Uma nova política exterior depois do apartheid? Reflexões sobre as relações regionais da África do Sul, 1974 - 1998

O artigo demonstra que as relações regionais na África Austral sofreram uma mudança dramática que transformou esta região de conflito, a partir de 1989, em uma zona de relativa paz e segurança entre os Estados. O abandono da política sul-africana de desestabilização foi instrumental neste processo. Dentro do novo clima de paz e consenso político, surgiram outras fricções, principalmente de carácter econômico, que deixam a região pendular entre um grande compromisso para integração e "guerras comerciais". De novo, a política regional da África do Sul é o fator decisivo para o surgimento desta constelação. Ela oscila entre forte retórica moral e puro racionalismo econômico.

Desenvolvimento de modelo agrometeorológico espectral para estimativa de rendimento do milho na Província de Manica-Moçambique

Moçambique é um país localizado ao longo da costa Leste da África Austral, com a economia baseada essencialmente na agricultura. A cultura do milho (Zea mays L.) é a mais importante, cultivada em regime de sequeiro, com rendimentos dependentes das condições meteorológicas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o ajuste de um modelo agrometeorológico espectral, para estimativa de rendimentos do milho, na província de Manica. A área de estudo envolveu os distritos de Gondola, Manica, Mossurize e Sussundenga, responsáveis por mais de 80% da produção de milho na província de Manica, nos anos de 2000 a 2009. ETr e ETm e ISNA foram as variáveis agrometeorológicas testadas no ajuste, obtidas a partir de estimativas de elementos meteorológicos do modelo do ECMWF. As variáveis espectrais foram os índices EVI e NDVI, provenientes do produto MOD13Q1, e o índice LSWI, calculado utilizando-se as bandas de refletância contidas neste produto. O modelo agrometeorológico espectral, ajustado por meio de regressão linear múltipla, teve como variáveis independentes os índices meteorológicos e espectrais e, como variável dependente, o rendimento médio ou o rendimento relativo. O modelo regional, que incluiu os distritos de Gondola, Manica e Sussundenga, e considerou o rendimento relativo, foi o mais recomendado para estimativa de rendimentos do milho, na região, com r² = 0,762 e RMSE de 9,46%.

Chile y la globalización: una dependencia potencialmente peligrosa

Este ensayo tiene varios propósitos. Primero, discutir el concepto de globalización en sus diferentes acepciones, particularmente, la económica, la política y la cultural. En segundo lugar, intenta tratar de describir y demostrar el enorme grado de dependencia que Chile tiene del actual proceso globalizador. En tercer término, se trata de señalar que la actual globalización, es un proceso similar al que ha ocurrido en otras épocas de la historia. Especialmente se comenta en detalle el análisis del profesor Ferguson quien compara la actual globalización con la que ocurrió a fines del siglo XIX y comienzos del XX. Se concluye que el actual proceso de globalización es tan volátil, inestable y peligroso como fue la globalización decimonónica. Se concluye también indicando que es altamente probable que el actual proceso globalizador, termine en forma similar a como terminó la globalización 1870-1914. Finalmente se argumenta que debido a que Chile está geográficamente ubicado en la parte más austral del hemisferio sur, es probable que el país salga relativamente intacto de la conflagración que se avecina.

"A eficácia simbólica" revisitada: cantos de cura ayoreo

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar uma área específica do conhecimento indígena, os sarode ou cantos de cura dos Ayoreo do Gran Chaco, para poder esclarecer algumas das bases metafísicas da epistemologia ayoreo. O estudo se fundamenta no enfoque que Joanna Overing propõe na introdução de sua obra Reason and Morality (1985) e sugere que, apesar de serem simples e repetitivos, os cantos de cura pertencem a um corpus mais amplo de conhecimentos "míticos" e derivam sua eficácia e poder não tanto da sugestão ou da metáfora, mas sim de sua capacidade de captar o poder do mundo mítico dos jnani bajade, os "seres originários", que são ao mesmo tempo Ayoreo e os antepassados ou donos dos que hoje em dia são animais, plantas e minerais.

