto por camundongos infectados e, também, relacionadas com indivíduos acometidos de doença de Chagas. Usamos 100 mg/kg/dia, por meio de sonda gástrica, durante três meses, e 100 ou 200 mg/dia, pela via oral, respectivamente, no decurso de igual período, sem evidenciarmos efeitos benéficos, pelo menos conforme a metodologia adotada

Tratamento pelo fluconazol de pacientes imuno-comprometidos com graves infecções fúngicas

Avaliou-se a eficácia do fluconazol no tratamento de infecções fúngicas em 108 pacientes imunocomprometidos. As doses iniciais variaram de 50 a mais de 400 mg/dia. Dos 108 pacientes, 57 (52,8%) tinham criptococose, 45 (41,7%) candidíase e 6 (5,5%) outras infecções fúngicas, sendo que 66,6% dos pacientes eram portadores de AIDS. Dos 57 pacientes com criptococose houve acometimento do SNC em 52 (91,2%); 39 de 43 pacientes com criptococose (90,7%) e 36 de 39 dos portadores de candidíase (92,3%) curaram ou tiveram boa evolução clínica. A erradicação do fungo ocorreu em 19 de 30 casos com criptococose (63,3%) e em 21 de 26 casos com candidíase (80,7%) que puderam ser avaliados. Onze dos 108 pacientes (10,2%) apresentaram reações adversas,principalmente gastrintestinais de pequena intensidade, porém um paciente apresentou envolvimento hepático na vigência de terapêutica com fluconazol. Conclui-se que o fluconazol é droga eficaz e de baixa toxicidade para tratar criptococose e candidíase, constituindo-se boa alternativa à terapêutica convencional com anfotericina B.

Chronic gastritis and Helicobacter pylori in digestive form of Chagas' disease

Patients with the digestive form of Chagas'disease frequently present chronic gastritis. As the microorganism Helicobacter pylori is now accepted as the most common cause of human chronic gastritis, the present work was undertaken to verify a possible relationship between the presence of this bacterium and inflammatory changes of antral mucosa in chagasic patients. Seventeen chagasics, with megaesophagus and or megacolon were studied. Fragments from two different regions of antral mucosa were obtained by endoscopy, fixed in 4% neutral formaldehyde and embedded in paraffin. The sections were stained by haematoxylin and eosin for histology analysis, and by carbolfuchsin for H. pylori identification. H. pylori was found in 16 (94.1%) chagasic patients, all of them presenting chronic gastritis. Superficial gastritis was seen in 9 (52.9%) while atrophic gastritis was present in 8 (47.1%) patients. H. pylori was present on gastric mucosa of 8 (100%) patients with atrophic gastritis and of 8 (88.8%) patients with superficial gastritis. We concluded that the microorganism H. pylori should be considered a possible factor connected with the etiopathogenesis of chronic superficial and atrophic gastritis frequently observed in patients with the digestive form of Chagas' disease.

Peptic disease and Helicobacter pylori are highly prevalent in patients with the indeterminate form of chagas’ disease: report of 21 cases

Given that chagasic patients in the indeterminate form of this disease, can have abnormal motility of the digestive tract and immunologic abnormalities, we decided to assess the frequency of peptic disease and Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection in these individuals. Twenty-one individuals, 13 males and 8 females, mean age 37.6 ± 11.1 years, were examined. Biopsies of the duodenum, antrum, lesser and greater gastric curvature and esophagus were performed. The endoscopic findings were of chronic gastritis in 20 (95.2%) patients, duodenal ulcer in 3 (14.3%), gastric and duodenal ulcer in 3 (14.3%), gastric ulcer alone in 1 (4.8%), esophagitis in 5 (23.8%), and duodenitis in 5 (23.8%). The diagnosis of infection by the Hp was done by the urease test and histologic examination. Hp infection was found in 20 (95.2%) individuals: in 20 out of them in the antrum, in 17 in the lesser curvature, and in 17 in the greater curvature. Hp was not found in the esophagus and duodenum. The only individual with no evidence of infection by Hp was also the only one with normal endoscopic and histologic examinations. The histologic examinations confirmed the diagnoses of gastric ulcer as peptic, chronic gastritis in 20 patients, duodenitis in 14, and esophagitis in 9. In this series the patients had a high frequency of peptic disease, which was closely associated with Hp infection

VALIDATION OF 14C-UREA BREATH TEST FOR DIAGNOSIS OF Helicobacter pylori

The aim of this study was to validate the 14C-urea breath test for use in diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Thirty H. pylori positive patients, based on histologic test and thirty H. pylori negative patients by histology and anti-H. pylori IgG entered the study. Fasting patients drank 5 uCi of 14C-urea in 20 ml of water. Breath samples were collected at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 min. The difference of cpm values between the two groups was significant at all the time intervals, besides time 0 (p<0.0001). At 20 min, the test gave 100% sensitivity and specificity with a cut-off value of 562 cpm. Females were higher expirers than males (p=0.005). 14C-urea breath test is highly accurate for Helicobacter pylori diagnosis. It is fast, simple and should be the non-invasive test used after treating Helicobacter pylori infection.

Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in chronic chagasic patients, and in the rural and urban population from Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil

As patients with chronic Chagas disease exhibit morphological and functional changes of the stomach (hypomotility and hypochlorhydria), malnutrition, immunological deficiency and high prevalence of peptic disease associated to Helicobater pylori infection, the purpose of this study was to evaluate if the prevalence of H. pylori infection in chronic chagasic is higher than in non-chagasic individuals in the urban and rural population from Uberlândia, MG, Brazil. Serological determination of IgG antibodies to H. pylori was performed using a second-generation ELISA. Thus, 598 people were evaluated: 128 chagasic (CG), 222 non-chagasic living in urban area (U-NCG) and 248 non-chagasic living in rural area (R-NCG). Regarding the age range from 21 to 50 years, the prevalence of H. pylori infection in the CG (85.1%) was significantly higher than in the U-NCG (56.3%, p < 0.01) and the R-NCG (67.4%, p < 0.05). In the patients over 50 years, the prevalence in the CG (86.4%) was similar to the U-NCG (78.8%) and R-NCG (86.1%). Similar results were also found between the U-NCG and R-NCG for all age ranges, with prevalence rates of 29.1% and 35.3% for the age range from 5 to 13 years, and 47.2% and 40% for that from 14 to 20 years, respectively. We conclude that chagasic patients showed a higher seroprevalence of H. pylori infection than non-chagasic individuals, in the age range from 21 to 50 years, and that the prevalence of this infection was similar in the studied urban and rural non-chagasic population.

Comparative analysis of two-dimensional electrophoresis maps (2-DE) of Helicobacter pylori from Brazilian patients with chronic gastritis and duodenal ulcer: a preliminary report

Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium recognized as the major cause of peptic ulcer and chronic gastritis. Recently, a proteome-based approach was developed to investigate pathogenic factors related to H. pylori. In this preliminary study, H. pylori strains were isolated from gastric biopsies of patients with chronic gastritis and duodenal ulcers. A partial proteomic analysis of H. pylori strains was performed by bacterial lyses and proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). A comparative analysis was performed to verify a differential protein expression between these two 2-DE maps. These data should be useful to clarify the role of different proteins related to bacterial pathogenesis. This study will be completed using a larger number of samples and protein identification of H. pylori by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.

Validation of a rapid stool antigen test for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection

The aim of this study was to validate the rapid lateral flow Helicobacter pylori stool antigen test (One step H. pylori antigen test, ACON laboratories, San Diego, USA; Prime diagnostics, São Paulo), using 13C-Urea Breath Test as the gold standard for H. pylori infection diagnosis. A total of 98 consecutive patients, asymptomatic or dyspeptic, entered the study. Sixty-nine were women, with a mean age of 45.76 ± 14.59 years (14 to 79 years). In the H. pylori-positive group, the rapid stool antigen test detected H. pylori antigen in 44 of the 50 positive patients (sensitivity 88%; 95% CI: 75.7-95.5%), and six false-negative; and in the H. pylori-negative group 42 presented negative results (specificity 87.5%; 95% CI: 74.7-95.3%), and six false-positive, showing a substantial agreement (Kappa Index = 0.75; p < 0.0001; 95% CI: 0.6-0.9). Forty four of fifty patients that had positive stool antigen were H. pylori-positive, the PPV of the stool antigen test was 88% (95% CI: 75.7-95.5%), and 42 patients with negative stool antigen test were H. pylori-negative, the NPV of the stool antigen test was 87.5% (95% CI: 74.7-95.3%). We conclude that the lateral flow stool antigen test can be used as an alternative to breath test for H. pylori infection diagnosis especially in developing countries.

