Cryptococcus gattii fungemia: report of a case with lung and brain lesions mimicking radiological features of malignancy

A 64-year-old apparently immunocompetent white man developed lung and brain lesions of disseminated cryptococcosis. The radiologic features mimicked those of lung cancer metastatic to the central nervous system. C. gattii was recovered from cultures of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, brain biopsy, and blood. The same fungus was recovered from pulmonary and brain specimens at autopsy. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid cryptococcal antigen tests were diagnostic in our case and should be included in the diagnostic evaluation of unexplained pulmonary and cerebral lesions. A literature search showed few reports of fungemia by this species of Cryptococcus, contrasting to C. neoformans.

Molecular characterization of environmental Cryptococcus neoformans isolated in Vitoria, ES, Brazil

Cryptococcus neoformans is the major cause of fungal meningitis, a potentially lethal mycosis. Bird excreta can be considered a significant environmental reservoir of this species in urban areas, thirty-three samples of pigeon excreta were collected within the city of Vitoria, Brazil. Cryptococcus neoformans was isolated and identified using standard biochemical assays in ten samples. PCR amplification with primer M13 and orotidine monophosphate pyrophosphorylase (URA5) gene-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis discerned serotypes and genotypes within this species. All isolates were serotype A (C. neoformans var. grubii) and genotype VNI. The two alternative alleles a and α at the mating type locus were determined by PCR amplification and mating assays performed on V8 medium. All isolates were MAT α mating type but only 50% were able to mate in vitro with the opposite mating type MAT a tester strains (JEC20, KN99a and Bt63). This study adds information on the ecology and molecular characterization of C. neoformans in the Southeast region of Brazil.

Unusual morphologies of Cryptococcus spp. in tissue specimens: report of 10 cases

Ten cases of cryptococcosis due to unusual microscopic forms of Cryptococcus sp. observed over a twenty-eight year period (1981-2009) are presented. The most important clinicopathological and laboratory data are tabulated. The uncommon forms of cryptococcal cells given are: structures resembling germ tube (one case), chains of budding yeasts (one case), pseudohyphae (two cases) and nonencapsulated yeast-like organisms (eight cases). The diagnosis was based on the histopathological findings. The causative organism was isolated and identified in seven cases; five were due to C. neoformans, and two to C. gattii. In addition, the importance of using staining histochemical techniques - Grocott's silver stain (GMS), Mayer's mucicarmine stain (MM) and Fontana-Masson stain (FM) - in the diagnosis of cryptococcosis is argued.

Cryptococcus neoformans isolation from swallow (Hirundo rustica) excreta in Iran

Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast that can cause cryptococcosis, a life-threatening infection that mainly occurs in immunocompromised patients. The major environmental sources of C. neoformans have been shown to be soil contaminated with avian droppings. In the present study, we evaluated the isolation of C. neoformans from swallow (Hirundo rustica) excreta in two northern cities of Iran. Ninety-seven swallow droppings were evaluated and 498 yeast-like colonies were isolated and identified as Rhodotorula spp. (62.8%), Candida spp. (28.5%)and C. neoformans (8.7%). Cryptococcus neoformans was isolated from 5/97 (5.2%) of collected samples. Min-Max colony forming units (CFU) per one gram for the positive samples were 3-10 C. neoformans colonies. The total mean CFU per one gram for the positive samples was 4.8. The results of this study demonstrate that excreta of swallow may harbor different species of potentially pathogenic yeasts, mainly C. neoformans, and may be capable of disseminating these fungi in the environment.

THE COPPER INTERFERENCE WITH THE MELANOGENESIS OF Cryptococcus neoformans

Melanin is a pigment produced by laccase, a phenoloxydase enzyme, and is related to the virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans as it is also considered an adaption mechanism to environmental conditions and protection against UV radiation, phagocytic system attack and antifungal drugs. Laccase synthesis is stimulated by several factors, including copper metabolism. The current study shows C. neoformans strains with higher melanization intensity when grown in L-dopa medium supplemented with different concentrations of copper sulfate. This increase shows that melanization rates may be enhanced in the presence of copper ions and may also enhance the virulence of C. neoformans in infected patients that present increasing copper concentrations in serum, such as those with HIV. The virulence of these strains may also be increased in the environment, where this metal is available as CuSO4 in algicidal and fungicidal compounds.

