Prevalencia de microorganismos asociados a secreción genital femenina, Argentina

OBJETIVO: Hay un aumento significativo de pacientes con Secreción Genital Femenina, en el Sector Público del gran Buenos Aires. Fue necesario actualizar la prevalencia de los microorganismos asociados a los efectos de revisar el apoyo necesario de laboratorio y ajustar las medidas de prevención y control. MÉTODOS: Se incorporan a este estudio, la totalidad de los casos atendidos (1997-1998): 84 adolescentes (15 a 19 años) y 784 adultas (20 a 60 años) sintomáticas. El protocolo incluye (secreción vaginal y endocervical) detección de Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Streptococcus agalactiae, Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida spp y vaginosis bacteriana. Aplicando métodos específicos directos y cultivo, Chlamydia trachomatis (detección de antígeno), Ureaplasma urealitycum y Mycoplasma hominis (cultivos) fueron estudiados en parte de la población total. RESULTADOS: El aumento de la demanda de consulta fue continuo desde 1997 y aumentó 2.10 veces del primero al último semestre de 1998. En las mujeres adultas se encontró: vaginosis bacteriana, 23,8%; Candida spp 17,8%; S. agalactiae 5,6%; T. vaginalis 2,4%. En 50,3% no se detecto ninguno. En adolescentes se detectó: vaginosis bacteriana, 17,8%; Candida spp 29,7%; S. agalactiae 3,6%, T. vaginalis 2,4%: En 46,4% de los casos el resultado fue negativo. En el grupo de mujeres adultas sintomáticas, no en la totalidad, se detectó: C. trachomatis (7/400) 1,76%, U. urealyticum (209/340) 61,4% y M. hominis (45/272) 16,5%. CONCLUSIONES: El aumento significativo de consultas se debe a problemas sociales en la población, no al aumento de ninguna patología en especial. Impacta como problema clínico concreto la prevalencia de vaginosis bacteriana y Candida spp. Llama la atención, la nula incidencia de N. gonorrhoeae y la baja circulación de T. Vaginalis y C. trachomatis, en este tipo de población. La prevalencia de U. urealyticum y M. hominis es alta, pero su real participación en la patología genital de adultas debe ser reconsiderada. Las prevalencias establecidas motivan la necesidad de adecuar los manuales de procedimientos apuntando a la aplicación de metodologías simples de alto valor predictivo.

Violência física e fatores associados: estudo de base populacional no sul do Brasil

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de violência física e sua associação com aspectos sociodemográficos, eventos estressantes e utilização de serviços de saúde por problemas emocionais. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de base populacional realizado em amostra de 1.954 sujeitos com 14 anos ou mais, residentes em Canoas, RS, 2002-2003. A amostragem por conglomerados seguiu sistemática pré-estabelecida. Os dados foram coletados em visitas domiciliares com questionário semi-estruturado e confidencial. Foram realizadas as análises: bivariada, por meio de regressão logística multinomial e multivariada, por regressão politômica, categorizando o desfecho por faixa etária. RESULTADOS: Foi encontrada prevalência de 9,7% (IC 95%: 8,37;11,03) e associação com: sexo feminino a partir dos 20 anos de idade (OR=2,74; IC 95%: 1,52;4,94), maior escolaridade (p<0,03), maior vivência de eventos estressantes com 20 anos ou mais (OR=6,61; IC 95%: 2,71;16,1) e consulta por problemas emocionais a partir dos 10 anos de idade (p>0,001). CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência da violência física na população foi significativa, com conseqüências emocionais e impacto nos serviços de saúde, requerendo capacitação dos profissionais da área.