Estrategias matrimoniales en el proceso de repliegue y apertura de las parentelas toba (qom)

En este trabajo se analizan una serie de atributos del sistema de parentesco toba que crean y disuelven, a lo largo de las generaciones, el cuerpo de parientes. A través de una lectura comparada de las terminolo- gías vocativas y de referencia para los cognados y los afines se analizan las propiedades del sistema de parentesco que oscilan entre una tendencia centrípeta y la apertura hacia los márgenes de las parentelas cognáticas para la consolidación de un cuerpo de parientes relativamente estable a lo largo de las generaciones. Los casos analizados permiten agregar nuevos elementos etnográficos al debate acerca de la endogamia y la exogamia de los grupos chaqueños.

Principales criaderos para Aedes aegypti y culícidos asociados, Argentina

Se identificaron criaderos de Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti en dos ciudades de la provincia del Chaco (Noreste de Argentina): Presidencia Roque Saenz Peña y Machagai. Los recipientes encontrados en los patios de las viviendas capaces de colectar agua se clasificaron según tipo y tamaño, se contaron y examinaron. Aedes aegypti y Culex quinquefasciatus fueron las especies mas abundantes, encontrándose además Cx. maxi, Cx. saltanensis y Ochlerotatus scapularis. Los neumáticos y cajas de baterías para autos fueron los recipientes que más aportaron a la producción de formas inmaduras de los culícidos colectados. Las lluvias fueron un factor importante para la proliferacion de Ae. aegypti, así como también el habito comun en la población de guardar recipientes en sus casas que permitan el desarrollo de estos culícidos.

Preliminary report of HIV and Toxoplasma gondii occurrence in pregnant women from Mozambique

Toxoplasmosis, a protozoan disease, causes severe disease in fetuses during pregnancy and deadly encephalitis in HIV patients. There are several studies on its seroprevalence around the world, but studies focusing on African countries are limited in number and mostly anecdotal. We studied two groups of samples from Mozambique by ELISA, using serum samples from 150 pregnant women and six Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from AIDS patients with encephalitis. HIV status was confirmed, and CD4 blood counts were obtained from HIV-positive pregnant women. IgG seroprevalence of the group as a whole was 18.7% (28/150), with a higher prevalence in HIV-positive individuals compared to those who were HIV-negative (31.3%, [18/58] vs. 10.9%, [10/92]) patients. These data may be biased due to cumulative effects of exposition affecting disease prevalence. If corrected, this data may indicate an interaction of HIV and T. gondii. Prevalence of both diseases increases with age, but this is more clearly seen for toxoplasmosis (p < 0.005) than HIV infection, possibly explained by higher transmission of HIV after childhood. In HIV patients suffering from encephalitis, CSF serology showed that 33% of specific IgG CSF had a high avidity, which was in accordance with the data from the group of pregnant women. Lower prevalence rates of both infections in older groups could be explained by more deaths in the infected groups, resulting in an artificially lower prevalence. Using CD4 counts as a marker of time of HIV infection, and correcting for age, patients with contact with T. gondii had fewer CD4 cells, suggesting prolonged HIV disease or other causes. Toxoplasma IgG prevalence is higher in HIV+ groups, which could be ascribed to HIV- and T. gondii-associated risk factors, such as exposure to higher and more diverse social contacts. The low incidence of Toxoplasma IgG in younger age groups shows that transmission could be related to better access to cyst-containing meat in adulthood, as environmental transmission due to oocysts is usually blamed for higher incidence in children. Taken together, these data support the urgent need of research in toxoplasmosis in Africa, especially in the presence of HIV epidemics.

Studies on a small collection of planorbid snails from southern south America

Snails belonging to Biomphalaria genus were collected from some regions of Southern South America as follows: Resistencia, province of Chaco, Argentina; Assumpcion, Paraguay; Department of Maldonado of Caneloni, Uruguay; and Pôrto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The material was classified as Biomphalaria peregrina (Orbigny) twice from Uruguay and once in Brazil; B. tenagophila (Orbigny), from Argentina and Brazil; and B. straminea (Dunker) in Paraguay. Negative results were obtained from the exposition of the abone refered snail specimens to miracidia of S. mansoni from Pernambuco, Brazil.

