Experiências de engorda de frangos II

This paper deals with an experiment to determine the optimum period (number of days) in fattening chickens. Thirty chickens R. I. R. were numbered, weighed and feeded in crate, with one standard ration (17% crude protein). The chickens were weighted every two days and the results obtained indicate the optimum is reached between 12 and 16 days of feeding. It was observed that after 16 days the weights stop or decrease progressively as showed by the Grafic I.

A farinha de Rami como sucedâneo da farinha de fêno da alfafa, na alimentação de pintos

The ramie leaf meal was used in a feeding trial, in comparison with alfalfa hay meal in the range of 5% of the ration. Each lot consisted of two pens of 45 White American chicks was raised in batteries for 6 weeks. From results of the analisis of variance the AA. concluded for the superiority of the ramie leaf meal (586,4 g) over the alfalfa hay meal (540,1 g) in the conditions of the experiment.

A raspa de mandioca como sucedâneo dos farelos de trigo na alimentação de pintos

In a feeding trial cassava root meal was used as a substitute for wheat bran and wheat middling (mixed) in several ranges: 10, 15, 20 and 30% of a ration. Five groups of 32 seven day old Rhode I. Red chicks were used during 6 weeks of the trial. The results are shown in the Tables (Quadros) I, II and III. Table I shows an high mortality in R4, receiving 30% of cassava root meal and no wheat by product. It was observed a depression of the development of the chicks that was so much high as the proportion of the cassava meal increased in the ration consumed. The A. suggests cassava root meal might have an antagonistic factor acting as a "toxic", that he imagine could be corrected by a higher vitaminic and mineral proportion. This hipothesis must be investigated.

Comparação da soja germinada, com a soja em grão e com o farelo de soja na alimentação de suínos em crescimento

Three groups of 6 pigs, three months old, were fed the same basal ration of corn and mineral mixture ad libitum. The control group received soybeans oil meal (solvent proc.), the second group raw soybeans and the third one, sprouted soybeans. The feed intake, daily gain and conversion were practically the same in the three groups as the analisis of variance revealed. Conclusion is it does not pay to sprout soybeans for pigs.

O farelinho de trigo fermentado com Bacta-Mon e excremento de vaca na alimentação de pintos

Bacta-mon, produced by Bacta-mon S. A., São Paulo, Brazil, is recommended as a microbiological, and suggested as a supplement for animal rations. This experiment deals with this product in chicken feeding. Four lots of baby chicken received, during 6 weeks the following treatments: a control ration Rl; a ration R2 containing 10 per cent of wheat standard middlings fermented by Bacta-mon, substituting equal weight of wheat standard middlings of the control ration Rl; two rations R3 and R4, both without meat meal and containing 10 per cent of wheat standard middlings fermented respectively by Bactamon and fresh cow manure, substituting equal weight of wheat standard middlings of the control. The results may be so summarized: (1) On the basis of the weights of the chicks at 6 weeks age, we concluded that there was not any advantage in the addition of the wheat standard middlings fermented by Bacta-mon. (2) The rations R3 and R4 were considered statistically equivalents and lower the control ration Rl. (3) It seems that the main difference observed in these results may be atributed to lack of animal protein. (4) The highest mortality and the lowest consumption of feed by the lots receiving ration R3 and R4, seem to indicate, in addition, that this prejudice was due the lack of animal protein and the unpalatability of these rations.

Substituição de subprodutos de trigo pelo sorgo moído na alimentação de pintos

Searching for a substitute of wheat bran and wheat standard middlings in chick mashes, three experiments were carried out using ground sorghums. In the first one, 30% of Atlas, Kafir e White Afrikan x Sumac (seed chops) were substituted for 30% of wheat by-products. All the rations with sorghum grain gave inferior results. In another experiment, 7, 14, 20 and 30% of sorghum substituted equal percentages of those wheat by-products, the best results having been obtained with 7% of Atlas and 23% of wheat by-products. Finally, in a third experiment, 5% of dried cow manure plus 10, 20 and 30% of ground Atlas sorghum were substituted for 5% of alfalfa hay meal plus, respectively, 10, 20 and 30% of wheat by-products. All results obtained from rations containing sorghum were as good as or better than that given by the ration including alfalfa hay meal and only wheat by-products. Under the conditions of this experiment, 5% of cow manure plus 12,25% of sorghum and 17,75% of wheat by-products is supposed to be the best combination to be recommended, this result having been attained through the study of the regression equation.

Emprego de fezes de pintos na alimentação de leitões

The author studied the application of chick's feces from battery brooder in the feeding of weaning pigs. He employed a basal ration and substituted 5%, 10% and 15% of that basal ration with similar proportions of chicks' feces. He did not observe statistical significance among the treatments. The results measured in terms of average daily gain and feed conversion indicated that the substitution of 5% to 10% by equal proportions of chicks' feces produced satisfactory results, the 5% proportion being the most advantageous.

