Teores de carboidratos em plântulas de algodoeiro (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. 'IAC-17') sob ação de reguladores vegetais

Estudaram-se os efeitos da aplicação de reguladores de crescimento no peso da matéria seca, conteúdo de água, carboidratos solúveis e açúcares redutores em plantas de algodoeiro. Para se verificar a ação dos fitoreguladores, sementes de algodoeiro foram imersas durante 22 horas em soluções aquosas de cloreto (2-cloroetil) trimetilamônio (CCC) na concentração de 2000 ppm, ácido succínico -2,2-dimetilhidrazida (SADH) 4000 ppm, ácido giberélico (GA) 100 ppm, ácido indolilacético (IAA) 100 ppm e água como controle. CCC 2000 ppm reduziu o peso da matéria seca e aumentou o conteúdo de água nas folhas das plântulas de algodoeiro. Este retardador de crescimento reduziu o teor de carboidratos solúveis totais nas folhas das plantas tratadas. Ácido giberélico 100 ppm promoveu aumentos nos níveis de açúcares redutores totais nas plantas e o IAA 100 ppm reduziu o teor de açúcares redutores. carboidratos solúveis totais nas folhas das plantas tratadas. Ácido giberelico 100 ppm promoveu aumentos nos níveis de açúcares redutores totais nas plantas e o IAA 100 ppm reduziu o teor de açúcares redutores.

Teores de aminoácidos e fenóis em plântulas de algodoeiro (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. 'IAC-17') sob ação de reguladores vegetais

Verificaram-se os efeitos da aplicação de reguladores de crescimento na porcentagem de materia seca, aminoácidos livres totais e compostos fenólicos nas folhas de algodoeiro 'lAC-l7'. Para se estudar a ação dos fitoreguladores, sementes de algodoeiro foram imersas durante 22 horas em soluções aquosas de cloreto (2-cloroetil) trimetilamônio (CCC) na concentração de 2000 ppm, ácido succínico-2,2-dimetilhidrazida 4000 ppm, ácido giberélico 100 ppm, ácido indolilacético (IAA) 100 ppm e água como controle. Plântulas com 33 dias de idade foram coletadas, sendo em seguida realizada a amostragem de folhas em laboratório, para efetuar-se a extração dos compostos. Observou-se que CCC 2000 ppm promoveu aumento no peso seco das folhas de algodoeiro. Esse retardador de crescimento aumentou o conteúdo de aminoácidos livres totais nas folhas estudadas. IAA 100 ppm reduziu a concentração de aminoácidos, nas plantas tratadas. O teor de fenóis totais nas folhas de Gossypium hirsutum foi aumentado por efeito do CCC com relação ao controle.

Prevalence of antibodies to Hepatitis C virus in populations at low and high risk for sexually transmited diseases in Rio de Janeiro

In order to investigate the sexual transmission of the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), the prevalence of specific antibodies in populations at high and low risk for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) was evaluated. The population at low risk for STDs was composed of persons who voluntarity donated blood at the Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho (HUCFF) between July and November, 1990 (n = 2494). The population at high risk for STDs was drawn from an ongoing study on the natural history of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection (n = 210, 187 with sexual risk factors for HIV infection). All samples were screened using a first generation ELISA. Repeat reactive samples were then tested in a second generation RIBA. For all ELISA positive samples, two sex and age-matched ELISA negative controls were selected. Data pertaining to the presence of antibodies to the Hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBC antibodies) and to Treponema pallidum were abstracted from the medical records. The prevalence of RIBA 2 confirmed HCV infection among the blood donors was 2.08%, which is well above the reported prevalence in similar populations from developed western countries. Among the HIV infected homosexuals, the encountered prevalence was 7.96% (p < 0.0005). For the whole group with sexually acquired HIV infection, the prevalence was 8.02% (p < 0.000005). Anti-HBc antibodies were more frequently present in anti-HCV RIBA-2 confirmed positive blood donors than in controls (p < 0.001). 33.3% of the HCV-positive blood donors and 11.04% controls were found to be anti-HBc positive (p < 0.0005). As for the FTA-ABs, 17.6% HCV-positive donors and 4,9% controls were positive (p < 0.01). 5.9% samples from blood donors were both anti-HBc and FTA-ABS positive, whereas none of the controls reacted in both tests (p < 0.05). The association between HCV, Hepatitis B infection and syphilis in individuals at low risk for parenterally transmitted diseases suggests that sexual transmission contributes to the maintenance of the endemicity of HCV in the local population.

