The epidemiology and control of schistosomiasis mansoni where Biomphalaria tenagophila is the snail host

The epidemiology and control of schistosomiasis mansoni in the Municipality of Pedro de Toledo (State of S. Paulo, Brazil) since 1980, has been studied. In 1980 the prevalence evaluated by stool exams (Kato-Katz method) was 22.8% and no statistical difference at 5.0% level was observed between rural and urban zones. The intensity of infection was low (58.5 eggs/g of faeces); the highest prevalence and intensity of infection rates were observed within the group of from 5 to 29 years of age, respectively. The transmission of schistosomiasis usually occurred during leisure time. The majority of the carriers of the parasite were asymptomatic. Of the B. tenagophila examined only 0.4% were found to be infected. The control programme has been intensified from 1981 on resulting in a sharp decrease in the prevalence from 22.8% in 1980 to 6% at the present time. This result shows that, in spite of the control programme there is a residual human prevalence. A beginning has been made on the investigation into the possible causes of this residual prevalence (6.0% was maintained through out 1987).

Factores socioeconomicos asociados a la mortalidad postneonatal en Cuba

Se intentam identificar aquellos factores socioeconomicos que puedan ser considerados como factores de riesgo, tanto de la mortalidad postneonatal como de la exógena, asi como su relevancia social, para Cuba en 1982. Mediante un estudio caso-control basado en una muestra nacional de fallecidos menores de un ano y sobrevivientes a la misma edad - para cuyo analisis se emplearon técnicas asociadas a la regresión logística - se pudo estimar el riesgo relativo; el riesgo atribuible y las probabilidades de morir en presencia o ausencia de los factores identificados. Los resultados apuntan hacia la carencia de servicios sanitarios en el interior de la vivienda y el hacinamiento - 3 o mas personas por habitación - como los factores de riesgo mas trascendentes tanto para propiciar la mortalidad postneonatal como la exógena. Se ratifica la condición de "reserva" que posee el componente postneonatal para la redución ulterior de la mortalidad infantil en el pais.

Susceptibility of Aedes aegypti larvae to temephos and Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis in integrated control

The susceptibility of field collected Aedes aegypti larvae was evaluated in terms of median lethal time (LT50) and final mortality, when treated with temephos, Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis as well as mixtures of these two agents. Third instar larvae were shown to be more susceptible than early and late fourth instar ones to the entomopathogen. Survival of some individuals when exposed to temephos suggest possible resistance. Temporal synergism in early fourth instar larvae was detected when they were exposed to mixtures of Bti-temephos. The possibility of this integrated treatment is commented on.

A case-control study on the association of hepatitis B virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma in Northeast Brazil

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) serological markers were investigated in 40 incident cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and in two age and sex matched control groups, comprising 40 patients with other cancers and 80 healthy individuals, resident in Bahia, Brazil. Serologic tests were done by radioimmunoassay. The study observed high proportion of seropositivity to HBsAg (42.5%) and of those presenting HBsAg or antiHBc (65.0%) among HCC cases, higher in men than women and in those aged 17 to 30 years old. HBsAg seropositivity among HCC patients was greater than in the control group with other cancers (7.5%) and in healthy controls (2.5%), corresponding to odds ratio estimates of 15.0 (95% CI 3.29, 68.30) and 33.0 (95% CI 9.13, 119.28), both statistically significant. HBeAg was not observed and antiHBe was present in 41.2% of cases, suggesting the absence of viral replication, possibly with viral DNA intergration into the hepatocyte genome. The presence of cirrhosis was associated with HBsAg seropositivity among HCC cases. A history of chronic alcoholism is shown to be more frequently related to those cases with cirrhosis. This study highlights the relevant association between HCC and HBV in Northeast Brazil, particularly for young individuals, and the high risk of development of HCC for HBsAg carriers.

