Gram-scale isolation of isobrucein B and neosergeolide from Picrolemma sprucei Hook. f.

Quassinoids neosergeolide and isobrucein B, obtained from Picrolemma sprucei, have proven in vitro antitumor, antimalarial, anthelminthic, cytotoxic, insecticide and leishmanicidal activities. There is interest in the in vivo pharmacological study of these natural compounds and their semi-synthetic derivatives, however, the quantities obtained in previous extraction processes have been shown to be a limiting factor for continuation of these studies. Herein, we describe a method for obtaining grams of these quassinoids whose purification relies only on recrystallization.

Fermentação da gelose pelas bacterias anaerobias

1 - Anaerobic bacteria of the Clostridium genus acidify mineral media without when agar is added. 2 - Acidulation results from the attack on the agar as a source of carbon. 3 - The quantity of CO² produced by the decomposition of the agar is approximately that obtained with soil bacteria as shown by Waksmann and Diehm working with hemicelluloses. Although galactone is less atacked than the other hemicelluloses the acidity produced is sufficient to disturb the fermentation tests in semi-solid media with agar. 4 - The acidulation of Spray's sugar-free control medium is probably due to the decomposition of the agar by anaerobes. The acidity produced may interfere with the acidity of the fermentation of the sugar in Spray's test or may be added to it, thus giving a false indication of the real acidity.

A capacidade sulfidrigena (produção de H²S) é uma propriedade geral das bacterias heterotroficas

Foi pesquisada a produção de H²S em varias espécies da maioria dos gêneros de bactérias heterotróficas com o meio fígado-baço, com indicador de bismuto, ultimamente proposto pelos autores. 2) Todas as espécies submetidas à prova com esse meio se revelaram dotadas da capacidade de decompor os compostos sulfurados do meio de cultura com produção de H²S. 3) Resulta que todas as bactérias heterotroficas produzem H²S. 4) Houve variações no teor de produção entre amostras da mesma espécie, entre espécies do mesmo gênero e de um gênero para outro, computado pelo escurecimento maior ou menor do bismuto. 5) Também houve diferenças entre os especimens experimentados quanto ao tempo que levaram para produzir H²S. 6) E’ proposta a expressão < capacidade sulfidrigena > para a produção de H²S pelas bactérias.

Estudo microbiológico do sal (Cloreto de sódio) de origem marinha

Foram analisadas 19 amostras de SAL (NaCl), tipo grosso, oriundas de diferentes salinas, para verificação da flora microbiana e presença de bactérias nocivas em Microbiologia Alimentar. O material apresentou grande contaminação por microrganismos saprófitas, bactérias aeróbias e anaeróbias, Gram positivas e negativas, proteolíticas, pigmentadas, esporuladas, leveduras e fungos. A alta incidência das bactérias halofílicas "vermelhas", responsáveis pela deterioração de carnes, pescados e outros produtos salgados foi estudada. A freqüência, em 15 amostras de SAL, de bactérias esporuladas termorresistentes foi calculada em 33%, possuindo um SAL germe termofílico. Para anaeróbios a positividade foi de 80%, havendo esporulação em 40% das culturas isoladas. Os índices para leveduras e fungos foram de 73% e 93%, respectivamente.

The interaction of Gram negative bacteria and S. mansoni in mice with experimental Schistosomiasis

Animals (122 mice) were infected each with eighty cercariae of S. mansoni and subsequently challenged intravenously eight weeks later with the following gram-negative organisms. S. typhi, E. coli, Klebsiella-enterobacter species, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Enumeration of bacteria in the liver, spleen and blood and S. mansoni from the portal sistem was performed from one to four weeks later in infected animals. A significant difference between infection produced by S. typhi and other gram negative organisms was observed: S. typhi persisted longer in the spleen and liver and could be recovered from S. mansoni worms up to three weeks following bacterial infection. Other gram negative bacteria disappeared from S. mansoni worms after two weeks of initial challenge. Additional animals (51 mice) infected with S. mansoni were given S. typhi, E. coli or sterile saline. After two weeks, animals were sacrificed and the recovery rate of worms from the portal system, and the mesenteric and hepatic oogram were determined. in animals infected with E. coli a significant decrease in the number of worms was observed compared to the saline control group; thirty worms were recovered in the control group compared to two worms in e. coli infected animals. In addition, the patterns of oviposition was significantly different in these latter animals suggesting complete inhibition of this process. Following S. typhi infection the difference in recovery of worms and pattern of oviposition was minimal. These findings suggest a difference in the interaction of various gram negative bacteria and S. mansoni and are consistent with the clinical observation of prolonged salmonella bacteremia in patients with schistosomiasis.