Prevalence and genotypes of GB Virus C/Hepatitis G virus among blood donors in Central Brazil

A survey was conducted in a blood donor population of Central Brazil aiming to investigate the prevalence of GB virus C (GBV-C)/hepatitis G virus (HGV) infection and also to analyze the virus genotypes distribution. A total of 241 voluntary blood donors were interviewed at the State Blood Bank in Goiânia, State of Goiás, Brazil. Blood samples were collected and serum samples tested for GBV-C/HGV RNA by polymerase chain reaction. Genotypes were determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Seventeen samples were GBV-C/HGV RNA-positive, resulting in a prevalence of 7.1% (95% CI: 4.2-11.1). A significant trend of GBV-C/HGV RNA positivity in relation to age was observed, with the highest prevalence in donors between 29-39 years old. Ten infected individuals were characterized by reporting parenteral (30%), sexual (18%), both (6%) and intrafamiliar (6%) transmission. However, 7 (40%) GBV-C/HGV RNA-positive donors did not mention any potential transmission route. RFLP analysis revealed the presence of genotypes 1 and 2 of GBV-C/HGV; more precisely, 10 (58.9%) samples were found belonging to the 2b subtype, 4 (23.5%) to the 2a subtype, and 3 (17.6%) to genotype 1. The present data indicate an intermediate endemicity of GBV-C/HGV infection among this blood donor population, and a predominant circulation of genotype 2 (subtype 2b) in Central Brazil.

GB virus C/hepatitis G virus infection in dialysis patients and kidney transplant recipients in central Brazil

In order to investigate the prevalence of GB virus C (GBV-C)/hepatitis G virus (HGV) infection in dialysis patients and kidney transplant recipients in Central Brazil and also to analyze the virus genotypes distribution, a total of 123 patients including 98 on hemodialysis, 13 on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis treatment, and 12 who received kidney transplantation were interviewed in one unit of dialysis treatment in Goiânia city. Blood samples were collected and serum samples tested for GBV-C/HGV RNA by polymerase chain reaction. Genotypes were determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Eighteen samples were GBV-C/HGV RNA-positive, resulting in an overall prevalence of 14.6% (95% CI: 9.2-21.7). A high positivity for GBV-C/HGV RNA was observed in patients who had received kidney transplant (16.7%), followed by those on hemodialysis (15.3%), and peritoneal dialysis (7.7%). RFLP analysis revealed the presence of genotypes 1, 2, and 3 of GBV-C/HGV; more precisely, 9 (50%) samples were found belonging to the 2b subtype, 4 (22%) to the 2a subtype, 3 (17%) to genotype 1, and 2 (11%) to genotype 3. The present data indicate an intermediate prevalence of GBV-C/HGV infection among dialysis patients and kidney transplant recipients in Central Brazil. Genotype 2 (subtype 2b) seems to be the most prevalent GBV-C/HGV genotype in our region.

The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and hepatitis C virus among injection drug users who use high risk inner-city locales in Miami, Florida

In order to estimate the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection in hard-to-reach intravenous drug users, 199 subjects from high-risk inner-city locales, the so called "shooting galleries", were consented, interviewed, and tested in Miami, FL, US. Positive HIV-1 status was based on repeatedly reactive ELISA and confirmatory Western Blot. Positive HCV status was based on reactive ELISA and confirmatory polymerase chain reaction techniques. Overall, 50 (25%) were not infected with either virus, 61 (31%) were HIV-1/HCV co-infected, 17 (8%) infected by HIV-1 only, and 71 (36%) infected by HCV only. The results of the multivariable analyses showed that more years using heroin was the only significant risk factor for HCV only infection (odds ratio = 1.15; 95% confidence interval = 1.07, 1.24) and for HIV-1/HCV co-infection (odds ratio = 1.17; 95% confidence interval = 1.09, 1.26). This paper demonstrates that HIV-1/HCV co-infection is highly prevalent among so called "shooting galleries".

Prevalence, genotypes and risk factors associated with hepatitis C virus infection in hemodialysis patients in Campo Grande, MS, Brazil

A survey was conducted among the hemodialysis units of the city of Campo Grande, located in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul in the Mid-west region of Brazil, with the aim of investigating the prevalence, risk factors, and genotypes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. A total of 163 patients were interviewed in five dialysis units. Serum samples were screened for anti-HCV. Positive samples were tested for HCV RNA and genotyped. The prevalence of anti-HCV was 11% (95% CI: 6.8-17.1). A history of transfusion with blood that was not screened for anti-HCV and length of time on hemodialysis were associated with HCV infection. HCV RNA was detected in 12 samples: ten were of genotype 1, subtypes 1a (75%) and 1b (8.3%), and two were of genotype 3, subtype 3a (16.7%).