Evaluation of Helicobacter pylory colonization by serologic test (IgG) and dyspepsia in volunteers from the countryside of Monte Negro, in the Brazilian western Amazon region

The present study intended to analyze the seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori, IgG, and its relation to dyspepsia in a population from the western Amazon region. During the "Projeto Bandeira Científica", a University of São Paulo Medical School program, in Monte Negro's rural areas, state of Rondônia, 266 blood samples were collected from volunteers. The material was tested for IgG antibodies anti-Helicobacter pylori by ELISA method and the participants were also interviewed on dyspepsia, hygiene and social aspects. Participants aged between five and 81 years old (34 years on average), 149 (56%) were female and 117 (44%) male. We found 210 (78.9%) positive, 50 (18.8%) negative and six (2.3%) undetermined samples. Dyspeptic complaints were found in 226 cases (85.2%). There was no statistical association between dyspepsia and positive serology for H. pylori. We concluded that the seroprevalence in all age categories is similar to results found in other studies conducted in developing countries, including those from Brazil. On the other hand, the seroprevalence found in Monte Negro was higher than that reported in developed countries. As expected, there was a progressive increase in the positivity for H. pylori in older age groups.

RESISTANCE TO AMOXICILLIN, CLARITHROMYCIN AND CIPROFLOXACIN OF Helicobacter pylori ISOLATED FROM SOUTHERN BRAZIL PATIENTS

Introduction: Helicobacter pylori is a bacteria which infects half the world population and is an important cause of gastric cancer. The eradication therapy is not always effective because resistance to antimicrobials may occur. The aim of this study was to determine the susceptibility profile of H. pylori to amoxicillin, clarithromycin and ciprofloxacin in the population of Southern Brazil. Material and methods: Fifty four samples of H. pylori were evaluated. The antibiotics susceptibility was determined according to the guidelines of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy and the Comité de l'Antibiogramme de la Société Française de Microbiologie. Results: Six (11.1%) H. pylori isolates were resistant to clarithromycin, one (1.9%) to amoxicillin and three (5.5%) to ciprofloxacin. These indices of resistance are considered satisfactory and show that all of these antibiotics can be used in the empirical therapy. Conclusion: The antibiotics amoxicillin and clarithromycin are still a good option for first line anti-H. pylori treatment in the population of Southern Brazil.

Estudo sôbre o tratamento de algumas infecções com laurilsulfato de tetraciclina

Os autores tecem considerações gerais sôbre o uso dos derivados das tetraciclinas nas infecções. Descrevem sua experiência com um composto injetável, o laurilsulfato de tetraciclina. Trataram 19 infecções diversas com êste medicamento: 5 anginas agudas, 8 pneumopatias, 2 enterocolites agudas, 1 furunculose, 1 pielonefrite, 1 erisipela, e um panarício. Obtiveram 15 resultados excelentes e 1 bom o que eleva a porcentagem de sucessos a 84 2%. Não observaram fenômenos secundários imputáveis à droga, salvo manifestações alérgicas em um paciente.

Infecções post-transfusionais por Plasmodium falciparum

Os autores fazem breve revisão sôbre o período de duração da infecção pelo P. falciparum, citando casos em que êsse período atingiu até 3 anos, sob forma latente. Referem-se ao risco que êsse fato representa através transfusões de sangue e finalmente relatam 3 casos em que julgam ter ocorrido essa situação que poderá ter conseqüências gravíssimas: 1. Pela possibilidade de ser transfundida uma raça de P. falciparum resistente aos diferentes anti-maláricos. 2. Pelo fato de serem as transfusões de sangue feitas de um modo geral em pacientes com condições áébilitantes as mais diversas. 3. Pela dificuldade com que se defrontam os técnicos em transfusão na detectação do parasito resistente ou não em casos assintomáticos. 4. Pela difusão relativamente significativa de raças de P. falciparum resistentes, a vários pontos do território nacional.

Estudos laboratoriais de infecções humanas e de bovinos com vírus do grupo Pox

Os autores descrevem estudos laboratoriais de infecções bovinas e humanas após vacinação anti-variolica em comunidade rural, tendo sido isolada uma amostra de vírus vaccínico de um dos animais infectados. Essa amostra foi reisolada de material original mantido a-20°C e identificada pelas lesões de membranas cório-alantóicas, provas de precipitação em agar-gel e reações sorológicas, nas quais a amostra ãe antígeno. Estudos sorológicos comparados cóm sôros padrões imunes, mostraram a presença de anticorpos inibidores da hemaglutinação e fixadores de complemento, usando-se antígenos padronizados de vírus vaccínico, evidenciando-se assim uma infecção recente por vírus do grupo Pox. Os dois casos humanos, verificados em indivíduos não vacinados originaram-se muito provavelmente dos animais, pela análise dos dados disponíveis e pela localização das lesões observadas. Os autores discutem ainda a possível ação dos contaminantes presentes nos materiais sôbre os vírus do grupo Pox.