Nutrição mineral de hortaliças: XXXV. efeitos de doses de cálcio na solução nutritiva, no desenvolvimento e nos teores de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio e enxofre, em plantas de tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

Plantas de tomateiro Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) da variedade Santa Cruz, linhagens Samano e Kada, foram cultivadas em sílica, recebendo soluções nutritivas com doses de 0 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 200 ppm e 400 ppm de cálcio, cornos objetivos de: a) aquilatar o efeito do cálcio no desenvolvimento do tomateiro; b) verificar em que doses de cálcio ocorre a podridão estilar; c) determinar o efeito do cálcio nas concentrações dos nutrientes na planta; e, d) verificar diferenças no comportamento das linhagens Samano e Kada. Noventa dias após o transplante, as plantas foram coletadas e separadas em: folhas inferiores, caules inferiores, folhas superiores, caules superioresefrutos. No material coletado foram determinados os teores dos macronutrientes. Curvas representativas da altura e peso da matéria seca das plantas e das concentrações dos macronutrientes nas partes das mesmas em função das doses de cálcio, foram obtidas a partir dos dados calculados através de equações de regressão. Os resultados mostraram que: - as concentrações de cálcio na solução nutritiva que propiciam máximo acumulo de matéria seca, sao 388 ppm e 400 ppm para as linhagens Kada e Samano; - para a linhagem Samano e necessária maior concentração de cálcio na solução (200 ppm) do que para a linhagem Kada (100 ppm) , para prevenir o aparecimento de sintomas de podridão estilar; - a concentração de cálcio na solução não afeta a concentração desse elemento nos frutos; - a adição de cálcio na solução nutritiva diminui os teores de nitrogênio e aumenta o de cálcio nos tecidos de ambas as linhagens; - as concentrações dos demais nutrientes diferem nas linhagens e nas partes ana lisadas; - adições de cálcio provocam na concentração de magnésio nas folhas e na parte superior do caule na linhagem Samano e diminuição em todas as partes da linhagem Kada.

Nutrição mineral de hortaliças: XXXVI. efeitos de doses de cálcio na solução nutritiva, nos teores de boro, cobre, ferro, manganês e zinco, em plantas de tomateiro (Lycopersicon esaulentum Mill.)

Plantas de tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), da variedade Santa Cruz, linhagens Samano e Kada, foram cultivadas em sílica, recebendo soluções nutritivas com doses de 0 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 200 ppm e 400 ppm de cálcio, com os objetivos de: (a) determinar o efeito do cálcio nas concentrações de nutrientes na planta; e, (b) verificar diferenças no comportamento das linhagens Samano e Kada. Noventa dias após o transplante, as plantas foram coletadas e separadas em: folhas inferiores, caules inferiores, folhas superiores, caules superiores e frutos. No material coletado foram determinados os teores de micronutrientes, com exceção do cloro e molibdênio. Curvas representativas das concentrações dos nutrientes nas partes das plantas, em função das doses de cálcio, foram obtidas a partir dos dados calculados através de equações de regressão. Os resultados mostraram que: - a adição de cálcio na solução nutritiva diminui os teores de zinco nos tecidos de ambas as linhagens, - as concentrações dos demais micronutrientes diferem nas linhagens e nas partes analisadas.

Correlações entre parâmetros da análise de crescimento de cultivares de tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

