Hepatitis B revaccination for healthcare workers who are anti-HBs-negative after receiving a primary vaccination series

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate the response to hepatitis B (HB) revaccination of healthcare workers (HCW) who are negative for antibodies to HB surface antigen (anti-HBs) after a complete vaccination series. METHODS: HCW whose anti-HBs test was performed > 90 days after a HB vaccination course were given a 4th dose. A post-vaccination test was done within 30 to 90 days. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy HCW were enrolled: 126 (74.1%) were anti-HBs-positive after the 4th dose. CONCLUSIONS: Rechecking anti-HBs after the 4th HB vaccine dose is a practical approach in case of post-vaccination tests performed >90 days after the full vaccination course.

Atypical presentation of sporotrichosis: report of three cases

Sporotrichosis occurs after fungal implantation of Sporothrix spp. in the skin, and is the main subcutaneous mycosis in Latin America. Here we describe three atypical cases of the disease. The first case report an extra-cutaneous occurrence of the disease with joint infection; the second one describes a patient with bilateral lymphocutaneous form of sporotrichosis; and the third shows a zoonotic cutaneous case with the development of an erythema nodosum as a hypersensitivity reaction. These cases show the disease importance on the region and the necessity of fungal culture to the diagnosis confirmation.

Puerperal brain cryptococcoma in an HIV-negative woman successfully treated with fluconazole: a case report

Cryptococcus spp. cerebral abscesses are uncommon in immunocompetent subjects. The recommended induction treatment is the administration of amphotericin B plus flucytosine combined with resection for lesions ≥3cm. In this paper, we describe an HIV-negative woman diagnosed with a large cryptococcoma in the immediate postpartum period. The lesion was not resected, and due to amphotericin B intolerance, she received an extended course of fluconazole monotherapy. There was no disease recurrence during the 4 years of follow-up. The abrupt onset of her symptoms following delivery suggests that she developed a postpartum immune reconstitution syndrome. This case also demonstrates that in specific situations fluconazole monotherapy can be attempted in immunocompetent patients with cryptococcoma.

Post-splenectomy infections in chronic schistosomiasis as a consequence of bacterial translocation

INTRODUCTION : Bacterial translocation is the invasion of indigenous intestinal bacteria through the gut mucosa to normally sterile tissues and internal organs. Schistosomiasis may cause alterations in the immune system and damage to the intestines, portal system and mesenteric lymph nodes. This study investigated bacterial translocation and alterations in the intestinal microbiota and mucosa in schistosomiasis and splenectomized mice. METHODS : Forty female 35-day-old Swiss Webster mice were divided into the following four groups with 10 animals each: schistosomotic (ESF), splenectomized schistosomotic (ESEF), splenectomized (EF) and control (CF). Infection was achieved by introduction of 50 Schistosoma mansoni (SLM) cercariae through the skin. At 125 days after birth, half of the parasitized and unparasitized mice were subjected to splenectomy. Body weights were recorded for one week after splenectomy; then, the mice were euthanized to study bacterial translocation, microbiota composition and intestinal morphometry. RESULTS : We observed significant reductions in the weight increases in the EF, ESF and ESEF groups. There were increases of at least 1,000 CFU of intestinal microbiota bacteria in these groups compared with the CF. The EF, ESF and ESEF mice showed decreases in the heights and areas of villi and the total villus areas (perimeter). We observed frequent co-infections with various bacterial genera. CONCLUSIONS : The ESEF mice showed a higher degree of sepsis. This finding may be associated with a reduction in the immune response associated with the absence of the spleen and a reduction in nutritional absorption strengthened by both of these factors (Schistosoma infection and splenectomy).

Occurrence of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (Railliet, 1898) larvae (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae) infecting Achatina (Lissachatina) fulica Bowdich, 1822 (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in the Amazon region

Achatina fulica or "giant African snail" is an exotic species, considered to be one of the world's hundred most invasive species, causing serious environmental damages. In the present study we report, for the first time, the occurrence of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus infecting A.fulica in the Amazon region. This nematode is described parasitizing mainly the pulmonary system of felines, which causes "aelurostrongilose", also known as feline cardio-pulmonary strongyloidosis. New morphometric data of third stage larvae are presented herein. The present study demonstrated that 40% of all the snails were infected by A. abstrusus. Achatina fulica specimens were collected from three different areas in Manaus namely: rural; east and west areas. The east area presents the highest prevalence of 80%. The large number of A.fulica found in inhabited areas increases the chances of emergent zoonoses, which highlights the need of further studies so as to better control this disease.