Response to treatment in Brazilian patients with chronic hepatitis C is associated with a single-nucleotide polymorphism near the interleukin-28B gene

A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) upstream of interleukin (IL)28B was recently identified as an important predictor of the outcome of chronic hepatitis C patients treated with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin (PEG-IFN/RBV). The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the IL28B gene polymorphism (rs12979860) and virological response in chronic hepatitis C patients. Brazilian patients (n = 263) who were infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 and were receiving PEG-IFN/RBV were genotyped. Early virological response (EVR) (12 weeks), end-of-treatment response (EOTR) (48 weeks), sustained virological response (SVR) (72 weeks) and relapse were evaluated using conventional and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. The frequency of the C allele in the population was 39%. Overall, 43% of patients experienced SVR. The IL28B CC genotype was significantly associated with higher treatment response rates and a lower relapse rate compared to the other genotypes [84% vs. 58% EVR, 92% vs. 63% EOTR, 76% vs. 38% SVR and 17% vs. 40% relapse rate in CC vs. other genotypes (CT and TT), respectively]. Thus, the IL28B genotype appears to be a strong predictor of SVR following PEG-IFN/RBV therapy in treatment-naïve Brazilian patients infected with HCV genotype 1. This study, together with similar research examining other SNPs, should help to define adequate protocols for the treatment of patients infected with HCV genotype 1, especially those with a poor prognosis.

Polinização de Vochysia lucida C. Presl (Vochysiaceae) em uma área de restinga na Bahia

As espécies de Vochysia são neotropicais e apresentam flores que podem ser visitadas por abelhas, beija-flores e borboletas. Este estudo teve como objetivo a análise das interações entre as flores de Vochysia lucida e seus visitantes florais, em uma área de restinga no Estado da Bahia, Brasil. V. lucida é uma espécie arbórea e apresenta inflorescências do tipo racemo, com cerca de 100 a 170 flores. As flores são zigomorfas, amarelas e foram consideradas melitófilas. O néctar floral é produzido e estocado em esporão, localizado no cálice. O pico de floração de V. lucida ocorreu em novembro e dezembro. Durante o estudo as flores abriam às 6:00 h, quando o estigma já estava receptivo. Na abertura da flor a antera já não estava mais presente e os grãos de pólen estavam depositados na parede do estilete, ocorrendo apresentação secundária de pólen. As pétalas caíam no final da tarde, por volta das 17:00 h. Os beija-flores embora freqüentes nas flores de V. lucida foram considerados visitantes oportunistas. Entre os visitantes florais registrados, as abelhas de grande porte foram consideradas os polinizadores mais eficientes, especialmente Xylocopa frontalis, por ter morfologia e comportamento adequados para contatar as estruturas reprodutivas da flor, durante as coletas de néctar, e por sua elevada freqüência de visita.

Mineralização do C e do N em amostras armazenadas de solo cultivado com cana-de-açúcar, ao longo de dez anos, com e sem fertilização nitrogenada

As taxas de mineralização do C e do N foram estimadas em amostras de um Podzólico Vermelho-Amarelo latossólico álico textura arenosa, retiradas nas profundidades de 0-20, 20-40 e 40-60 cm, ao longo dos 10 anos de um experimento de campo com cana-de-açúcar, de parcelas com e sem fertilização nitrogenada (60 kg ha-1 de N na forma de uréia). A mineralização do N foi medida por meio da técnica de incubação com percolação periódica e a do C pela quantidade de C-CO2 absorvida em solução de NaOH 1 mol L-1, por titulação potenciométrica. Em geral, apenas na camada superficial, o N total mineralizado acumulado durante as 20 semanas de incubação foi maior, 13% a mais no tratamento fertilizado que no não fertilizado. Entre épocas de amostragem, ao longo dos 10 anos, dentro de cada tratamento, houve diferenças significativas nas três profundidades. No entanto, as épocas de maiores mineralizações não foram as mesmas para todas as profundidades e tratamentos e não mostraram nenhuma tendência mais consistente. O C total mineralizado não diferiu significativamente entre os tratamentos (fertilizado e não fertilizado). As curvas de mineralização de C seguiram uma tendência mais linear que as do N, indicando uma possível estabilização nas taxas de mineralização entre 8 e 20 semanas. Os valores de produção média de C e N mineralizados foram de 611 e 26, 411 e 17 e 427 e 15 mg kg-1 de solo, para as profundidades de 0-20, 20-40 e 40-60 cm, respectivamente. O resultado mais importante foi a manutenção do potencial de mineralização de N do solo ao longo dos 10 anos de cultivo com cana, mesmo nas amostras provenientes das parcelas sem fertilização.

