468 resultados para Distúrbios Induzidos Quimicamente


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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da pulverização pré-colheita de macieiras 'Gala' e 'Fuji' com aminoetoxivinilglicina (AVG) sobre a qualidade dos frutos e a ocorrência de distúrbios fisiológicos e doenças. O experimento foi conduzido nos anos de 2005 e 2006, com pulverização de AVG (30 dias antes do início da colheita comercial dos frutos) nas doses de 0; 125 e 250 mg L-1, sendo que, na segunda safra, também foi utilizada a dose de 62,5 mg L-1. Em maçãs 'Gala', o aumento na dose de AVG reduziu o desenvolvimento de coloração vermelha e a permeância à perda de água na casca. Nesta mesma cultivar, em frutos avaliados após armazenamento refrigerado (três meses a 0±0,5ºC/90-95% UR), seguido de uma semana de vida de prateleira (20±4ºC/60-70% UR), o tratamento pré-colheita com AVG aumentou a incidência de "bitter pit", porém reduziu a incidência de escaldadura, rachadura peduncular e podridões. Em maçãs 'Fuji', o aumento na dose de AVG reduziu a incidência e a severidade de pingo-de-mel em frutos colhidos tardiamente. A pulverização com AVG aumentou a severidade de mancha foliar de 'Gala' (Glomerella cingulata).

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OBJETIVO: Avaliar a sensibilidade e a especificidade do exame ultrassonográfico de alta resolução para a avaliação dos distúrbios intracapsulares temporomandibulares. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudamos 38 pacientes (76 articulações) com queixas de distúrbios temporomandibulares. Todos os pacientes realizaram exames de ultrassonografia e ressonância magnética (padrão ouro para a avaliação) e os resultados obtidos foram comparados. RESULTADOS: De 24 articulações evidenciando deslocamento discal com o paciente em repouso na ressonância magnética, 7 foram confirmados pela ultrassonografia, em 13 não foram visualizados os discos e 4 estavam tópicos na ultrassonografia. Em 48 articulações, o disco articular não foi visualizado na ultrassonografia com o paciente em repouso. Destes, 41 apresentavam posicionamento normal na ressonância magnética e 7 apresentavam deslocamento anterior. Alterações morfológicas do côndilo mandibular foram visualizadas pela ressonância magnética em 13 articulações, identificadas pela ultrassonografia em 2 delas. CONCLUSÃO: Podemos concluir, no estudo, que o exame de ultrassonografia apresenta alta sensibilidade e especificidade para o diagnóstico da localização do disco articular com o paciente em repouso, tanto para a análise de seu posicionamento anatômico como nos casos de deslocamentos, não apresentando resultados significativos para a análise dos discos com o paciente com a boca aberta e para a análise de alterações morfológicas discais e condilares.

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Chemically modified electrodes (CMEs) have been subject of considerable attention since its inception about 23 years ago. CMEs result of a deliberate immobilization of a modifier agent onto the electrode surface obtained through chemical reactions, chemisorption, composite formation or polymer coating. This immobilization seeks transfer the physicochemical properties of the modifier to the electrode surface and thus to dictate and control the behavior of the electrode/solution interface. In recent years the interest in CMEs has increased particularly to enhance the sensitivity and/or the selectivity of electroanalytical techniques. In general higher sensitivity and/or selectivity may be achieved by exploiting one or more of the following phenomena: electrocatalysis, preconcentration and interferents exclusion. This paper deals with the application of CMEs in electroanalysis, including a brief presentation of the more general procedures that have been employed for the modification of electrode surfaces.

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Methylene blue (AM) was immobilised on surface of the silica gel modified with niobium oxide. This material was incorporated in a carbon paste electrode, which showed a redox couple in a potential of E= -113 mV vs SCE in KCl solution at pH 7.0. The formal potential, in 0.5 mol L-1 KCl at pH 7.0, shifted about 290 mV towards more positive values compared to those observed for AM solubilized in aqueous solution. The dependence on the formal potential with solution pH between 2 and 7 was much lower than those observed for AM solubilized in aqueous solution.