Recidivas de casos de hanseníase no estado de Mato Grosso

OBJETIVO: Comparar as novas entradas por recidiva de hanseníase em unidades básicas de saúde (UBS) e em unidades especializadas (UE) no estado de Mato Grosso. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com base em todos os registros (N = 323) de recidivas de hanseníase do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan) de 2004 a 2006, notificados no estado de Mato Grosso. Os casos diagnosticados foram comparados quanto ao sexo, idade, aspectos clínico-laboratoriais e distribuição geográfica nos municípios. Para a comparação e cálculo das proporções das variáveis utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado ao nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: Das novas entradas de recidiva, 20% foi confirmado nas UE e 80% em UBS; entretanto, a maioria dos diagnósticos em UBS tinham baciloscopia negativa (÷² =12,34; p = 0,002). O sexo masculino atingiu 71%, com idade média de 43 anos. Não foi observada diferença nos percentuais das entradas entre as unidades de saúde segundo forma clínica, classificação operacional e grau de incapacidade física. Do total de municípios do estado, 64,7% apresentou recidiva, com percentual entre 6% e 20% de todas as entradas. CONCLUSÕES: As novas entradas de casos de recidiva em Mato Grosso são influenciadas pelos diagnósticos feitos em UBS, sugerindo que há deficiência na rede de serviços de saúde em reconhecer casos de recidiva.

Patrocinio de programas de actividad física por parte de la industria de bebidas azucaradas: ¿salud pública o relaciones públicas?

La creciente evidencia acerca de los vínculos entre consumo de bebidas azucaradas, obesidad y otras enfermedades crónicas plantea la necesidad de implementar acciones políticas que transciendan las intervenciones centradas exclusivamente en la responsabilidad individual. Temiendo que ello afecte sus objetivos comerciales en América Latina, la industria de bebidas azucaradas lleva a cabo un intenso cabildeo político en altas esferas gubernamentales de la región. Esta estrategia esta acompañada de los llamados programas de responsabilidad social empresarial dirigidos a financiar iniciativas que promocionan la actividad física. Estos esfuerzos, aparentemente altruistas, están dirigidos a mejorar la imagen pública de esta industria y a lograr mayor influencia política ante regulaciones contrarias a sus intereses. Si este sector de la industria desea contribuir con el bienestar humano, como públicamente lo expresa, debería evitar obstruir iniciativas legislativas dirigidas a regular la comercialización, mercadeo y oferta de sus productos.

Lecciones desatendidas entorno a la epidemia de dengue en Argentina, 2009

Este articulo es una reflexión acerca del impacto de la epidemia 2009 en Argentina, con 26.000 afectados y seis muertes, y como las consecuencias pudieron haber sido mucho menores si hubiese existido dialogo y entendimiento entre epidemiología y política sanitaria. La falta de preparación, la descoordinación en la respuesta y el impacto sobre la población, confirman la brecha existente entre la evidencia científica y la toma de decisión política. La epidemiologia y la política sanitaria tienen distintas prioridades, distintos tiempos y distinta escala de valores. Las lecciones de la epidemia de 2009 deberían servir para acercar estos dos pilares de la salud publica de cara al beneficio de la comunidad, que al fin, es el objetivo común.

Pré-hipertensão e hipertensão em adultos de Florianópolis: estudo de base populacional

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência e os fatores associados de pré-hipertensão e hipertensão arterial em adultos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, de base populacional, com 1.720 adultos em Florianópolis, SC, de setembro de 2009 a janeiro de 2010. Informações demográficas, socioeconômicas, comportamentos relacionados à saúde, medidas antropométricas, morbidades e autopercepção de saúde foram coletadas por meio de entrevistas domiciliares. Níveis de pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica foram avaliados. Adicionalmente perguntou-se sobre a ingestão de medicamentos e diagnóstico médico para hipertensão. A variável dependente foi categorizada em normal, pré-hipertensão e hipertensão arterial. A regressão logística politômica múltipla foi empregada com uso do modelo Logit multinomial. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de pré-hipertensão e hipertensão arterial foi de 36,1% (IC95% 33,3;38, 8) e 40,1% (IC95% 36,6;43,5), respectivamente. A análise de regressão politômica múltipla revelou que a pré-hipertensão esteve associada a homens, cor de pele preta, faixa etária acima de 50 anos, inativos fisicamente no lazer e com pré-obesidade. A hipertensão arterial esteve associada a homens, cor de pele preta, faixa etária acima de 40 anos, tercil intermediário de renda per capita, escolaridade menor que 12 anos, inativos fisicamente, pré-obesidade, obesidade, circunferência da cintura elevada e percepção negativa do estado de saúde. CONCLUSÕES: Para controlar a hipertensão arterial na população adulta de Florianópolis, é urgente haver políticas públicas eficazes para o combate à pré-hipertensão.