No presente trabalho, estudaram-se as possíveis correlações entre os parâmetros da análise quantitativa de crescimento vegetal , através dos dados de experimento conduzido com as culti vares de tomateiro, Kada, Angela, Floradel e Tropic, em sistema de cultivo para as condições do trópico-úmido, em Manaus, Amazonas , Brasil. A partir da semeadura, a cada 14 dias, durante todo o ciclo do tomateiro, foram colhidas plantas e determinadas a altura, área foliar, peso da matéria seca da planta e peso da matéria fresca e seca dos frutos. Executou-se, dessa forma, a análise de crescimento vegetal dos cultivares e a correlação entre os parâmetros avaliados na planta: altura,, produção, peso da matéria seca (PMS) , índice de área foliar (IAF) , taxa de produção de matéria seca (TPMS), taxa de produção de matéria seca vegetativa (TPMSV), taxa de produção de matéria seca dos frutos (TPMSF) taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR) e taxa de assimilação líquida (TAL). No estudo das correlações entre os parâmetros, a altura foi o que apresentou maior quantidade de altas correlações, sendo assim, um bom índice para se estimar o desenvolvimento da planta. Existem correlações positivas: a) da altura com o IAF, com a produção, com o PMS e com a TPMS, ou seja, esses parâmetros estão diretamente correlacionados com a altura; b) do PMS com a produção e com o IAF. A TAL é mais afetada pela TCR, já que apresentou todos os coeficientes de correlação com valores baixos, e dentre eles, o mais elevado foi com a TCR. A TCR só teve altas correlações com a altura e o IAF, sendo essas correlações negativas, ou seja, à medida que a planta cresce, diminui a TCR. Os cultivares mais produtivos apresentaram altas correlações positivas entre TMSF e TPMS, mostrando ser a produtividade econômica diretamente afetada pela produtividade biológica nesses cultivares.

Análise do boro disponível em solos do estado de S. Paulo: I. Crescimento e composição mineral do girassol (Helianthus annuus Mill.)

Com a finalidade de determinar a disponibilidade do boro, cultivou-se o girassol em casa de vegetação, usando-se solos de cinco séries do município de Piracicaba, SP e sete doses do elemento. Durante o período experimental de 40 dias foram obtidos dados de crescimento e registrados sintomas de deficiência. No material colhido foram determinados macro e micronutrientes. Foram tiradas as seguintes conclusões principais: a altura das plantas refletiu o estado nutricional melhor do que qualquer outra característica das mesmas; o teor de B das folhas mais novas forneceu a melhor avaliação da resposta das plantas, entre as partes analisadas.

Inhibition of gastric secretion by a water extract from Baccharis triptera, Mart

Baccharus triptera Mart, is a widespread Compositae used in Brazilian folk medicine to treat gastrointestinal disturbances, rheumatic disease, mild fever, diabetes and as an anti-helminthic. Water extract of small branches of the plant (WE) administered to mice and rats (0.1 to 2 g/Kg, p.o) did not alter spontaneous motor activity, sleeping time induced by barbiturates or the tailflick response in mice. The extract decreased by 40 por cento the number of writhings induced by 0.8 por cento scetic acid, i.p., but did not influence paw edema induced by carrageenan or dextran in rats WE (2g/Kg, p.o.) decreased the intestinal transit of charcoal in mice by 20//. Gastric secretion in pylorus ligated rats was reduced after treatment with WE (1 and 2 g/Kg. i.p. or intraduodenal and the gastric pH was raised. The extract (1 g/Kg, p.o.) prevented gastric ulcers induced in rats by immobilization at 4ºC, but not those induced by indomethacin (10 mg/Kg, s.c.). The results indicate that WE may relieve gastrointestinal disorders by reducing acid secretion and gastrointestinal hiperactivity. Neither analgesic nor anti-inflammatory activities were detectable.

The water extract of Coleus barbatus Benth decreases gastric secretion in rats

Coleus barbatus (Labiatae) Benth is popularly used in Brazil "for the healing of liver and stomach diseases". The water extract (WE 1 to 10 g/Kg, p.o.) of stem and leaves given to rats and mice did not induce signs of intoxication. Preveious treatment of mice with WE (1 g/kg, p.o.) shortened the sleeping time induced by pentobarbital (50 mg/Kg, i.p.) by 37 por cento, althoyugh the extract alone did not increase the spontaneous activity nor did it induce hyperexcitability. In mice WE (2 g/Kg, p.o.) increased the intestinal transit of charcoal by 30 por cento, while reduced gastric secretions ion rats treated with WE (2g/Kg intraduodenal) 3,9 ± 1.0 to 0.5 ± 0.2 ml/4h, respectively). The treatment also reduced the total acid secretion from 34.4 ± 11.0 to 2.7 ± 0.5 mEq/l and raisedgastric pH from 2.2 ± 0.3 to 6.5 ± 0.8. Treatment with WE (2g/Kg, p.o.) protected against gastric ulcers induced by stress (5.3 ± 1.6 and 1.5 ± 0.5 ulcers/cm²), but did nor protect against indonethacin induced ulcers. The results show that the water extract of C barbatus Benth produces mild stimulation of thecentral nervous system and increases intestinal movements. The extract also reduces gastric secretion indicating an antidyspeptic activity, and protects against gastric ulcers induced by stress.

