Development of Hepatozoon caimani (Carini, 1909) Pessôa, De Biasi & De Souza, 1972 in the Caiman Caiman c. crocodilus, the frog Rana catesbeiana and the mosquito Culex fatigans

The sporogony of Hepatozoon caimani has been studied, by light microscopy, in the mosquito Culex fatigans fed on specimens of the caiman Caiman c. crocodilus showing gametocytes in their peripheral blood. Sporonts iniciate development in the space between the epithelium of the insect gut and the elastic membrane covering the haemocoele surface of the stomach. Sporulating oocysts are clustered on the gut, still invested by the gut surface membrane. Fully mature oocysts were first seen 21 days after the blood-meal. No sporogonic stages were found in some unidentified leeches fed on an infected caiman, up to 30 days following the blood-meal. When mosquitoes containing mature oocysts were fed to frogs (Leptodactylus fuscus and Rana catesbeiana), cysts containing cystozoites developed in the internal organs, principally the liver. Feeding these frogs to farm-bred caimans resulted in the appearance of gametocytes in their peripheral blood at some time between 59 and 79 days later, and the development of tissue cysts in the liver, spleen, lungs and kidneys. Transmission of the parasite was also obtained by feeding young caimans with infected mosquitoes and it is suggested that both methods occur in nature. The finding of similar cysts containing cystozoites in the semi-aquatic lizard Neusticurus bicarinatus, experimentally fed with infected C. fatigans, suggests that other secondary hosts may be involved.

Kanaima Distant, 1909: descrição de uma nova espécie (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Cercopidae, Tomaspidinae)

Kanaima Distant, 1909: description of a new species (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Cercopidae, Tomaspidinae). A new species, Kanaima dubia, is described from São José dos Pinhais, Paraná, Brazil. It is similar, in general aspect, to Kanaima fluvialis (Lallemand, 1924).

Descrição da larva de Popanomyia femoralis Kertész, 1909 e do pupário de Engicerus major Lindner, 1964 (Diptera, Stratiomyidae)

The larva of Popanomyia femoralis and puparium of Engicerus major are described. The larvae were collected under the bark of fallen trees in an area near the tropical rain forest at Ilha da Marambaia (23º 04'15''S-43º53'59''W-sea level) and Cabo Frio (22º52'46''S-42º01'07''W-4 m), State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Biological notes are presented. The larva of Popanomyia femoralis and puparium of Engicerus major are compared with those of Chalcidomorphina aurata Enderlein, Cosmariomyia argyrosticta Kertész, Dactylodeictes lopesi Lindner and Vittiger schnusei Kertész, other species of the same subfamily.

Flutuação populacional de Argyrotaenia sphaleropa (MEYRICK, 1909) (Lep: Tortricidae) com emprego de feromônio sexual sintético na cultura da videira

A lagarta-das-fruteiras, Argyrotaenia sphaleropa (Meyrick, 1909) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), é uma espécie freqüentemente encontrada danificando a cultura da videira e outras frutíferas de clima temperado na região Sul do Brasil e no Uruguai. Estudou-se a flutuação populacional de A. sphaleropa na cultura da videira com emprego do feromônio sexual sintético. Com base na avaliação semanal de machos de A. sphaleropa capturados em armadilha Delta contendo o feromônio sexual sintético (Z11,13-14Ac + Z11,13-14Al + Z11-14Al na proporção 4:4:1, impregnada em liberadores de borracha na dose de 1.000µg/septo), durante a safra 2003-2004, foram observados quatro picos populacionais na cultura da videira cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon. O primeiro pico populacional ocorreu no início do mês de outubro, o segundo no início de fevereiro, o terceiro teve o acme em meados do mês de março e o quarto no mês de junho. A temperatura média diária e a precipitação pluviométrica não exerceram influência sobre a captura dos insetos nas armadilhas. As informações deste trabalho permitem direcionar as táticas de controle para os períodos em que a população do inseto é mais elevada nos parreirais.

Novas sinonímias e correções em Simulium com a revalidação de S. pruinosum Lutz, 1904 (Culicomorpha, Simuliidae)

Consideram-se Simulium antunesi (Lane & Porto, 1940), S. mauense Nunes de Mello, 1974 e S. nilesi Rambajam, 1979 sinonímias de Simulium perflavum Roubaud, 1906; S. sucamense Nunes de Mello, 1974 e S. santaelenae Ramirez-Pérez & Peterson, 1981 sinonímias de S. (Psilopelmia) iracouboense Floch & Abonnenc, 1946; S. major Lane & Porto, 1940 sinonímia S. (Helmicnetha) rubrithorax Lutz, 1909. Ressalta-se a utilização errônea do nome Grenierella para o subgênero Grenieriella Vargas & Nájera, 1951. Simulium (G.) pruinosum Lutz, 1910 é revalidada, e sugere-se que S. nigrimanum Macquart, 1838 volte a ocupar a posição de species inquirendae.