Sobre uma pintura inseticida para o controle de Triatoma infestans, na Bolívia

Avaliações preliminares sobre uma pintura inseticida à base de diazinon, clorpirifós e piriproxifen em formulação micro-encapsulada (Inesfly 5A IGR ®) mostrou efetiva e persistente atividade contra Triatoma infestans intra e peridomiciliar, numa região altamente infestada do Chaco Boliviano. Ressaltam, além disso, a boa manuseabilidade do produto e o bom aspecto deixado pela pintura em casas e anexos tratados, bem como uma excelente aceitação pela população e autoridades sanitárias locais, o que estimula novas investigações e o emprego do produto em maior escala e contra outros vetores da doença de Chagas.

Chagas disease: What is known and what should be improved: a systemic review

This study consists of a broad review on what is known and what should be improved regarding knowledge of Chagas disease, not only through analysis on the main studies published on the topics discussed, but to a large extent based on experience of this subject, acquired over the past 50 years (1961-2011). Among the subjects covered, we highlight the pathogenesis and evolution of infection by Trypanosoma cruzi, drugs in use and new strategies for treating Chagas disease; the serological tests for the diagnosis and the controls of cure the infection; the regional variations in prevalence, morbidity and response to treatment of the disease; the importance of metacyclogenesis of T. cruzi in different species of triatomines and its capacity to transmit Chagas infection; the risks of adaptation of wild triatomines to human dwellings; the morbidity and need for a surveillance and control program for Chagas disease in the Amazon region and the need to prioritize initiatives for controlling Chagas disease in Latin America and Mexico and in non-endemic countries, which is today a major international dilemma. Finally, we raise the need for to create a new initiative for controlling Chagas disease in the Gran Chaco, which involves parts of Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay.

On the influences of the El Niño, La niña and Atlantic Dipole Paterni on the Amazonian Rainfall during 1960-1998

The influence of the large-scale climatic variability dominant modes in the Pacific and in the Atlantic on Amazonian rainfall is investigated. The composite technique of the Amazon precipitation anomalies is used in this work. The basis years for these composites arc those in the period 1960-1998 with occurrences of extremes in the Southern Oscillation (El Niño or La Niña) and the north/south warm (or cold) sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies dipole pattern in the tropical Atlantic. Warm (cold) dipole means positive (negative) anomalies in the tropical North Atlantic and negative (positive) anomalies in the tropical South Atlantic. Austral summer and autumn composites for extremes in the Southern Oscillation (El Niño or La Niña) and independently for north/south dipole pattern (warm or cold) of the SST anomalies in the tropical Atlantic present values (magnitude and sign) consistent with those found in previous works on the relationship between Amazon rainfall variations and the SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific and Atlantic. However, austral summer and autumn composites for the years with simultaneous occurrences of El Niño and warm north/south dipole of the SST anomalies in the tropical Atlantic show negative precipitation anomalies extending eastward over the center-eastern Amazon. This result indicates the important role played by the tropical Atlantic in the Amazon anomalous rainfall distribution.

Rola-bostas (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) de florestas e pastagens no sudoeste da Amazônia brasileira: Levantamento de espécies e guildas alimentares