Use of polymerase chain reaction and enzymatic cleavage in the identification of Helicobacter spp. in gastric mucosa of human beings from North Paraná, Brazil

Helicobacter pylori is the most common gastric bacteria of human beings. Animal-borne helicobacter have been associated with gastritis, ulceration, and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid-tissue lymphoma in people. We attempted to identify the species of Helicobacter spp. that infect human beings in north Paraná, Brazil. Samples of gastric mucosa from 38 dyspeptic patients were analyzed by optic microscopy on silver stained slides, polimerase chain reaction (PCR), and enzymatic cleavage. Genus and species-specific primers to H. pylori, H. heilmannii, H. felis, and consensual primers to H. bizzozeronii or H. salomonis were used. The PCR products were submitted to enzymatic cleavage by VspI (Helicobacter spp. product) and HinfI (species products) enzymes. Thirty-two out of 38 patients evaluated had 3.2 to 5 µm long bacteria that resembled H. pylori in Warthin-Starry stained slides and were positive to the genus Helicobacter by PCR. In 30 of these patients the bacteria were identified as H. pylori. Two samples positive by silver stain were negative to all species tested by PCR. None of the 38 samples was positive to animal-origin helicobacter species. These results show that PCR and enzymatic restriction are practical methods to identify the species of helicobacters present in gastric mucosa of human beings. People in north Paraná appear to be infected mostly with H. pylori.

Immunoblotting for the serodiagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in Brazilian patients with and without gastric carcinoma

We evaluated the performance of a commercial immunoblotting in the serodiagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in Brazilian patients. The presence of anti-H. pylori antibodies was also investigated in a group of 20 duodenal ulcer patients after successful treatment. One hundred and ninety one patients were studied. Among the 164 infected patients, 46 had gastric carcinoma. The duodenal ulcer patients were treated with antimicrobial drugs and the eradication of the microorganism was confirmed in all of them one month after the end of the treatment by the 13C-urea breath test. Sera were assayed for H. pylori antibodies using the Helicoblot 2.0 (Genelabs Diagnostics, Singapore). The sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values of the test were 93.9%, 92.6%, 98.7%, and 71.4%, respectively. The sensitivity of the test was similar in patients with (93.5%) and without (95.7%) gastric carcinoma. Twenty-four months after the end of the treatment, the band of 116 kDa was still detected in one of the patients. In conclusion, the Helicoblot 2.0 is an accurate test to diagnose H. pylori infection and although it can not be employed to monitor the bacterium eradication, it may be useful for diagnosing past infection, especially in gastric carcinoma patients.

Citral and carvone chemotypes from the essential oils of Colombian Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown: composition, cytotoxicity and antifungal activity

Two essential oils of Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown (Verbenacea), the carvone and citral chemotypes and 15 of their compounds were evaluated to determine cytotoxicity and antifungal activity. Cytotoxicity assays for both the citral and carvone chemotypes were carried out with tetrazolium-dye, which showed a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect against HeLa cells. Interestingly, this effect on the evaluated cells (HeLa and the non-tumoural cell line, Vero) was lower than that of commercial citral alone. Commercial citral showed the highest cytotoxic activity on HeLa cells. The antifungal activity was evaluated against Candida parapsilosis, Candida krusei, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus strains following the standard protocols, Antifungal Susceptibility Testing Subcommittee of the European Committee on Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing and CLSI M38-A. Results demonstrated that the most active essential oil was the citral chemotype, with geometric means-minimal inhibitory concentration (GM-MIC) values of 78.7 and 270.8 μg/mL for A. fumigatus and C. krusei, respectively. Commercial citral showed an antifungal activity similar to that of the citral chemotype (GM-MIC values of 62.5 μg/mL for A. fumigatus and 39.7 μg/mL for C. krusei). Although the citronellal and geraniol were found in lower concentrations in the citral chemotype, they had significant antifungal activity, with GM-MIC values of 49.6 μg/mL for C. krusei and 176.8 μg/mL for A. fumigatus.