Assessment of a strategy for the control of respiratory diseases in children

A programme for the control of respiratory diseases in children was conceived for the State of S. Paulo, Brazil, in 1986. Its progress thereafter and the epidemiology of the diseases concerned are examined. Apart from an inquiry into the 64 existing State local health authorities, a sample of 18,255 cases of children assisted by the programme at different levels, including both in-patient and outpatient care, is analysed. Each case record included information about identification (child, doctor and health facility), reasons for calling, diagnoses made and outcome of treatment. Further data were also sought from hospitals and from State mortality records. The programme was found to be poorly implemented in the State but, where implemented, it showed itself capable of resolving problems (only 0.5% of the cases could not be handled) as also of changing ongoing trends (more than 50% reduction in hospital admission rates). Individual assessment of each item of the programme indicated its bottlenecks. Regarding the epidemiology of respiratory diseases, it is observed that the major burden to health services comes from children aged less than five, and that the most important diseases are wheezing illnesses and pneumonia. Morevoer, they were found to be significantly associated (p = 0.000) so that a child in the community presenting wheezing diseases is 5 times more likely to develop pneumonia than a child with any other respiratory diagnosis. Similarly, among the under five deaths it was found that the risk for pneumonia is 3 times greater for children who died presenting wheezing diseases than it is for children with any other sort of diagnosis. In conclusion, the programme is deemed to be efficient and effective but its efficacy is marred by administrative flaws. The successful control of respiratory problems in childhood is related to a proper appreciation of the importance of wheezing diseases.

Risk factors for basal cell carcinoma: a case-control study

A controlled trial was performed with the purpose of investigating which factors could be considered of significant risk for the development of basal cell carcinoma. A total of 259 cases of basal cell carcinoma diagnosed from July 1991 to July 1992 were compared with 518 controls matched for age and sex. All subjects in both groups were white. Protocol data were submitted to statistical analysis by the chi-square test and by multiple conditional logistic regression analysis and the following conclusions were reached: 1) light skin color (types I and II of the Fitzpatrick classification), odds ratio of 2.8; outdoor work under constant sunlight, odds ratio of 5.0; the presence of actinic lesions due to exposure to the sun, odds ratio of 4.9, are risk factors perse. 2) Type III skin in the Fitzpatrick classification only represents a risk factor when the patient reports a history of intense sunburns, but not in the absence of such a history. 3) Sunburns per se do not represent a risk factor althorig the point made in item 2 of these conclusions is valid. 4) Other suspected risk factors whose significance was not confirmed by multiple conditioned logistic regression analysis were: residence in rural areas, light eyes and blond hair color, extent of the awareness of the "sun x skin cancer" relationship, familial occurrence of skin cancer, excessive exposure to the sun, and freckles appearing in childhood.

The use of wide-mesh gauze impregnated with lambda-cyhalothrin covering wall openings in huts as a vector control method in Suriname

An alternative vector control method, using lambda-cyhalothrin impregnated wide-mesh gauze covering openings in the walls of the houses was developed in an area in the Eastern part of the interior of Suriname. Experimental hut observations showed that Anopheles darlingi greatly reduced their biting activity (99-100%) during the first 5 months after impregnation. A model assay showed high mortality both of mosquitoes repelled by the gauze as well as of those that succeeded in getting through it. A field application test in 270 huts showed good acceptance by the population and good durability of the applied gauze. After introducing the method in the entire working area, replacing DDT residual housespraying, the malaria prevalence, of 25-37% before application dropped and stabilized at between 5 and 10% within one year. The operational costs were less than those of the previously used DDT housespraying program, due to a 50% reduction in the cost of materials used. The method using widemesh gauze impregnated with lambdacyhalothrin strongly affects the behavior of An. darlingi. It is important to examine the effect of the method on malaria transmission further, since data indirectly obtained suggest substantial positive results.

Valores de referência para plumbemia em população urbana

INTRODUÇÃO: Os valores de referência utilizados no Brasil, para chumbo em sangue, advêm de estudos realizados em outros países onde as condições socioeconômicas, clínicas, nutricionais e ocupacionais diferem bastante das brasileiras. Para garantir uma correta biomonitorização da população ocupacionalmente exposta ao chumbo, um dos principais problemas identificados no município estudado, foram estabelecidos valores de referência na população não exposta ocupacionalmente da região sul do município. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Diferentes estratégias foram utilizadas para assegurar a qualidade de amostragem, que foi dimensionada em 206 sujeitos acima de 15 anos. Sujeitos que apresentaram valores clínicos e laboratoriais fora da faixa de normalidade foram excluídos, bem como os que apresentaram atividades específicas que pudessem interferir nos valores de plumbemia. RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados valores de referência para chumbo em sangue de 2,4 a 16,6 mg.dL-1, obtidos através do intervalo ± 2s (onde é o valor médio e s é o desvio-padrão dos valores observados) e mediana = 7,9 µg.dL-1.

