216 resultados para Agroindustrial residue


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Butia odorata (Barb.Rodr.) Noblick (butiazeiro) é uma palmeira nativa do sul do Brasil, com grande demanda para usos ornamental e agroindustrial. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desenvolvimento inicial de mudas de butiazeiro, em recipientes com diferentes composições de substratos. O experimento foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação sem controle de temperatura e umidade. Foram utilizadas mudas com 60 dias após a germinação, e avaliados os substratos, em cinco proporções, dos componentes casca de arroz carbonizada e casca de pinus. Em etapa posterior, monitorou-se o efeito do pH do substrato no desenvolvimento das mudas mantidas nos mesmos recipientes e tratamentos. Para tanto, as plantas foram distribuídas em igual número e representação dos tratamentos, em quatro grupos, com quatro níveis de pH do substrato (4,0; 4,9; 5,8 e 6,7). Noventa dias após o início da primeira etapa, e 161 dias após o início da segunda, foram avaliados o desenvolvimento das plantas, a condutividade elétrica e o pH dos substratos. Na primeira etapa, constatou-se diferença entre os tratamentos somente para altura das plantas e pH do substrato, ambas relacionadas diretamente com a proporção de casca de pinus na formulação. Na segunda etapa, a composição do substrato foi determinante para o maior desenvolvimento das mudas. Somente o número de folhas não apresentou diferença significativa entre os tratamentos. Contudo, para todas as variáveis, a presença de casca de pinus, mesmo em baixa proporção, foi suficiente para favorecer o desenvolvimento vegetativo.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the dynamics of decomposition process of chopped secondary forest system, previously enriched with legumes Inga velutina Willd. and Stryphnodendron pulcherrimum (Willd.) Hochr. and the contribution of this process to the nutrient input to the cultivation of corn and bean under no-tillage. The experimental design was a randomized block, split plot with four replications. The plots were two species (I. velutina and S. pulcherrimum) and the subplots were seven times of evaluation (0, 7, 28, 63, 189, 252, 294 days after experiment installation). There was no difference (p ≥ 0.05) between the secondary forest systems enriched and no interaction with times for biomass waste, decomposition constant and half-life time. The waste of S. pulcherrimum trees had higher (p < 0.05) C/N ratio than that I. velutina. However, this one was higher (p < 0.05) in lignin content. Nevertheless, the dynamics of residue decomposition was similar. The corn yield was higher (p < 0.05) in cultivation under I.velutina waste. Meanwhile, the beans planted after corn, shows similar (p > 0.05) yield in both areas, regardless of the waste origin.

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Desde que a industrialização do campo passou a criar contingentes de trabalhadores rurais desempregados, os governos vêm gastando recursos na desapropriação de terras para reforma agrária, sem levar em consideração a necessidade de também prover uma infra-estrutura adequada e, principalmente, os meios para o sustento digno desses cidadãos excluídos. Este artigo propõe uma mudança na política agroindustrial brasileira, destinada a ofertar empregos no campo, aproveitando a vocação exportadora do agronegócio. A experiência de outros países na questão das tensões sociais é tomada como referência.

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Foi estudada a prevalência de obesidade na população urbana de 18-74 anos residente em 1987 no Município de Araraquara, SP, Brasil, cidade média agro industrial de 150.000 habitantes, situada a 250 km a noroeste da Capital do Estado. Foram estudados 1.126 habitantes, 502 do sexo masculino e 624 do feminino, selecionados por uma amostragem equiprobabilística por conglomerados. A prevalência de sobrepeso (Quetelet 25-29,9 kg/m²) foi de 26,9% para o sexo masculino e de 27,7% para o feminino. A prevalência de obesidade (Quetelet maior ou igual a 30,0 kg/m²) foi de 10,2% para o sexo masculino e de 14,7% para o feminino. Estas percentagens são bastante elevadas quando se as compara com as de países afluentes anglo-saxões. Discutem-se as causas do fenômeno, já que a cidade é um Município afluente de economia agroindustrial. Quando se definiram critérios próprios para Araraquara (P85 e P95 do Quetelet para a idade de 20-29 anos por sexo) verificou-se que o padrão "magro" para o Município é mais magro do que o similar norte-americano, o que torna criticável a extensão de critérios de corte oriundos de outras localidades para regiões de características diferentes.

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The action of extracts from the stem, leaves, and fruit of Jatropha gossypiifolia on Biomphalaria glabrata was studied by analyzing survival, feeding capacity and oviposition ability. The extracts were obtained by macerating the plant parts in 92% ethanol, which were then evaporated until a dry residue was obtained and phytochemically studied. The molluscicidal activity on B. glabrata was investigated using the procedures recommended by WHO (1965). The amount of food ingested and oviposition were measured during each experiment. The extract of leaves from J. gossypiifolia was shown to be a strong molluscicidal agent, causing 100% mortality of B. glabrata, even in the lowest concentration tested, of 25 ppm. Regarding the fruit extract, there was variation in the mortality, depending on the concentration used (100, 75, 50 and 25 ppm). The snails that were in contact with the fruit extract had significant reduction in feeding and number of embryos in comparison to the control. The stem extract did not present molluscicidal activity nor had any influence on the feeding and oviposition abilities of B. glabrata, in the concentrations tested. In conclusion, the extracts of leaves and fruits of J. gossypiifolia investigated in this work show molluscicidal effect and may be sources of useful compounds for the schistosomiasis control.