Life history, biomass and production of Coronatella rectangula (Branchiopoda, Anomopoda, Chydoridae) from Minas Gerais

Species of Chydoridae provide the main diversity of the Cladocera. These organisms have been the subject of many studies; some dealing with their role in energy flow in aquatic ecosystems, since they inhabit the littoral region of water bodies which undergo the first impacts from anthropic activities. The aim of this study is to increase knowledge about the life cycle of Coronatella rectangula (Sars, 1861), a species found in several water bodies in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The life cycle was determined by the culture of parthenogenetic females under controlled conditions in the laboratory. Experimental cultures were maintained in growth chambers at a constant temperature of 23.6(±0.5)ºC, through a 12 h light/12 h dark photoperiod. The organisms were fed on a suspension of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Chlorophyceae) (10(5) cells.mL-1), and 0.02 mL of a mixed suspension of yeast and fish ration added per organism in equal proportions (1:1). Fifty parthenogenetic females with eggs were isolated and maintained until they produced neonates. Thirty of these neonates that had less than 24 hours were put in polypropylene bottles of 50 mL and kept in a germination chamber. These organisms were observed daily to obtain the parameters of the life cycle. Biomass and secondary production were also calculated. The embryonic development time of the specimens of C. rectangula was 1.68(±0.13) days and the time to reach primipara, was 2.48(±0.45) days. The mean fecundity of C. rectangula was two eggs/female/brood and the total number of eggs produced by the female during its life cycle was 27.8 eggs. During the whole life cycle, specimens of C. rectangula had a maximum of 14 seedlings, with two instars in the juvenile stage. Total biomass for C. rectangula was 36.66 µgDW.m-3(9.83 for the juvenile stage and 26.82 µgDW.m-3 for adults), and secondary production was 12.10 µgDW.m-3.day-1(8.34 µgDW.m-3.day-1 for egg production and 3.76 µgDW.m-3.day-1 for the juvenile stage).

Diversity and population characteristics of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea, Oniscidea) across three forest environments in southern Brazil

Terrestrial isopods are important and dominant component of meso and macrodecomposer soil communities. The present study investigates the diversity and species composition of terrestrial isopods on three forests on the Serra Geral of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The area has two natural formations (Primary Woodland and Secondary Woodland) and one plantation of introduced Pinus. The pitfall traps operated from March 2001 to May 2002, with two summer periods and one winter. There were 14 sampling dates overall. Of the five species found: Alboscia silveirensis Araujo, 1999, Atlantoscia floridana (van Name, 1940), Benthana araucariana Araujo & Lopes, 2003 (Philoscidae), Balloniscus glaber Araujo & Zardo, 1995 (Balloniscidae) and Styloniscus otakensis (Chilton, 1901) (Styloniscidae); only A. floridana is abundant on all environments and B. glaber is nearly exclusive for the native forests. The obtained data made it possible to infer about population characteristics of this species. The Similarity Analysis showed a quantitative difference among the Secondary forest and Pinus plantation, but not a qualitative one. The operational sex ratio (OSR) analysis for A. floridana does not reveal significant differences in male and female proportions among environments. The reproductive period identified in the present study for A. floridana was from spring to autumn in the primary forest and Pinus plantation and during all year for the secondary forest. The OSR analysis for B. glaber reveals no significant differences in abundance between males and females for secondary forest, but the primary forest was a significant difference. The reproductive period for B. glaber extended from summer to autumn (for primary and secondary forest). This is the first record for Brazil of an established terrestrial isopod population in a Pinus sp. plantation area, evidenced by the presence of young, adults and ovigerous females, balanced sex ratio, expected fecundity and reproduction pattern, as compared to populations from native vegetation areas.

A study of aspects of heterokaryosis in aspergillus nidulans

A series of studies have been undertaken to find cases in which heterokaryons show adaptative response to environmental change. Comparisons have also been made between the phenotypes of heterokaryons and corresponding heterozygotes. Unsuccessful attempts were made to produce heterokaryons, on complete medium, balanced by one previously-existing mutant and one newly-obtained slow-growing mutant. Adaptation was achieved in heterokaryons carrying different mutant alleles conferring resistance to: (a) acriflavine, (b) actidione and (c) p-fluorophenylalanine. Comparison with the heterozygote in case (a) suggested a highly localised action of the allele determining resistance. A similar comparison for (b) suggested a non-localised action. In cases (b) and (c) dosage effects were observed in the degree of resistance that the heterokaryons, compared with the corresponding heterozygotes, could achieve. In case (c) interaction of the resistance marker with a nutritional marker (nic8) has been investigated further and a new unteraction between nic8 and Act1 detected. During this work a new conidial colour mutant, fawn, was isolated and characterised. It is likely to be a valuable visual marker, especially in view of its interaction with other colour mutants.