Infección inducida en el roedor selvático Dasyprocta leporina (Rodentia: Dasyproctidae), con huevos larvados de Lagochilascaris minor (Nematoda: Ascarididae)

Ejemplares de Dasyprocta leporina Linnaeus, 1758 fueron criados alejados de su ambiente natural. A los 3 ó 4 meses de edad, se los inoculó por vía oral con huevos de Lagochilascaris minor Leiper, 1909 obtenidos de una paciente nativa. Los huevos se los incubó por más de 80 dias, para que de ellos fuese posible obtener por compresión mecánica, larvas que se mantuviesen vivas en medio acuoso por 48 horas o más. Sacrificados los animales a los 14 ó 46 dias posteriores a la infección, se hallaron en los músculos esqueléticos larvas ovilladas dentro de nódulos inflamatorios, los cuales no presentaban reacción a cuerpo extraño, abscedación o calcificación. El desarollo de los nódulos no parecía afectar la normalidad de los hospedadores. Las larvas obtenidas eran similares a las descritas por SPRENT como de tercer estadio para estos helmintos. Ratones blancos infectados con material similar, no presentaron nódulos en sus músculos ni se pudo recuperar de sus tejidos larva alguna. Por los hallazgos obtenidos con la infección de estos animales, se postula que el helminto no posee ciclo pulmonar y que su desarrollo requiere de un hospedador intermediario.

Infeccion natural de Speothos venaticus (Carnivora: Canidae) por estadios adultos de Lagochilascaris sp.

Un ejemplar adulto macho de Speothos venaticus Lund, 1842 fue muerto accidentalmente en una vía de penetración rural, situada en la región Noroeste del Estado Bolívar, Venezuela, en el Municipio donde desde hace 16 años vive una paciente con lagochilascariasis. El animal conservado durante un mes por congelación y desprovisto de su piel y cabeza fue autopsiado, hallándose en la tráquea dos especímenes adultos hembras y grávidos de Lagochilascaris sp., los cuales presentaban algunas características morfológicas de sus partes blandas diferentes a Lagochilascaris minor Leiper, 1909; entretanto, distintivos estables como son la forma de los interlabios, la localización de la vulva y particularmente el tamaño y número de las depresiones de la cáscara de los huevos, inclinan a pensar que se trata de aquel parásito, a pesar de no haberse hallado vermes machos que permitiesen el estudio de las espículas y su ducto eyaculador. Fueron localizadas en cortes histológicos de laringe y tráquea profundamente situadas, secciones de formas degeneradas con características atribuíbles a Lagochilascaris sp.

Evaluation in white mice of the infectivity of egs of Lagochilascaris minor (Nematoda: ascarididae), incubated by decortication with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)

White mice were used to study the infectivity of the eggs of Lagochilascaris minor Leiper, 1909 after incubation in liquid media, with or without preservative substances. Potassium bichromate (K2Cr2O7) at 1% restrict hatching, while 1% formalin gave a greater larval yield. Incubation of eggs in distilled water, in Roux or Falcon flasks gave a good yield, whether the eggs were obtained from human feces or from experimentally infected cats. Treatment of eggs with Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) at 5.25% for 2 min prior to inoculation, produced a notable increment of the larval yield in the infections.

CHRONIC CHAGASIC CARDIOPATHY: THE PRODUCT OF A TURBULENT HOST-PARASITE RELATIONSHIP

The pathogenesis of chronic chagasic cardiopathy is still a debated matter. In this review, the main theories raised about it since the first description of the disease in 1909 by Carlos Chagas, are considered. The scarcity of T.cruzi parasites into the myocardium and the apparent lack of correlation between their presence and the occurrence of myocardial inflammatory infiltrate, have originated many theories indicating that chronic Chagas' cardiopathy is an autoimmune disease. Recently however, papers using immunohistochemical technique or PCR have demonstrated a strong association between moderate or severe myocarditis and presence of T.cruzi Ags, indicating a direct participation of the parasite in the genesis of chronic chagasic myocarditis. Different patterns of cytokine production seem to have important role in the outcome of the disease. Participation of the microcirculatory alterations and fibrosis as well as the relationship with the parasite are also emphasized. Finally, the author suggests that the indeterminate form of the disease occurs when the host immunological response against the parasite is more efficient while the chronic cardiopathy occurs in patients with hyperergic and inefficient immune response

Blood-sucking lice may disseminate Trypanosoma cruzi infection in baboons

Trypanosoma cruzi (Schyzotrypanum, Chagas, 1909), and Chagas disease are endemic in captive-reared baboons at the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas. We obtained PCR amplification products from DNA extracted from sucking lice collected from the hair and skin of T. cruzi-infected baboons, with specific nested sets of primers for the protozoan kinetoplast DNA, and nuclear DNA. These products were hybridized to their complementary internal sequences. Selected sequences were cloned and sequencing established the presence of T. cruzi nuclear DNA, and minicircle kDNA. Competitive PCR with a kDNA set of primers determined the quantity of approximately 23.9 ± 18.2 T. cruzi per louse. This finding suggests that the louse may be a vector incidentally contributing to the dissemination of T. cruzi infection in the baboon colony.

