Educar es gobernar: la educación como arte de gobierno

El artículo considera la educación como un elemento central del gobernamiento, un arte para la conducción de sí y de los otros. Este arte, que entre los siglos XVI y el XX, se entendió, por lo menos, de tres maneras distintas: la "Ensenanza con énfasis en la gubernamentalidad disciplinaria", corresponde a la emergencia de la Didáctica (siglos XVI y XVII) y de las prácticas de policia; la "Educación con énfasis en la gubernamentalidad liberal" (siglos XVIII y XIX) corresponde a la aparición de los conceptos de educación, libertad e interés; es el momento de articulación de prácticas Disciplinarias con nuevas prácticas liberales y, con ellas, la emergencia de prácticas biopolíticas en la educación; el "Aprendizaje con énfasis en la gubernamentalidad neoliberal", que encuentra en la educación permanente y en el capital humano las condiciones de emergencia de una "sociedad del aprendizaje".

Webmuseus de arte: aparatos informacionais no ciberespaço

Estudo abordando os museus de arte criados na Web (webmuseus) a partir de uma perspectiva informacional. Com a emergência e rápida expansão da Internet, surgiram na Web diferentes manifestações do fenômeno museu. Ao lado das interfaces de museus físicos, são criados e mantidos na Web sítios de arte auto-intitulados "museus" sem equivalência no espaço físico, sugerindo uma idéia de museu fortemente centrada na informação, o que contraria a definição oficial de museus (ICOM), da qual a palavra informação está ausente. A partir da análise do museu de arte como espaço, são abordadas as metáforas espaciais utilizadas com freqüência para nomear os novos ambientes criados na Web. A fim de equiparar museus de arte no espaço físico e no ciberespaço, é proposta a noção de aparato informacional.

Mecanização no preparo de amostras por microondas: o estado da arte

This review presents the latest advances of the mechanisation in sample preparation using microwave oven. The fundamental principles of microwaves field interaction with matter are presented, followed by the basic principles of microwave equipment construction. Hyphenation of microwave oven with flow injection analysis or robotic are discussed as well as some metodological difficulties and solutions by its implementation.

Estado da arte da cromatografia gasosa de alta resolução e alta temperatura

The developments in stationary phase synthesis and capillary column technology, have opened new perspectives in analysis of high molecular mass compounds (³600 daltons) and thermolabile organic compounds by High Temperature High Resolution Gas Chromatography (HT-HRGC). HT-HRGC is a new analytical borderline and its application to the analysis of high molecular mass compounds is still in its infancy. The apolar and medium polar gum phases can now be operated at temperatures up to 400-480ºC, being used for the analysis of n-alcanes up to C-100, lipids, oligosaccharides, industrial resins, polyglycerols, cyclodextrins, porphyrins, etc. This technique should play a leading role as a powerful tool, for many different analysis types, in multidisciplinary fields of Science.

Antimoniais empregados no tratamento da leishmaniose: estado da arte

Antimony preparations are the drugs of choice for the treatment of leishmaniasis over 90 years, a disease that currently affects 12 million people worldwide. Its introduction was based on 19th century concepts of therapeutic effects of metal salts as arsenicals and other metals, most of them abandoned due to toxic effects or better drugs. In the last three decades, there was a great improvement in the knowledge of cell biology and immunology of those infections, but chemotherapy has not been improved in the same strength. The structure and mechanism of action of the two pentavalent antimonial drugs of choice, meglumine antimoniate and sodium stibogluconate, are not well known and the contamination of those pharmaceutical by toxic contaminants have been verified.

Métodos imunoquímicos para análise de contaminantes ambientais: conceitos, estado da arte e perspectivas

Immunoassay techniques provide simple, powerful and inexpensive methods for analysis of environmental contaminants. However, the acceptance of immunoassays is dependent on the clear demonstration of quality and validity compared to more traditional techniques. In this review, primarily, the understanding and the fundamentals of immunoassay methods are given in order to make good use of immunoassays, especially of EIA tests. Special attention is given to the concepts related to the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) formats, such as inhibition concentration at 50% (IC50), detection limit (LOD), cross-reactivity (CR %). It is also explained why some immunoassays are quantitative methods whereas others can only be used as screening methods. A list of main commercial kits for detection of priority pollutants is given in order to help analysts. Others formats, such as flow-injection immunoassay analysis (FIIA), immunoassay chromatography and immunosensors are also cited.

Cerâmicas bioativas: estado da arte

Bioactive glasses undergo corrosion with leaching of alkaline ions when exposed to body fluids. This results in the spontaneous formation of a layer of hydroxyapatite (HA), the mineral component of natural bone, which in turn can induce bone growth in vivo. This paper describes the different types of bioactive glasses, the characterization methods currently used, and the main factors that influence their bioactivity. Nucleation and crystallization, the main mechanisms involved in the formation of hydroxyapatite, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, are discussed as a function of the chemical composition and the reactivity of the surface of the material. Finally, promising applications are considered.

O estado da arte da cromatografia associada à espectrometria de massas acoplada à espectrometria de massas na análise de compostos tóxicos em alimentos

Chromatography combined with several different detection systems is one of the more used and better performing analytical tools. Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection gives highly selective and sensitive analyses and permits obtaining structural information about the analites and about their molar masses. Due to these characteristics, this analytical technique is very efficient when used to detect substances at trace levels in complex matrices. In this paper we review instrumental and technical aspects of chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and the state of the art of the technique as it is applied to analysis of toxic substances in food.

O estado da arte da cromatografia líquida de ultra eficiência

Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) retains the same principles as High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), but uses 1-2.1 mm i.d. columns with sub-2 µm particles. It is considered the newest advance in analytical separation science. The use of these small particles with mobile phases at high linear velocities increases resolution and detectability and decreases analysis time. Thus, the analyses are faster, the solvent volume is smaller, the efficiency is higher and the detectability is 2-3 times higher when compared with HPLC analysis.

Eletrocromatografia capilar: contextualização, estado da arte e perspectivas

Capillary electrochromatography (CEC) is a separation technique in which the mobile phase flow is based on the application of a voltage across a packed capillary, which generates an electroosmotic flow that transports the analytes along the capillary toward the detector. As it combines the separation mechanisms of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and of capillary electrophoresis (CE), CEC can be considered a hybrid of HPLC and CE. This review presents some fundamental aspects of CEC and is focused on the instrumental advances of the technique, such as column technology, operation modes and detection systems, presenting recent papers on these topics and some applications and perspectives about CEC.

Estado da arte de figuras de mérito em calibração multivariada

The validation of an analytical procedure must be certified through the determination of parameters known as figures of merit. For first order data, the acuracy, precision, robustness and bias is similar to the methods of univariate calibration. Linearity, sensitivity, signal to noise ratio, adjustment, selectivity and confidence intervals need different approaches, specific for multivariate data. Selectivity and signal to noise ratio are more critical and they only can be estimated by means of the calculation of the net analyte signal. In second order calibration, some differentes approaches are necessary due to data structure.

Quimioterapia da doença de Chagas: estado da arte e perspectivas no desenvolvimento de novos fármacos

Neglected diseases are a major global cause of illness, long-term disability and death. Chagas' disease is a parasitic infection widely distributed throughout Latin America, with devastating consequences in terms of human morbidity and mortality. The existing drug therapy suffers from a combination of drawbacks including poor efficacy, resistance and serious side effects. In 2009, we celebrate the 100th anniversary of the discovery of Chagas' disease, facing the challenges of developing new, safe and effective drugs for the treatment of this disease. This brief review attempts to highlight the state of the art, limitations and perspectives of Chagas' disease drug development.