Physa cubensis Pfeiffer, 1839 (Pulmonata: Physidae)

A description of Physa cubensis Pfeiffer, 1839, based on 15 speciments collected in Havana, Cuba, is presented. The shell, measuring 9.0 x 4,8mm to 12.3 x 6.4mm, is ovate-oblong, thin, diaphanous, horncolored, shining. Spire elevated, broadly conical; protoconch distinct, roundish, reddish-brown. About five moderately shouldered, roundly convex whorls, penultimate whorl expanded; spiral striation subobsolete; growth line faint on the intermediate whorls, clearly visible on the body whorl, crowded here and there. Suture well impressed. Aperture elongated 2.05 - 2.67 (mean 2.27) times as long as the remaining length of the shell, narrow obovulate-lunate; upper half acute-angled, lower half oval, narrowly rounded at the base; outer lip sharp, inner lip completely closing the umbilical region; a thick callus on the parietal wall; columellar plait well marked. Ratios: shell width/shell length - 0.52-0.61 (mean 0.55); spire length/shell length = 0.27 - 0.33 (mean 0.31); aperture length/shell length = 0.67 - 0.73 (mean 0.69). Oral lappets laterally mucronate; foot spatulate with acuminate tail. Mantle relection with 6 - 8 short triangular dentations in the right lobe (columellar side) and 4 - 6 in the left lobe (near the pneumostome). Renal tube tightly folded into a zigzag course. Ovotestis, ovispermiduct, seminal vesicle, oviduct, nidamental gland, uterus and vagina as in Physa marmorata (see Paraense, 1986, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 81: 459-469). Spermathecal body egg-shaped or pear-shaped; spermathecal ducta uniformly narrow with expanded base, a little longer than the body. Spermiduct, prostate and vas deferens as in P. marmorata (Paraense, loc. cit.). Penis wide proximally, narrowing gradually apicad; penial canal with subterminal outlet. Penial sheath following the width of the penis and ending up by a bulbous expansion somewhat narrower than the proximal portion. Penaial sheath/prepuce ration = 1,25 - 1,83 (mean 1.49). Prepuce much wider than the bulb of the penial shealth, moderately shouldered owing to the intromission of the bulb, and with a large gland in one side of its proximal half occupating about a third of its length. Extrinsic muscles of the penial complex as in P. marmorata. Jaw a simple obtusely V-shaped plate. Radula to be described separetely.

Dynamics of fibrosis production and resorption in intestinal schistosomiasis of mice

A histological, morphometric and immunocytochemical study of schistosomal periovular granulomas in the liver and intestines of mice revealed that intestinal granulomas are smaller and contain less collagen than those in the liver. After curative treatment intestinal granulomas undergo a relatively more rapid resorption, although the general pattern of collagen degradation apparently does not differ from that observed in the liver. Tendency to form scattered, usually isolated granulomas that are only mildly fibrogenic, coupled with a well-balanced process of resorption appear as the explanation why intestinal fibrosis is not an outstanding feature of schistosomiasis as it is in the liver.

Trypanosomatidae codon usage and GC distribution

A study od Typanosomatidae GC distribution and codon usage is presented. The codon usage patterns in coincidence with the phylogenetical data are similar in Crithidia and Leishmania, whereas they are more divergent in Trypanosoma brucei and T. cruzi. The analyisis of the GC mutational pressure in these organisms reveals that T. brucei, and to a lesser extent T. cruzi, have envolved towards a more balanced use of all bases, whereas Leishmania and Crithidia retain features of a primeval genetic apparatus. Tables with approximated GC mutational pressure in homologous genes, and codon usage in Trypanosomatidae are presented.

Prevalence and control of Babesiosis in the Americas

This review presents up-to-date information on the distribution and control measures of babesiosis in Latin America. Bovine babesiosis caused by Babesia bovis and B. bigemia will be emphasized. The disease is endemic is most countries and poses a serious economic burdenon livestock production in the region (U.S.$1365 million/year, FAO, 1989). Of the estimated 250 million cattle in Central and South America, approximately 175 million (70%) are in tick-infested regions. Humid, tropical and subtropical areas favor development of the main vector, the one-host tick Boophilus microplus. In many regions bovine babesiosis is enzootically stable as consequence of a balanced host-parasite relationship. However, Latin America offers a wide range of epidemiologica conditions that are influenced by variations from tropical to cool climates and by susceptible purebred cattle that are regularly imported to upgrade local stocks. The control measures employed in most countries for babesiosis esentially rely on chemotherapy, use of acaricides for B. microplus, and to a lesser degree, on immunization methods. In general, these measures are expensive, time consuming, and in many cases, provide limited success. Finally, the zoonotic potential ob babesiosis will be addressd, with special emphasis on the situation in the United States. Even though bovine babesiosis has long been eradicated from the U.S.A., human babesiosis in endemic in the northeastern region of the country.

Schistosomiasis research funding: the TDR contribution

In spite of the recent decline in financial support on the part of some major donors, the overall international support for schistosomiasis research in current US dollars has been holding steady. However, when adjusted for inflation, a clear decline during the last decade appears and only in a few countries has this decline been balanced by increased national or bilateral funding. The prevailing level of support for schistosomiasis research is barely sufficient to maintain estabilished laboratories and researchers, and highlights the need to attract young investigators. The important goal of brunging a new generation of scientists into the field of schistosomiaisis can only be achieved by a considerable long-term increase in funding, both at the national and the international levels. A break-through in current research emphasizing improved techniques for control is needed to encourage donors and governments to improve the situation.