Characterization of 23S rRNA domain V mutations in gastric biopsy patients from the eastern Amazon

Resistance of Helicobacter pylori to clarithromycin is characterised by simple point mutations in the 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene and is responsible for the majority of cases of failure to eradicate this bacterium. In this paper, we characterised the variability of the 23S rRNA gene in biopsies of patients with gastric pathologies in the eastern Amazon (Northern Region of Brazil) using PCR and sequencing. A total of 49 sequences of H. pylori strains were analysed and of those, 75.6% presented nucleotide substitutions: A2142G (3.3%), T2182C (12.9%), G2224A (6.45%), T2215C (61.3%), A2192G (3.3%), G2204C (6.4%) and T2221C (6.4%). Of the mutations identified, four are known mutations related to cases of resistance and 16.1% are not yet described, revealing a high prevalence of mutations in the H. pylori 23S rRNA gene among the strains circulating in the in the eastern Amazon. The high prevalence in individuals with gastric pathologies in the Northern Region of Brazil demonstrates the need for characterising the profile of these strains to provide correct therapy for patients, considering that mutations in this gene are normally associated with resistance to the primary medication used in controlling H. pylori infection.

Helicobacter pylori detection in gastric biopsies, saliva and dental plaque of Brazilian dyspeptic patients

Helicobacter pylori is an important human pathogen that causes chronic gastritis and is associated with the development of peptic ulcer disease and gastric malignancies. The oral cavity has been implicated as a potential H. pylori reservoir and may therefore be involved in the reinfection of the stomach, which can sometimes occur following treatment of an H. pylori infection. The objectives of this paper were (i) to determine the presence of H. pylori in the oral cavity and (ii) to examine the relationship between oral H. pylori and subsequent gastritis. Gastric biopsies, saliva samples and dental plaques were obtained from 78 dyspeptic adults. DNA was extracted and evaluated for the presence of H. pylori using polymerase chain reaction and Southern blotting methods. Persons with gastritis were frequently positive for H. pylori in their stomachs (p < 0.0001) and there was a statistically significant correlation between the presence of H. pylori in gastric biopsies and the oral cavity (p < 0.0001). Our results suggest a relationship between gastric infection and the presence of this bacterium in the oral cavity. Despite this, H. pylori were present in the oral cavity with variable distribution between saliva and dental plaques, suggesting the existence of a reservoir for the species and a potential association with gastric reinfection.

Immunodetection of Helicobacter sp. and the associated expression of ABO blood group antigens in the gastric mucosa of captive and free-living New World primates in the Amazon region

The histo-blood group ABH antigens were first described in humans. These antigens are only present on erythrocytes from great apes and humans, while in more primitive animals they are found in tissues and body fluids. The ABH antigens are mainly distributed in tissues exposed to the external environment and potentially serve as ligands for pathogens or inhibitors of tissue connections. The objective of this paper was two-fold: (i) to determine the presence of Helicobacter sp. in the gastric mucosa of 16 captive and 24 free-living New World monkeys and (ii) to evaluate the presence of histopathological alterations related to bacterial infection and the associated expression of ABH antigens in the tissue. Stomach tissues from 13 species of monkey were assessed using haematoxylin-eosin and modified Gram staining (Hucker) methods. An immunohistochemical analysis of the tissue revealed the presence of infectious bacteria that were characteristic of the genus Helicobacter sp. The results demonstrate that various species of monkey might be naturally infected with the Helicobacter sp. and that there is an increased susceptibility to infection. This study serves as a comparative analysis of infection between human and non-human primates and indicates the presence of a new species of Helicobacter.