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PURPOSE: Enteral alimentation is the preferred modality of support in critical patients who have acceptable digestive function and are unable to eat orally, but the advantages of continuous versus intermittent administration are surrounded by controversy. With the purpose of identifying the benefits and complications of each technique, a prospective controlled study with matched subjects was conducted. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight consecutive candidates for enteral feeding were divided into 2 groups (n = 14 each) that were matched for diagnosis and APACHE II score. A commercial immune-stimulating polymeric diet was administered via nasogastric tube by electronic pump in the proportion of 25 kcal/kg/day, either as a 1-hour bolus every 3 hours (Group I), or continuously for 24 hours (Group II), over a 3-day period. Anthropometrics, biochemical measurements, recording of administered drugs and other therapies, thorax X-ray, measurement of abdominal circumference, monitoring of gastric residue, and clinical and nutritional assessments were performed at least once daily. The principal measured outcomes of this protocol were frequency of abdominal distention and pulmonary aspiration, and efficacy in supplying the desired amount of nutrients. RESULTS: Nearly half of the total population (46.4%) exhibited high gastric residues on at least 1 occasion, but only 1 confirmed episode of pulmonary aspiration occurred (3.6%). Both groups displayed a moderate number of complications, without differences. Food input during the first day was greater in Group II (approximately 20% difference), but by the third day, both groups displayed similarly small deficits in total furnished volume of about 10%, when compared with the prescribed diet. CONCLUSIONS: Both administration modalities permitted practical and effective administration of the diet with frequent registered abnormalities but few clinically significant problems. The two groups were similar in this regard, without statistical differences, probably because of meticulous technique, careful monitoring, strict patient matching, and conservative amounts of diet employed in both situations. Further studies with additional populations, diagnostic groups, and dietetic prescriptions should be performed in order to elucidate the differences between these commonly used feeding modalities.

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RESUMOO cubiu foi domesticado pelos ameríndios e tem potencial econômico considerável para a agroindústria moderna. Frutos de doze introduções de cubiu foram avaliados em Manaus para determinar as diferenças entre estas: formato, dimensões e carateres de importância econômica (espessura de polpa, volume do suco, grau Brix). Existe considerável variação entre as introduções para todos os carateres avaliados, especialmente tamanho e número de frutos. A concentração de sólidos solúveis totais variou de 4 a 6 e o volume de suco de 10 a 30 ml em frutos de 40 a 190 g. Conclui-se que estas 12 introduções possuem variação ampla que permite progresso genético rápido no melhoramento para qualquer finalidade agroindustrial.

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O araçá-boi (Eugenia stipitata ssp. sororia McVaugh - Myrtaceae) é uma frutífera amazônica com potencial agroindustrial. O presente trabalho verificou os efeitos da desidratação sobre a viabilidade de sementes e avaliou métodos de escarificação mecânica (por descascamento e lixamento) na superação da dormência de sementes dessa espécie. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes é afetada pela redução do teor de água. As sementes apresentam comportamento recalcitrante, sendo que o nível crítico de umidade pode estar situado entre 58,8 e 47,1%. A desidratação a níveis iguais ou inferiores a 25,76% de água provocou a morte em 100% das sementes. As sementes devem ser semeadas, preferencialmente, logo após a extração e limpeza. O tegumento das sementes apresenta resistência mecânica à expansão do embrião. A remoção total do tegumento foi o método mais eficiente na superação da dormência, pois elimina a resistência na região onde ocorrerá a ruptura pelo embrião, com tempo médio de emergência de 66 dias e percentagem final de emergência de 96%. Os lixamentos provocaram injúrias mecânicas nas sementes, tendo consequências diretas na emergência e vigor.

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Long term applications of leguminous green mulch could increase mineralizable nitrogen (N) beneath cupuaçu trees produced on the infertile acidic Ultisols and Oxisols of the Amazon Basin. However, low quality standing cupuaçu litter could interfere with green mulch N release and soil N mineralization. This study compared mineral N, total N, and microbial biomass N beneath cupuaçu trees grown in two different agroforestry systems, north of Manaus, Brazil, following seven years of different green mulch application rates. To test for net interactions between green mulch and cupuaçu litter, dried gliricidia and inga leaves were mixed with senescent cupuaçu leaves, surface applied to an Oxisol soil, and incubated in a greenhouse for 162 days. Leaf decomposition, N release and soil N mineralization were periodically measured in the mixed species litter treatments and compared to single species applications. The effect of legume biomass and cupuaçu litter on soil mineral N was additive implying that recommendations for green mulch applications to cupuaçu trees can be based on N dynamics of individual green mulch species. Results demonstrated that residue quality, not quantity, was the dominant factor affecting the rate of N release from leaves and soil N mineralization in a controlled environment. In the field, complex N cycling and other factors, including soil fauna, roots, and microclimatic effects, had a stronger influence on available soil N than residue quality.