Lagochilascariasis humana en Venezuela: descripción de un caso fatal

Lagochilascaris minor Leiper, 1909, puede producir lesiones graves, con invasión de músculo, hueso, ojo, oido medio, pulmones o cerebro. En este trabajo se comunica uri caso de lagochilascariasis en unajóvem de 17anos venezolana, que desarrolló signos de hipertensión endocraneana. Se revisan las publicaciones sobre lagochilascariasis y los aspectos clínicos-patológicos de la invasión dei sistema nervioso central por estos vermes.

Parâmetros populacionais para Triatoma sordida Stal, 1859, o vetor mais freqüente da doença de Chagas no Triângulo Mineiro (Heteroptera, Triatominae)

O Triatoma sordida é o mais freqüente vetor do Trypanosoma cruzi, Chagas, 1909, em Uberaba, MG. O objetivo deste trabalho foi construir uma tabela de vida dinâmica para o Triatoma sordida visando fornecer dados para subsidiar o controle de suas populações.

Effect of feeding frequency on the reproductive efficiency of two species of Triatoma with different epidemiological importance

Introduction In Triatominae, reproductive efficiency is an important factor influencing population dynamics, and a useful parameter in measuring a species' epidemiological significance as a vector of Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas, 1909). The reproductive efficiency of triatomines is affected by food availability; hence, we measured and compared the effects of feeding frequency on the reproductive parameters of Triatoma patagonica (Del Ponte, 1929) and Triatoma infestans (Klug, 1934), and the effects of starvation on T. patagonica. Methods Couples from both species were fed weekly, or every 3 weeks; in addition, females in couples of T. patagonica were not fed. Each couple was observed weekly and reproductive efficiency was assessed on the following parameters: fecundity (eggs/female), fertility (eggs hatched/eggs laid), initiation and end of oviposition, initiation of mating, number of matings/week, and number of reproductive weeks. Relative meal size index (RMS), blood consumption index (CI), and E values (eggs/mg blood) were also calculated. Results Changes in feeding frequency affected the reproductive parameters of T. patagonica only, with a decrease in fecundity and number of reproductive weeks for those fed every 3 weeks, or not fed. The reproductive period, RMS index, and CI were lower for T. patagonica than T. infestans. However, despite the lower fecundity of T. patagonica, this species required less blood to produce eggs, with an E values of 2 compared to 2.94 for T. infestans. Conclusions Our results suggest that the differences in fecundity observed between species reflect the availability of food in their natural ecotopes.

Ecoepidemiology and biology of Eratyrus mucronatus Stål, 1859 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae), a sylvatic vector of Chagas disease in the Brazilian Amazon

Introduction Eratyrus mucronatus Stål, 1859 is a wild triatomine vector of Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas, 1909. However, little is known regarding the biology and ecoepidemiology of this triatomine in the Brazilian Amazon. The present study describes the biology of E. mucronatus grown under laboratory conditions and the epidemiological aspects of its natural breeding sites. Methods Five colonies were monitored in the field for 3 years. Temperature and humidity measurements were taken in the mornings and afternoons at the natural breeding sites, and the behavior and distribution of the nymphs and adults were observed in the wild colony. We also monitored the life cycle under controlled laboratory conditions. Results Some factors that were considered decisive for the establishment of these colonies were present at all of the colonies studied in the field. These factors included an active termite nest, a vertebrate for repast, and dry and shaded substrates with temperatures of 24-28°C and with humidity of 80-90%. A generation was developed in 274 days under these microclimatic conditions in the laboratory. Conclusions The climatic variables described in the field indicate that these environmental parameters have a limiting effect on the dispersal and colonization of E. mucronatus to new environments. In addition, the long period of development to adulthood demonstrates that only one generation can develop per year even under the more favorable laboratory conditions.

Enchentes e vazantes do Rio Negro Medidas no porto de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil

As cotas do rio Negro vem sendo medidas, diariamente, desde setembro de 1902. O presente trabalho baseou-se em dados colhidos entre os anos de 1903 a 1999. As cinco maiores enchentes aconteceram em: 1953 (29,69m), 1976 (29,61m), 1989 (29,42m), 1922 (29,35m) e 1909 (29,17m). As cinco maiores vazantes aconteceram em: 1963 (13,65m), 1906 (14,20m), 1997 (14,34m), 1916 (14,42m) e 1926 (14,54m). Os cinco menores valores de cotas máximas foram em: 1926 (21,77m), 1912 (24,84m), 1992 (25,42m), 1964 (25,91m) e 1980 (26,00m) e os cinco de cotas mínimas foram em: 1926 (21,77m), 1912 (24,84m), 1992 (25,42m), 1964 (25,91m) e 1980 (26,00m). As cinco maiores diferenças alcançadas em um mesmo ano entre as cotas máximas e mínimas aconteceram em: 1997 (14,62m), 1909 (14,13m), 1953 (12,62m), 1952 (12,44m) e 1916 (12,21 m) e as menores aconteceram em: 1912 (05,45m), 1968 (06,10m), 1985 (06,53m), 1974, (06,62m) e 1986 (06,74m).