Eficácia e segurança dos antipsicóticos atípicos nas demências: uma revisão sistemática

OBJETIVO: O emprego de antipsicóticos atípicos (AA) no tratamento de sintomas psicológicos e comportamentais das demências (SPCD) tem sido alvo de discussão em relação à eficácia e à segurança. O objetivo deste artigo é propiciar atualização sobre o tema. MÉTODOS: Revisão da literatura publicada nos últimos dez anos com ênfase em metanálises e ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECR) controlados com placebo. RESULTADOS: Três metanálises e nove ensaios clínicos foram analisados. Há evidências de eficácia clínica para risperidona (1mg/dia), olanzapina (5 a 10mg/dia) e aripiprazol (2 a 15mg/dia) no tratamento de agressividade e/ou SPCD em geral, e para risperidona (1mg/dia) no tratamento de sintomas psicóticos associados à demência. Os eventos adversos comuns com o uso de AA foram sonolência, sintomas extrapiramidais (SEP), incontinência ou infecção do trato urinário e alterações de marcha. O tratamento com AA associou-se a maior risco de eventos cerebrovasculares e de mortalidade em idosos com demência. CONCLUSÃO: Baixas dosagens de risperidona, olanzapina e aripiprazol são eficazes na redução de agressividade e/ou SPCD globais; risperidona é eficaz na redução de sintomas psicóticos associados à demência. Em virtude de esses tratamentos associarem-se a pequeno aumento no risco de eventos cerebrovasculares e mortalidade, seu uso deve ser reservado para sintomatologia moderada/grave.

Establishing the prevalence of hypertension. Influence of sampling criteria

OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of systemic hypertension in two different populations: a representative sample of the adult urban population of Porto Alegre, and individuals who sought blood pressure measurement in a hypertension prevention and control campaign. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out involving a representative sample of the adult urban population of Porto Alegre and a population sample obtained from a hypertension prevention and control campaign, which included all the individuals who sought the blood pressure assessment unit at the Hospital das Clínicas in Porto Alegre. The following parameters were investigated: history of hypertension, use of antihypertensive drugs, age, and sex. Adjustments for age and sex in the prevalence rates were performed to make them comparable. RESULTS: Hypertension prevalence, defined as values > or = 160/95mmHg or treatment with antihypertensive drugs, was higher in the campaign sample (42%) as compared with the population sample (24%). Among those who were aware of their hypertensive condition and were under medication, 54% of the campaign sample and 62% of the representative population sample maintained their pressure levels <160/90mmHg. CONCLUSION: Prevalence rates of hypertension differed a lot in the campaign sample and in the representative population sample, showing that the sampling criterion may influence assessment of risk factors and bias the association between risk factors and health aggravations.

Prevalência de estenose das artérias renais em 1.656 pacientes que realizaram cateterismo cardíaco

OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência de estenose da artéria renal (EAR) em pacientes submetidos a cineangiocoronariografia. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo, considerando 1.656 cinean-giocoronariografias seguidas de aortografia, entre janeiro/2002 e fevereiro/2004, de pacientes encaminhados à cineangiocoronariografia diagnóstica com história ou não de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS). RESULTADOS: Dos 1.656 pacientes, a idade média foi de 61,6 ± 11,8 anos, 53,8% eram do sexo masculino, 10,2% eram diabéticos, 63,8% apresentavam coronariopatia obstrutiva. A presença de EAR maior que 50% foi observada em 228 (13,8%) pacientes, e em 25 (1,5%) destes, ocorreu bilateralmente. A coronariopatia obstrutiva foi definida como estenose que causa redução do lúmen do vaso em 50% ou mais, em um, dois ou três vasos principais, denominados uniarterial, biarterial ou triarterial, respectivamente.A quantificação era realizada através da análise visual da angiografia. Comparando os grupos com e sem EAR > 50%, observou-se diferença estatisticamente significativa quanto a gênero, idade, ocorrência de diabete melito, PA e função ventricular esquerda. Não houve diferença significativa, no entanto, quanto à ocorrência de obstrução coronariana > 50%. Quando, porém, a EAR considerada é > 70%, observa-se diferença significativa quanto a PA, associação à obstrução coronariana > 50% e à disfunção ventricular esquerda, maiores no grupo com EAR. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de EAR neste estudo foi comparável àquela das grandes casuísticas da literatura e, em razão de sua importância pela associação com HAS e doença renal terminal (DRT) e suas seqüelas, devemos estar atentos para seu diagnóstico angiográfico.