FIRST REPORT ON Cryptococcus neoformans IN PIGEON EXCRETA FROM PUBLIC AND RESIDENTIAL LOCATIONS IN THE METROPOLITAN AREA OF CUIABÁ, STATE OF MATO GROSSO, BRAZIL

SUMMARYCryptococcosis is a severe systemic mycosis caused by two species of Cryptococcus that affect humans and animals: C. neoformans and C. gattii. Cosmopolitan and emergent, the mycosis results from the interaction between a susceptible host and the environment. The occurrence of C. neoformanswas evaluated in 122 samples of dried pigeon excreta collected in 49 locations in the City of Cuiabá, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil, including public squares (n = 5), churches (n = 4), educational institutions (n = 3), health units (n = 8), open areas covered with asbestos (n = 4), residences (n = 23), factory (n = 1) and a prison (n = 1). Samples collected from July to December of 2010 were seeded on Niger seed agar (NSA). Dark brown colonies were identified by urease test, carbon source assimilation tests and canavanine-glycine-bromothymol blue medium. Polymerase chain reaction primer pairs specific for C. neoformans were also used for identification. Cryptococcus neoformans associated to pigeon excreta was isolated from eight (6.6%) samples corresponding to six (12.2%) locations.Cryptococcus neoformans was isolated from urban areas, predominantly in residences, constituting a risk of acquiring the disease by immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals.

ISOLATION OF Cryptococcus neoformans FROM ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES COLLECTED IN SOUTHEASTERN NIGERIA

SUMMARY Cryptococcosis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans is the second most common fungal opportunistic pathogen and a lifethreatening infection with serious clinical manifestations especially in HIV/AIDS and other immunocompromised patients. In Nigeria, HIV/AIDS infection has reached an alarming level. Despite this, information on the presence of this fungus in clinical and environmental samples is very scanty in Nigeria and many other parts of Africa. We set out to evaluate the presence of Cryptococcus neoformans or C. gattii in pigeon droppings obtained from Southeastern Nigeria. One hundred and seventy-seven samples of pigeon droppings from six sample types were collected. The area covered comprised of ten cities and other locations spanning across five States in Nigeria. Using established techniques, Cryptococcus neoformans was isolated from 39 of the 177 (22.0%) samples overall. No C. gattiiwas isolated. Most of the isolates (32.4%) were recovered from dovecotes (11 of 34) followed closely by samples taken from markets (31.8%; seven of 22) and least from the church (4.0%; one of 25). The highest isolation rate (38.9%) was found in samples from Enugu-Ezike(seven of 23) while the least came from Afikpoand the other locations each with 9.1% isolation rate. This is the first large-scale screening of Cryptococcus neoformans from pigeon droppings in Nigeria. The ecological and epidemiological significance of these findings are discussed.

Infecção por Cryptococcus limitada à próstata em paciente aidético com micobacteriose disseminada. Relato de necropsia

Relata-se caso de infecção criptocócica confinada à próstata, como achado de necropsia, em homem de 32 anos portador da síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (SIDA) com micobacteriose disseminada. Enfatiza-se a importância do achado incidental em necropsia e a persistência dessa infecção micótica na próstata.