Suplementação de vitamina C em dietas para juvenis de trairão

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação da dieta com vitamina C no desempenho produtivo, nas alterações morfológicas e no perfil de ácidos graxos da carcaça de juvenis de trairão (Hoplias lacerdae). Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com sete tratamentos (0, 17,5, 52,5, 87,5, 122,5, 175 e 350 mg kg-1 de vitamina C na ração) e quatro repetições. Ao final de 62 dias, foram avaliados: ganhos de peso e comprimento, taxas de sobrevivência e canibalismo, uniformidade do comprimento final, sinais clínicos de excesso ou deficiência de vitamina C, presença de deformidades ósseas e perfil de ácidos graxos da carcaça. Peixes alimentados com a dieta isenta de vitamina C apresentaram maior uniformidade em comprimento final. Não foram detectadas deformidades no corpo dos peixes. As análises radiológicas confirmaram a ausência de deformidades ósseas. Observou-se efeito linear positivo dos níveis de vitamina C na dieta para os ácidos mirístico e araquidônico. Portanto, a vitamina C influencia o metabolismo de ácidos graxos da carcaça dos peixes. Durante o crescimento inicial de juvenis de trairão, a vitamina C não causa deformidades ósseas e não influencia o desempenho produtivo, porém afeta de forma negativa a uniformidade quanto ao comprimento final de juvenis de trairão.

Actividad insecticida sobre Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidóptera: Noctuidae) de los compuestos aislados de la parte aérea de Piper septuplinervium (Miq.) c. dc. y las inflorescencias de Piper subtomentosum Trel. & Yunck. (Piperaceae)

The bioassay-guided purification of ethanolic extracts from inflorescences of Piper subtomentosum Trel. & Yunck and aerial part of Piper septuplinervium (Miq. ) C. DC. led to isolation of five flavonoids, uvangoletin (1), galangin (2), chrysin (5), 5-hydroxy-4',7-dimethoxy-flavone (6), pinostrobin (7); one amide, N-p-coumaroil-tyramine (4); one acylglycerol, monopalmitin (3); one derivative of acid, protocatechuic acid (8); and glycosydated sterol, daucosterol (9). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopy and spectrometry data and by comparison with data reported in the literature. The isolated compounds were tested against Spodoptera frugiperda. The results showed galangin and protocatechuic acid to be the most active (LC 50 13.63 and 17.16 ppm, respectively).

Phytochemical investigation of Wissadula periplocifolia (L.) C. Presl and evaluation of its antibacterial activity

A phytochemical study on the aerial parts of Wissadula periplocifolia using chromatographic techniques has led to the isolation of sitosterol (1a), stigmasterol (1b), sitosterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2a), stigmasterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2b), phaeophytin A (3), 13²-hydroxy-(13²-S)-phaeophytin A (4), phaeophytin B (5), 17³-ethoxyphaeophorbide (6), 3,4-seco-urs-4(23),20(30)-dien-3-oic acid (7), 3-oxo-21β-H-hop-22(29)-ene (8), dammaradienone (9a), and taraxastenone (9b). The isolated compounds were characterised by spectroscopic analysis. A preliminary assay to evaluate the antibacterial activity of W. periplocifolia extracts and fractions showed that the dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol fractions were active against Enterococcus faecalis.

Temperature effect in potassium and nitrate ions in soil transport

When doing researches on solute dynamics in porous medium, the knowledge of medium characteristics and percolating liquids, as well as of external factors is very important. An important external factor is temperature and, in this sense, our purpose was determining potassium and nitrate transport parameters for different values of temperature, in miscible displacement experiments. Evaluated parameters were retardation factor (R), diffusion/dispersion coefficient (D) and dispersivity, at ambient temperature (25 up to 28 ºC), 40 ºC and 50 ºC. Salts used were potassium nitrate and potassium chlorate, prepared in a solution made up of 5 ppm nitrate and 2.000 ppm potassium, with Red-Yellow Latosol porous medium. Temperature exhibited a positive influence upon porous medium solution and upon dispersion coefficient.

Transport of broilers: load microclimate during Brazilian summer

The objective of this study was to characterize the microclimatic profile of broiler transport trucks under commercial conditions, in the summer, by continuous monitoring of environmental variables (temperature and air relative humidity). Three loads were monitored from farm to slaughterhouse, considering factors such as distance and day periods (morning, afternoon, and night). To obtain the profile of the environmental variables during journey, data loggers, that determined the microclimate to which birds were submitted, were installed in the trucks; data loggers also allowed visualization of the Enthalpy Comfort Index (ECI) so that load regions could be classified according to heat comfort limits for 6-week old poultries. Temperature, relative humidity, and ECI in the truck were analyzed, using geostatistics, by the ordinary kriging method. The afternoon was the most critical period, and truck central and rear regions were most problematic for chickens, thus most susceptible to losses.