Terapia gênica com fator de crescimento endotelial vascular 165 para pacientes com angina refratária: mobilização de células progenitoras endoteliais

FUNDAMENTO: O fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF - vascular endothelial growth factor) induz a mobilização de células progenitoras endoteliais (CPEs) com capacidade de proliferação e diferenciação em células endoteliais, contribuindo, dessa forma, para o processo angiogênico. OBJETIVO: Buscamos avaliar o comportamento de CPEs em pacientes com doença cardíaca isquêmica e angina refratária que receberam injeções intramiocardicas de 2000 µg de VEGF165 como terapia única. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi uma subanálise de um ensaio clínico. Pacientes com doença cardíaca isquêmica avançada e angina refratária foram avaliados para inclusão no estudo. Os critérios de inclusão foram: sinais e sintomas de angina e/ou insuficiência cardíaca apesar de tratamento medicamentoso máximo e área de isquemia miocárdica de, no mínimo, 5% conforme avaliado por uma tomografia computadorizada por emissão de fóton único (TCEFU). Os critérios de exclusão foram: idade > 65 anos, fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo < 25% e cancer diagnosticado. Os pacientes cujos níveis de CPE foram avaliados foram incluídos. A intervenção consistiu na administração de 2000 µg de VEGF 165 de plasmídeo injetado no miocárdio isquêmico. A frequência de células CD34+/KDR+ foi analisada por citometria de fluxo antes e 3, 9, e 27 dias após a intervenção. RESULTADOS: Um total de 9 pacientes foram incluídos, 8 homens, média de idade de 59,4 anos, fração de ejeção ventricular esquerda de 59,3%, e classe de angina predominante III. Observou-se um aumento significativo dos níveis de CPEs no terceiro dia após a intervenção. Todavia, 9 e 27 dias após a intervenção, os níveis de CPEs foram similares aos basais. CONCLUSÃO: Identificamos uma mobilização transitória de CPE, com pico no terceiro dia após a intervenção com VEGF 165 em pacientes com angina refratária. Todavia, os níveis de CPEs apresentaram-se semelhantes aos basais 9 e 27 dias após a intervenção.

Variations in the Prevalence of Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease in Rio Grande do Sul-Brazil: A Comparative Analysis between 2002 and 2014

Abstract Background: Due to the importance of coronary artery disease (CAD), continuous investigation of the risk factors (RFs) is needed. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of RFs for CAD in cities in Rio Grande do Sul State, and compare it with that reported in a similar study conducted in the same cities in 2002. Methods: Cross-sectional study on 1,056 healthy adults, investigating the prevalence and absolute and relative frequencies of the following RFs for CAD: obesity, systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), dyslipidemias, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, diabetes mellitus, and family history, as well as age and sex. Data was collected in 19 cities, host of the Offices of the Regional Coordinators of Health, as in the 2002 study. Results: Twenty-six percent of the sample consisted of older adults and 57% were women. The prevalence of sedentary lifestyle was 44%, history family 50%, smoking 23%, overweight/obesity 68%, dyslipidemia (high cholesterol levels) 43%, SAH 40%, and diabetes 11%. When compared to the 2002 study, the prevalence of active smoking and sedentary behavior decreased, whereas the prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity increased. Obesity is the most prevalent RF in women, and SAH the most prevalent in men. Conclusions: The prevalence of RFs for CAD in Rio Grande do Sul State remains high. Hypertension, obesity and dyslipidemia are still prevalent and require major prevention programs. Smoking and physical inactivity have decreased in the state, suggesting the efficacy of related campaigns.