Cryptococcus neoformans isolados de pacientes com AIDS

Criptococose é considerada a infecção fúngica sistêmica oportunista mais comum em pacientes com AIDS. Nestes pacientes tem predominado como agente etiológico Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans, e muito raramente relata-se C. neoformans var. gattiii, mesmo nas regiões onde se verifica a sua prevalência. Foram estudados 50 pacientes com lesões de criptococose meningoencefálica associada com AIDS. Os isolados foram identificados através de características microscópicas e macroscópicas exibidas em meios de ágar Sabouraud, ágar niger e Christensen. As variedades de C. neoformans foram determinadas pela reação de coloração obtida em meio de L-canavanina glicina-azul de bromotimol (CGB). Em todos os pacientes examinados foram isolados C. neoformans, sendo identificados C. neoformans var. neoformans em 47 isolados e C. neoformans var. gattii em 3. Os resultados encontrados mostram que a criptococose em pacientes com AIDS pode também ser causada por C. neoformans var. gatti, apesar de haver predominância de C. neoformans var neoformans nesta população.

Hipogamaglobulinemia como fator de risco para infecção por Cryptococcus neoformans: a propósito de dois casos

Dois pacientes HIV-soronegativos com doença criptocócica refratária à terapia antifúngica convencional foram submetidos a estudo do sistema imune. Hipogamaglobulinemia foi evidenciada em ambos e associada à alteração funcional da imunidade mediada por células. Hipogamaglobulinemia é considerada como um possível fator predisponente para infecção criptocócica. A importância dos anticorpos no controle da infecção por Cryptococcus neoformans é discutida.

Cryptococcus neoformans causing meningitis in AIDS patients

Cryptococcus neoformans causes meningitis in AIDS patients. In the São José Hospital, reference center for patients with AIDS in Fortaleza - Ceará State - Brazil, 54 samples of the cerebrospinal fluid were analyzed from January 1st through December 31st 2000. Direct examination with India ink and culture in Sabouraud's agar at 37°C were done. Of the specimens studied 5(9.25%) were positive.

Cativeiro de aves como fonte de Cryptococcus neoformans na cidade de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil

Cryptococcus neoformans é a levedura capsulada causadora de criptococose em humanos e animais. A variedade neoformans, encontrada em diversas fontes ambientais, inclusive habitats de aves, é importante causa de mortalidade em indivíduos com AIDS em todo o Mundo. Contudo, ainda não há estudos sobre a sua ecologia na região Centro Oeste brasileira, onde há registro da ocorrência de casos humanos da micose. Para estudar fontes saprofíticas de C. neoformans, na cidade de Campo Grande, foram coletadas 20 amostras de excretas de aves em distintos ambientes. Suspensão das amostras em salina estéril foram semeadas em placas com meio ágar níger. Após 5 dias, colônias mucóides marrom-escuro foram subcultivadas para identificação através de provas morfofisiológicas, determinação da variedade e sorotipagem. C. neoformans var. neoformans sorotipo A foi isolado de 10 (50%) das amostras, comprovando a ocorrência saprofítica de C. neoformans na cidade de Campo Grande, relacionada a habitat de aves em cativeiro.

Atividade antifúngica de Caryocar brasiliensis (Caryocaraceae) sobre Cryptococcus neoformans

A grande incidência de criptococose em decorrência do aumento crescente de indivíduos imunodeprimidos e os efeitos colaterais aos fármacos utilizados para o tratamento desta infecção, tem incentivado a pesquisa de novos agentes antifúngicos. Através da técnica de diluição em ágar, foi verificada a atividade antifúngica (in vitro) de diferentes constituintes de Caryocar brasiliensis sobre Cryptococcus neoformans. Verificou-se que a cera epicuticular retirada da folha, coletada em período de baixo índice pluviométrico (170,8mm de água), foi a parte mais ativa da planta, inibindo o crescimento de 91,3% (21/23) dos isolados de Cryptococcus neoformans em concentração < a 250µg/mL.

Vertical transmission of Cryptococcus neoformans from a mother coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus: case report

Disseminated infection with Cryptococcus neoformans was observed in a newborn infant who presented fever and respiratory symptoms since the 52nd day of life. The mother was infected by human immunodeficiency virus and presented pulmonary and meningeal cryptococcal infection. This is a rare case of cryptococcal infection with probable maternal-fetal transmission.