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The adsorption capacity of alpha-chitosan and its modified form with succinic anhydride was compared with the traditional adsorbent active carbon by using the dye methylene blue, employed in the textile industry. The isotherms for both biopolymers were classified as SSA systems in the Giles model, more specifically in L class and subgroup 3. The dye concentration in the supernatant in the adsorption assay was determined through electronic spectroscopy. By calorimetric titration thermodynamic data of the interaction between methyene blue and the chemically modified chitosan at the solid/liquid interface were obtained. The enthalpy of the dye/chitosan interaction gave 2.47 ± 0.02 kJ mol-1 with an equilibrium constant of 7350 ± 10 and for the carbon/dye interaction this constant gave 5951 ± 8. The spontaneity of these adsorptions are reflected by the free Gibbs energies of -22.1 ± 0.4 and -21.5 ± 0.2 kJ mol-1, respectively, found for these systems. This new adsorbent derived from a natural polysaccharide is as efficient as activated carbon. However 97% of the bonded dye can be eluted by sodium chloride solution, while this same operation elutes only 42% from carbon. Chitosan is efficient in dye removal with the additional advantage of being cheap, non-toxic, biocompatible and biodegradable.

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Microbial lipase from Candida rugosa was immobilized by covalent binding on wood cellulignin (Eucaliptus grandis) chemically modified with carbonyldiimidazole. The immobilized system was fully evaluated in aqueous (olive oil hydrolysis) and organic (ester synthesis) media. A comparative study between free and immobilized lipase was carried out in terms of pH, temperature and thermal stability. A higher pH value (8.0) was found optimal for the immobilized lipase. The optimal reaction temperature shifted from 37 °C for the free lipase to 45 °C for the immobilized lipase. The pattern of heat stability indicated that the immobilization process tends to stabilize the enzyme. Kinetics tests at 37 °C following the hydrolysis of olive oil obeyed the Michaelis-Menten rate equation. Values for Km = 924.9 mM and Vmax = 198.3 U/mg were lower than for free lipase, suggesting that the affinity towards the substrate changed and the activity of the immobilized lipase decreased during the course of immobilization. The immobilized derivative was also tested in the ester synthesis from several alcohols and carboxylic acids.

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The simultaneous use of the specific values of some structural and chemical properties of clay minerals, such as kaolinite, montmorillonite and talc, allows the development of new properties for these materials, especially in relation to the external and internal microcrystal surfaces. These developments are very diversified for montmorillonite, due to the high specific surface area, expansible basal spacings, easy intercalation inside the 2:1 structural layers and a reversible and high cation exchance capacity. The review presents examples of chemical modifications on kaolins, montmorillonites (bentonites) and talcs.

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This work consists in a study about the chemical activation of charred rice hulls using NaOH as the activation agent. The influence of the naturally-occurring silica was particularly evidenced. X-ray diffraction patterns showed the formation of sodium carbonate and silicates in the activated samples, whereas thermogravimetric curves revealed a strong reduction in the ash content of these samples after washing with water. Nitrogen adsorption data indicated a microporosity development only in the washed samples, with BET surface area values of 450 and 1380 m²/g achieved for the samples activated at 800 °C starting from the precursor with or without silica, respectively.

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Silica gel was chemically modified with the aromatic amines p-anisidine, p-phenytidine and p-phenylenediamine, using grafting reactions. The resulting modified silicas were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms. The organic groups were covalently immobilized in a monolayer form. These modified silicas were investigated as adsorbents for Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+ in aqueous and ethanol solutions. In a general way, the adsorption capacity values for all adsorbents presented the following sequence: Pb2+ >> Cu2+ @Cd2+ @ Ni2+. Adsorption studies for all adsorbents, in competitive medium, showed better selectivity for Cu2+ and Pb2+ in aqueous medium and for Pb2+ in ethanol solution. Desorption studies were carried out using HCl and HNO3 as eluents.

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In this study, novel Chitosan/PVA based films were chemically crosslinked by glutaraldehyde, under pH=(4,00 ±0,05), in order to achieve structures tailored for wound tissue engineering applications. Both precursors and developed films were characterized by FTIR, SEM and XRD in order to determine the presence of chemicals groups and nanostructural order, respectively. The results have shown that the glutaraldehyde crosslinking have altered the crystallinity of pure chitosan and the increase on the C=N bands and simultaneous decrease on NH2 bands suggested that Chitosan/GA crosslinking has preference to occur in carbon-2 of the saccharide ring by the Schiff's base reaction. Also, FTIR spectroscopy clearly showed that crosslinking has also taken place with blends of PVA and chitosan. The mechanical properties presented high degree dependence with on the increase of the content of chitosan and glutaraldehyde. The results have indicated that, by controlling the ratio [PVA]/[chitosan] in the blends and the extent of chemical crosslinking, it was possible to tailor the hybrid network produced aiming to obtain properties of interest for the specific application.