Infecção bacteriana em pacientes portadores de Leishmaniase visceral

Uma análise retrospectiva de 63 casos de Leishmaniose visceral (L.V.) revelou a presença, em 33 deles, de infecção bacteriana associada. Infecções do trato respiratório foram observadas em 13 (39,3%) pacientes, comprometimento de pele em 4 (12%), do trato urinário em 4 (12%), do ouvido em 3 (9%), e de orofaringe em 2 (6%). Sete (21%) pacientes apresentaram infecção concomitante em múltiplos sítios. Documentação bacteriológica através de isolamneto do agente etiológico foi obtida em 10, não havendo predominância estatisticamente significante de bactérias Gram positivas ou negativas. Houve 9 casos de óbito nestes 63 pacientes, sendo que em 8 deles a infecção bacteriana fazia parte do quadro clínico final. A análise das taxas de globulinas séricas revelou que infecção esteve presente de modo significativo (p < 0.05) em 15/20 (75%) dos pacientes com níveis de globulina sérica [menor ou igual a] 4,0g%. Não houve diferença significativa (p > 0.05) com relação ao número de neutrófilos entre os grupos com e sem infecção bacteriana. Concluiu-se, portanto, que infecção bacteriana é um achado freqüente em pacientes com L.V. e se constitui num sinal de mau prognóstico da doença.

Expression of mosquito active toxin genes by a Colombian native strain of the gram-negative bacterium Asticcacaulis excentricus

Mosquito control with biological insecticides, such as Bacillus sp. toxins, has been used widely in many countries. However, rapid sedimentation away from the mosquito larvae feeding zone causes a low residual effect. In order to overcome this problem, it has been proposed to clone the Bacillus toxin genes in aquatic bacteria which are able to live in the upper part of the water column. Two strains of Asticcacaulis excentricus were chosen to introduce the B. sphaericus binary toxin gene and B. thuringiensis subsp. medellin cry11Bb gene cloned in suitable vectors. In feeding experiments with these aquatic bacteria, it was shown that Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti, and Anopheles albimanus larvae were able to survive on a diet based on this wild bacterium. A. excentricus recombinant strains were able to express both genes, but the recombinant strain expressing the B. sphaericus binary toxin was toxic to mosquito larvae. Crude protease A. excentricus extracts did not degrade the Cry11Bb toxin. The flotability studies indicated that the recombinant A. excentricus strains remained in the upper part of the water column longer than the wild type Bacillus strains.

Application of control measures for infections caused by multi-resistant gram-negative bacteria in intensive care unit patients

Multi-resistant gram-negative rods are important pathogens in intensive care units (ICU), cause high rates of mortality, and need infection control measures to avoid spread to another patients. This study was undertaken prospectively with all of the patients hospitalized at ICU, Anesthesiology of the Hospital São Paulo, using the ICU component of the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System (NNIS) methodology, between March 1, 1997 and June 30, 1998. Hospital infections occurring during the first three months after the establishment of prevention and control measures (3/1/97 to 5/31/97) were compared to those of the last three months (3/1/98 to 5/31/98). In this period, 933 NNIS patients were studied, with 139 during the first period and 211 in the second period. The overall rates of infection by multi-resistant microorganisms in the first and second periods were, respectively, urinary tract infection: 3.28/1000 patients/day; 2.5/1000 patients/day; pneumonia: 2.10/1000 patients/day; 5.0/1000 patients/day; bloodstream infection: 1.09/1000 patients/day; 2.5/1000 patients/day. A comparison between overall infection rates of both periods (Wilcoxon test) showed no statistical significance (p = 0.067). The use of intervention measures effectively decreased the hospital bloodstream infection rate (p < 0.001), which shows that control measures in ICU can contribute to preventing hospital infections.

Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of unusual nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli isolated from Latin America: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1997-2002)

The antimicrobial susceptibility of 176 unusual non-fermentative gram-negative bacilli (NF-GNB) collected from Latin America region through the SENTRY Program between 1997 and 2002 was evaluated by broth microdilution according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) recommendations. Nearly 74% of the NF-BGN belonged to the following genera/species: Burkholderia spp. (83), Achromobacter spp. (25), Ralstonia pickettii (16), Alcaligenes spp. (12), and Cryseobacterium spp. (12). Generally, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (MIC50, < 0.5 µg/ml) was the most potent drug followed by levofloxacin (MIC50, 0.5 µg/ml), and gatifloxacin (MIC50, 1 µg/ml). The highest susceptibility rates were observed for levofloxacin (78.3%), gatifloxacin (75.6%), and meropenem (72.6%). Ceftazidime (MIC50, 4 µg/ml; 83.1% susceptible) was the most active beta-lactam against B. cepacia. Against Achromobacter spp. isolates, meropenem (MIC50, 0.25 µg/ml; 88% susceptible) was more active than imipenem (MIC50, 2 µg/ml). Cefepime (MIC50, 2 µg/ml; 81.3% susceptible), and imipenem (MIC50, 2 µg/ml; 81.3% susceptible) were more active than ceftazidime (MIC50, >16 µg/ml; 18.8% susceptible) and meropenem (MIC50, 8 µg/ml; 50% susceptible) against Ralstonia pickettii. Since selection of the most appropriate antimicrobial agents for testing and reporting has not been established by the NCCLS for many of NF-GNB species, results from large multicenter studies may help to guide the best empiric therapy.

Separação de espectros simulados e de luminescência total através do método generalizado de anulação do posto (GRAM)

A multivariate curve resolution method, "GENERALIZED RANK ANNIHILATION METHOD (GRAM)", is discussed and tested with simulated and experimental data. The analysis of simulated data provides general guidelines concerning the condition for uniqueness of a solution for a given problem. The second-order emission-excitation spectra of human and animal dental calculus deposits were used as an experimental data to estimate the performance of the above method. Three porphyrinic spectral profiles, for both human and cat, were obtained by the use of GRAM.