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The Cutia-nut (Couepia edulis Prance), a species originally from the Amazon region, has a kernel with reasonable nutritional value and a hard and thick woody shell that constitute most of the fruit. After the kernel removal, the shells are regarded as waste. The possibility of using such shells, as raw material for burning or charcoal production, as well as milled residue for structural reinforcement materials is quite feasible, considering environmental and economical aspects. There is, however, a complete lack of characterization of the Cutia-nut shell and other similar species which can aggregate desirable qualities for application as engineering material. In this study some analyses are presented aiming at providing information for potential uses of these residues. In general, the shells follow a regular shape with certain dimensional proportionality to the kernel. The shell is a fibrous material with high lignin content, present low water absorption and high resistance to natural degradation.

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An artificial feeding system was used where citrated bovine blood was offerred to male and female Amblyomma cajennense. Vestiges of blood, sweat, hair and exfoliated skin were used as phago-stimulants placed on the surface of the silicone membrane. The ticks were collected, as engorged nymphs, from naturally infested equines, with the ecdysis occurring in the laboratory. Four hundred ticks were used, 50% being female, at three to four weeks post-ecdysis. Vestiges of blood on the silicone membrane were the most efficient phago-stimulant and the association of vestiges of blood and sweat residue smears yielded better results compared to the other phago-stimulants used

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As Schistosoma sp. control programs are chiefly based on treatment of infected population, adequate case finding has a crucial role. The available diagnostic methods are far from ideal, since the search for eggs in stools and the detection of circulating antigens lack sensitivity in low prevalence and post-treatment situations and antibody detection lacks specificity. In most endemic foci, repeated treatment of infected people leaves a number of non-diagnosed and consequently non-treated persons, enough to maintain a persistent residue of 5 to 10% prevalence. In an attempt to surpass these diagnostic limitations we have developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of Schistosoma sp. in feces that, in a first population study, has shown to be more sensitive than three-repeated stool Kato-Katz examination. The PCR may constitute a valuable tool for the diagnosis of the Schistosoma sp. infection in special situations, when high sensitivity and specificity are required and infrastructure is available.

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Antiretroviral resistance mutations (ARM) are one of the major obstacles for pharmacological human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) suppression. Plasma HIV-1 RNA from 306 patients on antiretroviral therapy with virological failure was analyzed, most of them (60%) exposed to three or more regimens, and 28% of them have started therapy before 1997. The most common regimens in use at the time of genotype testing were AZT/3TC/nelfinavir, 3TC/D4T/nelfinavir and AZT/3TC/efavirenz. The majority of ARM occurred at protease (PR) gene at residue L90 (41%) and V82 (25%); at reverse transcriptase (RT) gene, mutations at residue M184 (V/I) were observed in 64%. One or more thymidine analogue mutations were detected in 73%. The number of ARM at PR gene increased from a mean of four mutations per patient who showed virological failure at the first ARV regimens to six mutations per patient exposed to six or more regimens; similar trend in RT was also observed. No differences in ARM at principal codon to the three drug classes for HIV-1 clades B or F were observed, but some polymorphisms in secondary codons showed significant differences. Strategies to improve the cost effectiveness of drug therapy and to optimize the sequencing and the rescue therapy are the major health priorities.

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The aim of this study was to test the possible implication of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 gene polymorphisms in determining the susceptibility to Chagas' disease. Genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism in 475 individuals from Colombia, 143 seropositive with chagasic cardiomyopathy, 132 seropositive asymptomatic and 200 seronegative. The TLR2 arginine to glutamine substitution at residue 753(Arg753Gln) polymorphism was absent in the groups analyzed. The TLR4 Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile polymorphisms are in linkage disequilibrium and we observed a very low frequency of these polymorphisms in our study population (2.6% and 1.8% respectively). The overall TLR2 and TLR4 alleles and genotype distribution in seronegative and seropositive were not significantly different. We compared the frequencies between asymptomatic patients and those with chagasic cardiomyopathy and we did not observe any significant differences in the distribution of alleles or genotypes. In summary, this study corroborates the low frequency of TLR2 and TLR4 polymorphisms observed in other populations and suggest that these do not play an important role in Chagas' disease. The validation of these findings in independent cohorts is needed to firmly establish a role for TLR2 and TLR4 variants in Chagas' disease.