Os besouros rola-bostas são insetos copro-necrófagos e utilizam primariamente fezes e carcaça de mamíferos como fonte de alimento e nidificação. Estes insetos são sensíveis à modificação do habitat principalmente relacionados à cobertura da vegetação. A substituição da floresta Amazônica por pastagem altera drasticamente o habitat das espécies nativas e acarreta redução da riqueza de espécies e modificação na composição das assembleias locais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi compreender os efeitos da substituição da floresta nativa por pastagem introduzida na riqueza, abundância, composição de espécies e estrutura das guildas alimentares dos besouros rola-bostas no sudoeste da Amazônia brasileira. Foram coletados 10.073 indivíduos de besouros rola-bostas pertencentes a 84 espécies e 22 gêneros. As florestas (seis fragmentos de floresta secundária) apresentaram 71 espécies em sua maioria com abundância intermediária. As pastagens (áreas vizinhas onde a floresta original foi substituída por pastagens introduzidas) apresentaram redução significativa no número de espécies, e composição de espécies diferente. Nas florestas a maioria das espécies foi considerada generalista, enquanto as pastagens apresentaram maior abundância de espécies coprófagas o que demonstra uma modificação na guilda alimentar causado pela substituição da floresta por pastagem. Entre as 30 espécies coletadas nas pastagens, doze estão presentes em vegetação aberta nativa (cerrado e chaco). Isto retrata, provavelmente, um processo de colonização regional recente. Onde espécies de besouros rola-bostas, oriundas de áreas abertas, estão invadindo as pastagens amazônicas.

Una nueva especie de Hoplopleura (Phthiraptera, Anoplura) parásita de tres especies de Bibimys (Muridae, Sigmodontinae, Rodentia)

A new species Hoplopleura massoiai is described, based on specimens collected on three species of Bibimys Massoia, 1979: B. torresi Massoia, 1979, B. chacoensis (Shamel, 1931) and B. labiosus (Winge, 1887), from Chaco, Misiones and Buenos Aires provinces, Argentina. Male, female, first nymphal instar, external architecture of eggs and sites of oviposition are described, providing differences with its close relative Hoplopleura scapteromydis Ronderos, 1965; comments on distribution of the new species on its hosts are done.

New species of Eupalaestrus from Argentina (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae)

A new species of Eupalaestrus Pocock, 1901 from northern Argentina is described and illustrated. Males and females of Eupalaestrus larae sp. nov. differ from those all other species of the genus by the color with distinct two parallel longitudinal stripes on the femora, patellae, tibiae and one longitudinal stripe reaching half of metatarsi; the presence of a thickened femur and tibia IV; a straight embolus of the male palpal bulb and retrolateral keel pronounced. Specimens were captured in Chaco province, inhabiting unflooded flat grasslands open areas inside forest in transitional Chaco eco-region.