CagA phosphorylation EPIYA-C motifs and the vacA i genotype in Helicobacter pylori strains of asymptomatic children from a high-risk gastric cancer area in northeastern Brazil

Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the most common infections worldwide and is associated with gastric diseases. Virulence factors such as VacA and CagA have been shown to increase the risk of these diseases. Studies have suggested a causal role of CagA EPIYA-C in gastric carcinogenesis and this factor has been shown to be geographically diverse. We investigated the number of CagA EPIYA motifs and the vacA i genotypes in H. pylori strains from asymptomatic children. We included samples from 40 infected children (18 females and 22 males), extracted DNA directly from the gastric mucus/juice (obtained using the string procedure) and analysed the DNA using polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing. The vacA i1 genotype was present in 30 (75%) samples, the i2 allele was present in nine (22.5%) samples and both alleles were present in one (2.5%) sample. The cagA-positive samples showed distinct patterns in the 3’ variable region of cagA and 18 of the 30 (60%) strains contained 1 EPIYA-C motif, whereas 12 (40%) strains contained two EPIYA-C motifs. We confirmed that the studied population was colonised early by the most virulent H. pylori strains, as demonstrated by the high frequency of the vacA i1 allele and the high number of EPIYA-C motifs. Therefore, asymptomatic children from an urban community in Fortaleza in northeastern Brazil are frequently colonised with the most virulent H. pylori strains.

Assessment of Epstein-Barr virus nucleic acids in gastric but not in breast cancer by next-generation sequencing of pooled Mexican samples

Gastric (GC) and breast (BrC) cancer are two of the most common and deadly tumours. Different lines of evidence suggest a possible causative role of viral infections for both GC and BrC. Wide genome sequencing (WGS) technologies allow searching for viral agents in tissues of patients with cancer. These technologies have already contributed to establish virus-cancer associations as well as to discovery new tumour viruses. The objective of this study was to document possible associations of viral infection with GC and BrC in Mexican patients. In order to gain idea about cost effective conditions of experimental sequencing, we first carried out an in silico simulation of WGS. The next-generation-platform IlluminaGallx was then used to sequence GC and BrC tumour samples. While we did not find viral sequences in tissues from BrC patients, multiple reads matching Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) sequences were found in GC tissues. An end-point polymerase chain reaction confirmed an enrichment of EBV sequences in one of the GC samples sequenced, validating the next-generation sequencing-bioinformatics pipeline.

Superação in vitro da dormência de embriões do porta-enxerto de macieira M9 (Malus pumilla Mill.)

A dormência em sementes de macieira é um dos fatores limitantes para o avanço nos programas de melhoramento genético nesta espécie. Assim, o presente estudo objetivou estudar a germinação in vitro de embriões dormentes do porta-enxerto de macieira M9, oriundos da EE São Joaquim da EPAGRI/SC. Os embriões foram excisados de sementes maduras e inoculados em meio basal MS, adicionado de sacarose (30 g.L-1), ágar (6 g.L-1), água de coco (15%), caseína hidrolisada (CH) (500 mg.L-1), AIA (0 e 14 µM); AG3 (0 e 1,5 µM), Kin (5 µM), 2-iP (12 µM); BAP (4 µM). As culturas foram mantidas no escuro por 10 dias e transferidas para sala de crescimento sob regime de luz de 16 horas, temperatura de 25 ± 2°C e 40 µmol de radiação luminosa. A maior percentagem de germinação (75%) foi obtida em meio MS suplementado com CH (500 mg.L-1), AIA (14 µM), AG3 (1,5 µM) e Kin (5 µM). Quando a Kin foi substituída por BAP (4µM), observou-se a formação de calo, sobre o qual se originaram gemas e brotações, cujos valores médios foram de 2,3 brotos por embrião e 12,3 gemas por brotação. Em relação ao comprimento das brotações, não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos. A maior percentagem de indução de calos ocorreu em meio de cultura suplementado com AIA, Kin e 2-iP. O meio de cultura MS/2 suplementado com CH e água de coco e isento de fitorreguladores, resultou em 25% de germinação. Já, o número de raízes foi maior no meio de cultura MS suplementado com AIA (14 µM), AG3 (1,5 µM) e CH. O comprimento médio das raízes (4,0 cm) não foi afetado por nenhum tratamento em particular. Desta forma, esta técnica é uma alternativa eficiente ao uso de tratamentos de frio para a superação da dormência.