Deported Mexican migrants: health status and access to care

OBJECTIVE To describe the health status and access to care of forced-return Mexican migrants deported through the Mexico-United States border and to compare it with the situation of voluntary-return migrants. METHODS Secondary data analysis from the Survey on Migration in Mexico’s Northern Border from 2012. This is a continuous survey, designed to describe migration flows between Mexico and the United States, with a mobile-population sampling design. We analyzed indicators of health and access to care among deported migrants, and compare them with voluntary-return migrants. Our analysis sample included 2,680 voluntary-return migrants, and 6,862 deportees. We employ an ordinal multiple logistic regression model, to compare the adjusted odds of having worst self-reported health between the studied groups. RESULTS As compared to voluntary-return migrants, deportees were less likely to have medical insurance in the United States (OR = 0.05; 95%CI 0.04;0.06). In the regression model a poorer self-perceived health was found to be associated with having been deported (OR = 1.71, 95%CI 1.52;1.92), as well as age (OR = 1.03, 95%CI 1.02;1.03) and years of education (OR = 0.94 95%CI 0.93;0.95). CONCLUSIONS According to our results, deportees had less access to care while in the United States, as compared with voluntary-return migrants. Our results also showed an independent and statistically significant association between deportation and having poorer self-perceived health. To promote the health and access to care of deported Mexican migrants coming back from the United States, new health and social policies are required.

Cardiac sympathetic-parasympathetic balance in rats with experimentally-induced acute chagasic myocarditis

To clarify the mechanism responsible for the transient sinus tachycardia in rats with acute chagasic myocarditis, we have examined the cardiac sympathetic-parasympathetic balance of 29 rats inoculated with 200,000 parasites (Trypanosoma cruzi). Sixteen infected animals and 8 controls were studied between days 18 and 21 after inoculation (acute stage). The remaining 13 infected animals and 9 controls were studied between days 60 and 70 after inoculation (sub-acute stage). Under anesthesia (urethane 1.25 g/kg), all animals received intravenous atenolol (5 mg/kg) and atropine (10 mg/kg). Acute stage: The baseline heart rate of the infected animals was significantly higher than that of the controls (P < 0.0001). The magnitude of the negative chronotropic response to atenolol was 4 times that of the controls (P < 0.00001). This response correlated with the baseline heart rate (r= - 0.72, P < 0.001). The heart rate responses to the beta-blocker and to atropine, of the infected animals studied during the sub-acute stage, were not different from controls. These findings suggest that cardiac sympathetic activity is transiently enhanced and cardiac parasympathetic activity is not impaired, in rats with acute chagasic myocarditis. The transient predominance of cardiac sympathetic activity could explain, in part, the sinus tachycardia observed in the acute stage of experimentally-induced chagasic myocarditis.

Heart rate responses to a muscarinic agonist in rats with experimentally induced acute and subacute chagasic myocarditis

We administered arecoline to rats, with experimentally induced chagasic myocarditis, in order to study the sinus node sensitivity to a muscarinic agonist. Sixteen month old rats were inoculated with 200,000 T. cruzi parasites ("Y" strain). Between days 18 and 21 (acute stage), 8 infected rats and 8 age-matched controls received intravenous arecoline as a bolus injection at the following doses: 5.0, 10.0, 20.0, 40.0, and 80.0 mug/kg. Heart rate was recorded before, during and after each dose of arecoline. The remaining 8 infected animals and 8 controls were subjected to the same experimental procedure during the subacute stage, i.e., days 60 to 70 after inoculation. The baseline heart rate, of the animals studied during the acute stage (349 ± 68 bpm, mean ± SD), was higher than that of the controls (250 ± 50 bpm, p < 0.005). The heart rate changes were expressed as percentage changes over baseline values. A dose-response curve was constructed for each group of animals. Log scales were used to plot the systematically doubled doses of arecoline and the induced-heart rate changes. The slope of the regression line for the acutely infected animals (r = - 0.99, b =1.78) was not different from that for the control animals (r = - 0.97, b = 1.61). The infected animals studied during the subacute stage (r = - 0.99, b = 1.81) were also not different from the age-matched controls (r = - 0.99, b = 1.26, NS). Consequently, our results show no pharmacological evidence of postjunctional hypersensitivity to the muscarinic agonist arecoline. Therefore, these results indirectly suggest that the postganglionic parasympathetic innervation, of the sinus node of rats with autopsy proved chagasic myocarditis, is not irreversibly damaged by Trypanosoma cruzi.