Alterações cutâneas do cão no Kala-Azar sul-americano

According to E. Chagas (1938), South-American Kala Azar is a widespread disease from the jungle, several cases being reported from North Brazil (Estado do Pará: Marajó Island, Tocantins and Gurupi river valleys; Estados do Piauí and Ceará: coast and hinterland). Other cases were found in Northeast Brazil (Estados de Pernambuco, Alagôas and Sergipe: coast and hinterland; Estado da Bahia: hinterland). A few cases were described from Estado de Mato-Grosso (Brazil), Provincia de Salta and Território do Chaco (Argentine), and Zona contestada do Chaco (Paraguai-Bolívia). A well defined secondary anemia associated with enlargement of the liver and spleen are the chief symptoms. Death usually occurs in cachexia and with symptoms of heart failure. Half the patients were children aged less than ten years (CHAGAS, CASTRO & FERREIRA, 1937). Quite exhaustive epidemiological researches performed by CHAGAS, FERREIRA, DEANE, DEANE & GUIMARÃES (1938) in Municipio de Abaeté (Estado do Pará, Brazil) gave the incidence of 1.48% for the natural infection in human, 4.49% in dogs, and 2.63% in cats. The infection was arcribed (CUNHA & CHAGAS, 1937) to a new species of Leishmania (L. chagasi). Latter CUNHA (1938) state, that it is identical to L. infantum. ADLER (1940) found that so far it has been impossible to distinguish L. chagasi from L. infantum by any laboratory test but a final judgment must be reserved until further experiments with different species of sandflies have been carried out. Skin changes in canine Kala Azar were signaled by many workers, and their importance as regards the transmission of the disease is recognized by some of them (ADLER & THEODOR, 1931, 2. CUNHA, 1933). Cutaneous ulcers in naturally infected dogs are referred by CRITIEN (1911) in Malta, by CHODUKIN & SCHEVTSCHENKO (1928) in Taschkent, by DONATIEN & LESTOCQUARD (1929) and by LESTOCQUARD & PARROT (1929) in Algeria, and by BLANC & CAMINOPETROS (1931) in Greece. Depilation is signaled by YAKIMOFF & KOHL-YAKIMOFF (1911) in Tunis, by YAKIMOFF (1915) in Turkestan. Eczematous areas or a condition described as "eczema furfurace" is sometimes noted in the areas of depilation (DONATIEN & LESTOCQUARD). The skin changes noticed by ADLER & THEODOR (1932) in dogs naturally infected with Mediterranean Kala Azar can be briefly summarized as a selective infiltration of macrophages around hair follicles including the sebaceous glands and the presence of infected macrophages in normal dermis. The latter phenomenon in the complete absence of secondary infiltration of round cells and plasma cells is the most striking characteristic of canine Kala Azar and differentiates it from L. tropica. In the more advanced stages the dermis is more cellular than that of normal dogs and may even contain a few small dense areas of infiltration with macrophages and some round cells and polymorphs. The external changes, i. e., seborrhea and depilation are roughly proportional to the number of affected hair follicles. In dogs experimentally infected with South-American Kala Azar the parasites were regularly found in blocks of skin removed from the living animal every fortnight (CUNHA, 1938). The changes noticed by CUNHA, besides the presence of Leishmania, were perivascular and diffuse infiltration of the cutis with mononuclears sometimes more marked near hair follicles, as well as depilation, seborrhea and ulceration. The parasites were first discovered and very numerous in the paws. Our material was obtained from dogs experimentally infected by Dr. A. MARQUES DA CUNHA< and they were the subject of a previous paper by CUNHA (1938). In this study, however, several animals were discarded as it was found that they did develop a superimposed infection by Demodex canis. This paper deals with the changes found in 88 blocks of skin removed from five dogs, two infected with two different canine strains, and three with two distinct human strains of South-American Kala Azar. CUNHA'S valuable material affords serial observations of the cutaneous changes in Kala Azar as most of the blocks of skin were taken every fortnight. The following conclusions were drawn after a careful microscopic study. (1) Skin changes directly induced in the dog by the parasites of South-American Kala Azar may b described as an infiltration of the corium (pars papillaris and upper portion of the reticular layer) by histocytes. Parasites are scanty, at first, latter becoming very numerous in the cytoplasm of such cells. Sometimes the histocytes either embedding or not leishman bodies appear as distinct nodes of infiltration or cell aggregations (histocytic granuloma, Figs. 8 and 22) having a perivascular distribution. The capillary loops in the papillae, the vessels of the sweat glands, the subpapillary plexus, the vertical twigs connecting the superficial and deep plexuses are the ordinary seats of the histocytic Kala Azar granulomata. (2) Some of the cutaneous changes are transient, and show spontaneous tendency to heal. A gradual transformation of the histocytes either containing or not leishman bodies into fixed connective tissue cells or fibroblasts occut and accounts for the natural regression just mentioned. Figs. 3, 5, 18, 19 and 20 are good illustrations of such fibroblastic transformation of the histocytic Kala Azar granulomata. (3) Skin changes induced by the causative organism of South-American Kala Azar are neither uniform nor simultaneous. The same stage may be found in the same dog in different periods of the disease, and not the same changes take place when pieces from several regions are examined in the same moment. The fibroblastic transformation of the histocytic granulomata marking the beginning of the process of repair, e. g., was recognised in dog C, in the 196th as well as in the 213rd (Fig. 18) and 231st (Fig. 19) days after the inoculation. (4) The connective tissue of the skin in dogs experimentally infected with South-American Kala Azar is overflowed by blood cells (monocytes and lymphocytes) besides the proliferation in situ of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. A marked increase in the number of cells specially the "ruhende Wanderzellen" (Figs. 4 and 15) is noticed even during the first weeks after inoculation (prodomal stage) when no leishman bodies are yet found in the skin. Latter a massive infiltration by amoeboid wandering cells similar to typical blood monocytes (Fig. 21) associated to a small number of lymphocytes and plasma cells (Figs. 9, 17, 21, and 24) indicates that the emigration of blood cells...