Influenza surviellance in Rio de Janeiro between 1980-1981: a virological and serological study

Laboratory surveillance of influenza has shown a low virus activity in Rio de Janeiro during 1980 and 1981. A few influenza A (H3N2) viruses were isolated in both years during the winter months. Serological investigations showed that this subtype has circulated mostly among children under 10 years of age. No H1N1 virus was isolated but an increase in the proportion of adults with antibody to his virus was noted in sera collected in 1981. Influenza B virus was isolated from children in the spring of 1981 and again an increase was noted in the proportion of adults with antibody to this virus.

Studies on Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) pereirai Annereaux, 1946 (Nematoda: Camallanidae), with new host records and new morphological data on the larval stages

Larval stages and adults of Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) pereirai Annereaux, 1946 are described from naturally infected Paralonchurus brasiliensis (Steindachner) (Sciaenidae) from the coast of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The translucent first-stage larvae have a denticulate process at the anterior end, no buccal capsule or esophagus undifferentiated into anterior muscular and posterior glandular parts and an elongate tail; third-stage larvae have a tail with three terminal projections, a buccal capsule divided into an anterior portion with 12-20 ridges running to the left and a posterior smooth portion, and an esophagus with muscular and glandular regions. Fourth-stage larvae exhibit a buccal capsule lacking a distinct basal ring with ridges running to the right and a tail with two terminal processes, as in adults. New host records are reported and their role in its life-cycle are discussed.

Pseudempleurosoma gibsoni n. sp., a new Ancyrocephalid Monogenean from Paralonchurus brasiliensis (Sciaenidae) from off the Southeastern Coast of Brazil

Pseudempleurosoma gibsoni n. sp. (Monogenea: Ancyrocephalidae) is described from the oesophagus of Paralonchurus brasiliensis (Steindachner) from off the coast of Brazil. The type-species of Pseudempleurosoma Yamaguti, 1965, P. carangis Yamaguti, 1965, is redescribed and the diagnosis of the genus is amended. Metadiplectanotrema Gerasev et al. 1987 is considered synonym of Pseudempleurosoma. This genus now contains four species, including P. carangis, P. caranxi Gerasev et al., 1987 n. comb., P. myripristi Gerasev et al., 1987 n. comb. and the one new species.

Molluscicidal activity of Physalis angulata L. extracts and fractions on Biomphalaria tenagophila (d'Orbigny, 1835) under laboratory conditions

The main objective of this research is to evaluate the molluscicide activity of Physalis angulata L. Biomphalaria tenagophila specimens under laboratory conditions. Extracts and fractions were supplied by the Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Farmanguinhos-Fiocruz. Experiments were performed according to the methodology described by the World Health Organization for molluscicide tests using the concentrations from 0.1 to 500 mg/l of the extracts, fractions and of a pool of physalins modified steroids present in this species. The results show that ethyl acetate and acetone extracts from the whole plant, the ethanolic extracts of the roots and the physalins pool from stems and leaves were active. Only the whole plant extracts were available in sufficient quantity for the determination of LD50 and LD90 values.

Studies on antimicrobial activity, in vitro, of Physalis angulata L. (Solanaceae) fraction and physalin B bringing out the importance of assay determination

Complex physalin metabolites present in the capsules of the fruit of Physalis angulata L. have been isolated and submitted to a series of assays of antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, S. aureus ATCC 25923, S. aureus ATCC 6538P, Neisseria gonorrhoeae ATCC 49226, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739; E. coli ATCC 25922, Candida albicans ATCC 10231 applying different methodologies such as: bioautography, dilution broth, dilution agar, and agar diffusion techniques. A mixture of physalins (pool) containing physalins B, D, F, G inhibit S. aureus ATCC 29213, S. aureus ATCC 25923, S. aureus ATCC 6538P, and N. gonorrhoeae ATCC 49226 at a concentration of 200 mg/µl, using agar dilution assays. The mixture was inactive against P. aeruginosa ATCC27853, E. coli ATCC 8739; E. coli ATCC 25922, C. albicans ATCC 10231 when applying bioautography assays. Physalin B (200 µg/ml) by the agar diffusion assay inhibited S. aureus ATCC 6538P by ± 85%; and may be considered responsible for the antimicrobial activity.