Comparative analysis of two-dimensional electrophoresis maps (2-DE) of Helicobacter pylori from Brazilian patients with chronic gastritis and duodenal ulcer: a preliminary report

Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium recognized as the major cause of peptic ulcer and chronic gastritis. Recently, a proteome-based approach was developed to investigate pathogenic factors related to H. pylori. In this preliminary study, H. pylori strains were isolated from gastric biopsies of patients with chronic gastritis and duodenal ulcers. A partial proteomic analysis of H. pylori strains was performed by bacterial lyses and proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). A comparative analysis was performed to verify a differential protein expression between these two 2-DE maps. These data should be useful to clarify the role of different proteins related to bacterial pathogenesis. This study will be completed using a larger number of samples and protein identification of H. pylori by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.

Partial characterization of proteolytic activity in Giardia duodenalis purified proteins

This report describes a preliminary characterization of proteolytic activity of proteins isolated from lysate of Giardia trophozoites of an axenic Brazilian strain. Fractions obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography (FPLC) were tested in SDS-polyacrylamide gel for the protein profiles, and the proteases activity was analyzed using gelatin impregnated SDS-PAGE. The proteases characterization was based on inhibition assays employing synthetic inhibitors for cysteine (E-64, IAA), serine (PMSF, TPCK, TLCK, and elastatinal), metalo (EDTA) and aspartic (pepstatin) proteases. Among thirty eluted fractions, polypeptide bands were observed in eight of them, however, proteolytic activity was detected in four ones (F23, F24, F25 and F26). Protein profiles of these fractions showed a banding pattern composed by few bands distributed in the migration region of 45 to < 18 kDa. The zymograms revealed proteolytic activity in all the four fractions assayed, mainly distributed in the migration region of 62 to 35 kDa. Among the profiles, the main pronounced zones of proteolysis were distinguished at 62, 55, 53, 50, 46 and 40 kDa. In inhibition assays, the protease activities were significantly inhibited by cysteine (E-64) and serine proteases (TPCK, TLCK and elastatinal) inhibitors. Gels incubated with other cysteine and serine protease inhibitors, IAA and PMSF, respectively, showed a decrease in the intensity of hydrolysis zones. Indeed, in the assays with the inhibitors EDTA for metalloproteases and pepstatin for aspartic proteases, none inhibition was detected against the substrate. These observations are relevants, especially if we consider that to define the real role of the proteases in host-parasite interaction, the purification of these enzymes for detailed studies may be warranted.

Validation of a rapid stool antigen test for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection

The aim of this study was to validate the rapid lateral flow Helicobacter pylori stool antigen test (One step H. pylori antigen test, ACON laboratories, San Diego, USA; Prime diagnostics, São Paulo), using 13C-Urea Breath Test as the gold standard for H. pylori infection diagnosis. A total of 98 consecutive patients, asymptomatic or dyspeptic, entered the study. Sixty-nine were women, with a mean age of 45.76 ± 14.59 years (14 to 79 years). In the H. pylori-positive group, the rapid stool antigen test detected H. pylori antigen in 44 of the 50 positive patients (sensitivity 88%; 95% CI: 75.7-95.5%), and six false-negative; and in the H. pylori-negative group 42 presented negative results (specificity 87.5%; 95% CI: 74.7-95.3%), and six false-positive, showing a substantial agreement (Kappa Index = 0.75; p < 0.0001; 95% CI: 0.6-0.9). Forty four of fifty patients that had positive stool antigen were H. pylori-positive, the PPV of the stool antigen test was 88% (95% CI: 75.7-95.5%), and 42 patients with negative stool antigen test were H. pylori-negative, the NPV of the stool antigen test was 87.5% (95% CI: 74.7-95.3%). We conclude that the lateral flow stool antigen test can be used as an alternative to breath test for H. pylori infection diagnosis especially in developing countries.