Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B virus infection among an afro-descendant community in Brazil

Furnas dos Dionísios is an Afro-Brazilian black community whose descendants were mainly fugitive slaves that established themselves in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Brazil. The population is comprised mainly of low socioeconomic individuals who are engaged in agricultural activities. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of hepatitis B (HB) and its correlation with epidemiological data obtained from the community. The studied population totaled 260 individuals with ages varying from 1 to 79 years (median 20). One hundred thirty-three (51.2%) were females and 127 (48.8%) were males. A high prevalence for anti-HBc was observed (42.7%), with present infection detected in 9.2% of the subjects who were also HB surface antigens (HBs Ag) positive; 27.3% were anti-HBc and anti-HBs reactive, and 6.2% had anti-HBc as only marker. The prevalence for anti-HBc was proportional to age, reaching its highest peak in age categories greater than 50. No serological marker was detected in children under the age of 2 years, however anti-HBc was present in 12 subjects with ages between 2 and 14 years, of these 8 (7.4%) were HBsAg positive. Among individuals over the age of 15 years, 99 were anti-HBc reactive, of these 16 (10.5%) were also HBsAg positive, thus suggesting an increased prevalence of HBV carriers among children and adolescents. The risk factors observed in this community that were significantly associated with anti-HBc positivity were age (over 20 years) and having an anti-HBc positive mother. Both HBeAg and anti-HBe were detected in 44.4% of the samples tested. HBsAg subtypes found in the studied population were adw2 (77.7%) and ayw2 (23.3%). While intrafamilial transmission was most likely responsible for HBV infection among children, other routes such as sexual contact might be considered for individuals with ages over 15 years.

Trypanosoma cruzi strains isolated from human, vector, and animal reservoir in the same endemic region in Mexico and typed as T. cruzi I, discrete typing unit 1 exhibit considerable biological diversity

In this study, three strains of Trypanosoma cruzi were isolated at the same time and in the same endemic region in Mexico from a human patient with chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy (RyC-H); vector (Triatoma barberi) (RyC-V); and rodent reservoir (Peromyscus peromyscus) (RyC-R). The three strains were characterized by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, random amplified polymorphic DNA, and by pathological profiles in experimental animals (biodemes). Based on the analysis of genetic markers the three parasite strains were typed as belonging to T. cruzi I major group, discrete typing unit 1. The pathological profile of RyC-H and RyC-V strains indicated medium virulence and low mortality and, accordingly, the strains should be considered as belonging to biodeme Type III. On the other hand, the parasites from RyC-R strain induced more severe inflammatory processes and high mortality (> 40%) and were considered as belonging to biodeme Type II. The relationship between genotypes and biological characteristics in T. cruzi strains is still debated and not clearly understood. An expert committee recommended in 1999 that Biodeme Type III would correspond to T. cruzi I group, whereas Biodeme Type II, to T. cruzi II group. Our findings suggest that, at least for Mexican isolates, this correlation does not stand and that biological characteristics such as pathogenicity and virulence could be determined by factors different from those identified in the genotypic characterization

Detection of the first incidence of Akodon paranaensis naturally infected with the Jabora virus strain (Hantavirus) in Brazil

We characterised hantaviruses circulating in different Akodon rodent species collected in midwestern Santa Catarina (SC), southern Brazil, where the Jabora hantavirus (JABV) strain was first identified in Akodon montensis. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses based on a partial S segment indicated that, in SC, Akodon paranaensis and A. montensis carried the same type of hantavirus. Additionally, we conducted the first genomic characterisation of the complete S segment from the Brazilian JABV strain. This is the first report of A. paranaensis infected with the JABV.