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Structure and first hyperpolarizability for a series of armchair a(5,5) chemically modified carbon nanotubes (CNT) were calculated at semiempirical and density functional levels of theory. The 4,4´-substituted stilbenes were selected as chromophore with substituents at position 4´ set to X=NO2, H, Cl, OH and NH2. The calculated values for static first hyperpolarizability (β) were almost linearly dependent on the electronic effect of the group X, increasing from NO2 to NH2. At DFT level the effect of inserting the chromophore in the CNT surface was to enhance the β value up to 70% relative to the free 4,4´-substituted stilbene.

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The sheave leather was subjected to chemical treatment in an attempt to immobilize chromium ion in a matrix of cement. Cementitious pastes were obtained by adding different proportions of waste treated solutions (5 and 10% compared to the cement mass) and the pH and setting time (hardening) were measured. Aiming to check the leather influence in Portland cement pastes, the phases formation were observed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the pretreatment was effective for the waste dissolution and the pH of treated waste chemical solutions did not influence significantly the characteristics of cement paste, with a slight increase in setting time results.

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Adsorption of Reactive Blue 19 dye onto activated red mud was investigated. Red mud was treated with hydrogen peroxide (LVQ) and heated at both 400 ºC (LVQ400) and 500 ºC (LVQ500). These samples were characterized by pH, specific surface area, point of zero charge and mineralogical composition. Adsorption was found to be significantly dependent on solution pH, with acidic conditions proving to be the most favorable. The adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. The Langmuir isotherm was the most appropriate to describe the phenomenon of dye removal using LVQ, LVQ400 and LVQ500, with maximum adsorption capacity of 384.62, 357.14 and 454.54 mg g-1, respectively.

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A preocupação com a diagnose dos problemas que afetam as plantas cítricas proporcionou ao longo dos anos o acúmulo de conhecimento, que precisava ser organizado e divulgado de forma eficiente e rápida. Dessa forma, objetivou-se com esse trabalho construir uma base de conhecimentos para diagnóstico de doenças bióticas e abióticas dos citros, desenvolver e implementar o sistema de apoio à decisão (SAD) e avaliar o sistema. O SAD foi construído utilizando a ferramenta 'Borland Delphi' versão 5. Foram formuladas 562 perguntas, 322 regras e anexadas fotografias para facilitar o diagnóstico de 34 doenças, 40 pragas e 34 distúrbios abióticos dos citros. A avaliação do SAD foi dividida em verificação e validação. Na verificação, o SAD foi submetido a uma análise por meio de questionário a 5 especialistas em citros. A validação do programa foi realizada com quatro grupos, de diferentes níveis de conhecimento (10 pessoas/grupo), tentando diagnosticar corretamente. Obteve-se um acerto de 45,6% dos usuários e 93,6% do SAD. O sistema foi denominado Dr. Citrus (protótipo com registro no INPI n° 014070009188).

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Este artigo é direcionado à caracterização do parâmetro durabilidade de dois solos típicos da microrregião de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, para fins de aplicação em estradas florestais, considerando-se, para tanto, as seguintes condições: (a) solos estabilizados com o resíduo industrial "grits"; (b) solos melhorados com cal ou cimento; e (c) solos estabilizados com grits e melhorados com cal ou cimento, a partir de resultados de ensaios de durabilidade por molhagem e secagem. Trabalhou-se com um solo residual maduro (solo 1) e um solo residual jovem de gnaisse (solo 2) da Zona da Mata Norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil. O programa de ensaios de laboratório envolveu: (a) teor de grits: 24% calculado em relação ao peso de solo seco; (b) teor de cal ou cimento: 10 e 20%, calculados em relação ao peso de grits seco; (c) energias de compactação: referentes aos ensaios Proctor normal e modificado; e (d) período de cura: sete dias em câmara úmida. Os resultados do programa de ensaios indicaram que: (a) as misturas solo-cal, solo-cimento, solo-grits-cal e solo-grits-cimento, em ambas as energias empregadas, resistiram a todos os ciclos do ensaio de durabilidade por molhagem e secagem; (b) a mistura solo 1 + grits + cal apresentou o melhor resultado, quando compactada na energia modificada, com perdas da ordem de 7%; com relação ao solo 2, o melhor resultado foi obtido quando se trabalhou com grits mais cimento, na energia modificada, com perdas da ordem de 9%; e (c) sob o aspecto durabilidade, as misturas solo-grits só apresentam potencial para emprego como material de construção rodoviária quando melhoradas com cal ou cimento.