Coxiella burnetii, the agent of Q fever in Brazil: its hidden role in seronegative arthritis and the importance of molecular diagnosis based on the repetitive element IS1111 associated with the transposase gene

Coxiella burnetii is the agent of Q fever , an emergent worldwide zoonosis of wide clinical spectrum. Although C. burnetii infection is typically associated with acute infection, atypical pneumonia and flu-like symptoms, endocarditis, osteoarticular manifestations and severe disease are possible, especially when the patient has a suppressed immune system; however, these severe complications are typically neglected. This study reports the sequencing of the repetitive element IS1111 of the transposase gene of C. burnetii from blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples from a patient with severe pneumonia following methotrexate therapy, resulting in the molecular diagnosis of Q fever in a patient who had been diagnosed with active seronegative polyarthritis two years earlier. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first documented case of the isolation of C. burnetii DNA from a BAL sample.

In vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity and cytotoxicity of extracts, fractions and a substance isolated from the Amazonian plant Tachia grandiflora (Gentianaceae)

Tachia sp. are used as antimalarials in the Amazon Region and in vivo antimalarial activity of a Tachia sp. has been previously reported. Tachia grandiflora Maguire and Weaver is an Amazonian antimalarial plant and herein its cytotoxicity and antimalarial activity were investigated. Spectral analysis of the tetraoxygenated xanthone decussatin and the iridoid aglyone amplexine isolated, respectively, from the chloroform fractions of root methanol and leaf ethanol extracts was performed. In vitro inhibition of the growth of Plasmodium falciparum Welch was evaluated using optical microscopy on blood smears. Crude extracts of leaves and roots were inactive in vitro. However, chloroform fractions of the root and leaf extracts [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 10.5 and 35.8 µg/mL, respectively] and amplexine (IC50= 7.1 µg/mL) were active in vitro. Extracts and fractions were not toxic to type MRC-5 human fibroblasts (IC50> 50 µg/mL). Water extracts of the roots of T. grandiflora administered by mouth were the most active extracts in the Peters 4-day suppression test in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. At 500 mg/kg/day, these extracts exhibited 45-59% inhibition five to seven days after infection. T. grandiflora infusions, fractions and isolated substance have potential as antimalarials.

Metallothionein-1 and nitric oxide expression are inversely correlated in a murine model of Chagas disease

Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, represents an endemic among Latin America countries. The participation of free radicals, especially nitric oxide (NO), has been demonstrated in the pathophysiology of seropositive individuals with T. cruzi. In Chagas disease, increased NO contributes to the development of cardiomyopathy and megacolon. Metallothioneins (MTs) are efficient free radicals scavengers of NO in vitro and in vivo. Here, we developed a murine model of the chronic phase of Chagas disease using endemic T. cruzi RyCH1 in BALB/c mice, which were divided into four groups: infected non-treated (Inf), infected N-monomethyl-L-arginine treated (Inf L-NAME), non-infected L-NAME treated and non-infected vehicle-treated. We determined blood parasitaemia and NO levels, the extent of parasite nests in tissues and liver MT-I expression levels. It was observed that NO levels were increasing in Inf mice in a time-dependent manner. Inf L-NAME mice had fewer T. cruzi nests in cardiac and skeletal muscle with decreased blood NO levels at day 135 post infection. This affect was negatively correlated with an increase of MT-I expression (r = -0.8462, p < 0.0001). In conclusion, we determined that in Chagas disease, an unknown inhibitory mechanism reduces MT-I expression, allowing augmented NO levels.

Formação de docentes a distância: reflexões sobre um programa

Este artigo pretende analisar os resultados alcançados em duas avaliações realizadas sobre o Programa de Educação a Distância intitulado "Um Salto para o Futuro", em 1992 e 1997, respectivamente. Ambos os estudos guiaram-se sobretudo pelo intuito de destacar aspectos fundamentais do modelo de ensino a distância desenvolvido pelo Programa, tendo em conta o fato de que a sua concepção e o teste de realidade por que passou têm muito a acrescentar à experiência nacional sobre o assunto.

Os ciclos escolares: elementos de uma trajetória

Este artigo se propõe a evidenciar algumas características presentes em muitos dos ensaios de implantação dos ciclos escolares no país, bem como as justificativas para a sua adoção. Assim o faz por entender que o domínio das representações e da cultura, bem como o das fundamentações teóricas e das razões políticas que compõem as justificativas é um dos mais significativos na constituição das múltiplas determinações das reformas educacionais. São revisitados alguns textos antológicos da História da Educação Brasileira que situam a discussão em décadas passadas, bem como registradas iniciativas de adoção dos ciclos em diferentes períodos e em espaços diversos, recuperando-se inclusive dados de pesquisa sobre as propostas curriculares dos estados e de alguns municípios, vigentes entre 1985 e 1995.

Avaliação na educação básica nos 90 segundo os periódicos acadêmicos

O texto sintetiza e discute as principais constatações de estado da arte realizado sobre o tema no Brasil, tendo utilizado como fontes artigos publicados em dez dos principais periódicos da área na década de 90. Examina pressupostos e modelos de avaliação, estudos empíricos e documentais que envolvem a avaliação na escola e da própria escola, detém-se na avaliação de sistema e, ainda, de políticas e programas educacionais.

Reflexões sobre as políticas de ciclos no Brasil

Dentre as reformas educacionais implementadas em nome da qualidade da educação nos anos recentes no Brasil, as que introduzem os ciclos, possivelmente, representam as que têm maior potencial de concretizar o propósito de democratização do ensino. Ao colocar em questão e em tensão o projeto educacional e social no qual se assenta, de modo dominante, a escola obrigatória, os ciclos provocam um confronto com valores dominantes, entre estes, o de aceitação das desigualdades como decorrentes de diferenças individuais. Como medidas de não-repetência, eles rompem com a fragmentação decorrente da seriação e remetem a mudanças na concepção do tempo, do espaço e da própria cultura escolar, visando a garantir que o grande contingente de alunos, até recentemente excluído da escola básica, possa aí permanecer e adquirir conhecimentos socialmente relevantes. O artigo propõe-se a situar as políticas de introdução de ciclos no contexto da educação brasileira, destacando diferentes significados a eles atribuídos pelas múltiplas experiências de redes públicas de ensino, discutindo questões postas pela sua implementação e fazendo considerações sobre seus resultados e impactos. Baseia-se em revisão de estudos produzidos sobre o tema, de 1990 aos dias atuais.

Trabalho docente e modelos de formação: velhos e novos embates e representações

Este texto se propõe a discutir o peso das representações relativas ao exercício da profissão docente e seu enraizamento histórico, à luz de pesquisas recentes sobre o trabalho dos professores da educação básica no país e a sua formação nos cursos de licenciatura e pedagogia, conferindo especial atenção ao período de criação dos sistemas de ensino, porque gerador de paradigmas que persistem na atualidade. Discute também a interseção de fatores que provocam mudanças no trabalho e na formação docente e implicam redefinições das características profissionais da sua atuação em vista das transformações da função social da escola na contemporaneidade. Para tanto, considera: o ingresso dos professores de origem popular no ensino superior e o caráter regressivo das políticas públicas; a exclusão social e as condições de educabilidade na escola que se universaliza; a nova clientela escolar e os padrões de relacionamento professor aluno. Esses padrões passam por recortes culturais e cognitivos que têm a ver com a atenção à diversidade, as alterações nas relações de poder entre as gerações e aos modos diversos e coetâneos de apropriação da cultura.

Políticas de currículo e avaliação e políticas docentes

O artigo retoma alguns princípios norteadores das reformas de currículo no país, em especial o das políticas da equidade e do ensino por competência; problematiza aspectos referentes à relação entre modelos de gestão de currículo e profissionalismo docente e desdobra questões relativas às políticas de avaliação de resultados e suas implicações no currículo e nas práticas escolares.

Emociones de ancianos beneficiarios de programas sociales en metrópoli de Guadalajara

En este artículo se analizan las emociones y los significados que ancianos en situación de pobreza establecen respecto a los programas sociales de los que son beneficiarios. Este estudio etnográfico se realizó en la zona metropolitana de Guadalajara México a partir de entrevistas abiertas y observaciones no participantes en las viviendas de los adultos mayores. La información se trabajó con análisis de contenido temático. En los resultados se analiza de qué manera los programas sociales de gobierno impactan el bienestar emocional y el posicionamiento familiar y social del envejecido.