Valores de referência para carboxiemoglobina

INTRODUÇÃO: Os valores de referência de indicadores biológicos são utilizados como parâmetros para interpretação de resultados de valores obtidos em indivíduos expostos ocupacionalmente aos agentes químicos. O Grupo Brasileiro para Estabelecimento dos Valores de Referência tem se dedicado a estas determinações objetivando estabelecer valores de referência para os diferentes bioindicadores em diversas regiões do País. Determinaram-se os valores de referência para a carboxiemoglobina (COHb) no Sul de Minas Gerais. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: A COHb foi analisada pelo método espectrofométrico, otimizado no laboratório de análises toxicológicas. Em todas as amostras também foram realizadas análises de alguns parâmetros bioquímicos e hematológicos para atestar o estado de saúde da população, constituída de 200 voluntários não-fumantes e não-expostos, por motivo profissional, ao monóxido de carbono. Cada indivíduo respondeu um questionário para levantamento de dados relevantes à interpretação dos resultados. Os valores de referência foram expressos em termos da média ± desvio-padrão, intervalo de confiança 95% e valor de referência superior. A distribuição estatística dos resultados obtidos foi realizada para possibilitar sua comparação com grupos de trabalhadores, preferentemente à avaliação individual. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: O valor médio ± desvio-padrão para a carboxiemoglobina foi de 1,0 % ± 0,75; o intervalo de confiança 95%, entre 0,9 e 1,1 % e o valor de referência superior, de 2,5%. Através do teste t de Student (p < 0,05) não foi detectada diferença nos valores de acordo com o sexo, idade ou uso de bebidas alcoólicas. Os valores de referência encontrados foram similares aos reportados em outros países.

Evaluation and additional recommendations for preparing a whole blood control material

OBJECTIVE: The assessment of an easy to prepare and low cost control material for Hematology, available for manual and automated methods. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Aliquots of stabilized whole blood were prepared by partial fixation with aldehydes; the stability at different temperatures (4. 20 and 37 °C) during periods of up to 8-9 weeks and aliquot variability with both methods were controlled. RESULTS: Aliquot variability with automated methods at day 1, expressed as CV% (coefficient of variation) was: white blood cells (WBC) 2.7, red blood cells (RBC) 0.7, hemoglobin (Hb) 0.6, hematocrit (Hct) 0.7, mean cell volume (MCV) 0.3, mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) 0.6, mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) 0.7, and platelets (PLT) 4.6. The CV (coefficient of variation) percentages obtained with manual methods in one of the batches were: WBC 23, Hct 2.8, Hb 4.5, MCHC 5.9, PLT 41. Samples stored at 4ºC and 20ºC showed good stability, only a very low initial hemolysis being observed, whereas those stored at 37ºC deteriobed a rapidly (metahemoglobin formation, aggregation of WBC and platelets, as well as alteration of erythrocyte indexes). CONCLUSIONS: It was confirmed that, as long as there is no exposure to high temperatures during distribution, this material is stable, allowing assessment, both esternal and internal, for control purposes, with acceptable reproductivity, both for manual and auttomatic methods.

Costos de intervenciones para pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica

INTRODUCCIÓN: Se presentan resultados sobre un estudio que pretendió identificar los costos de intervenciones en salud en el manejo de pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: El método de costeo se basó en técnicas de consenso y de instrumentación de manejo de caso a través de la identificación de insumos y funciones de producción para la demanda de cada servicio solicitado. Las intervenciones costeadas incluyeron: diálisis peritoneal, hemodiálisis y trasplante renal. RESULTADOS: El costo por evento en US dóllares fué de $3.71, $57.95 y $ 8,778.32 respectivamente. En cuanto al costo de manejo anual de caso los resultados fueron: diálisis peritoneal $5,643.07, hemodiálisis $9,631.60 y trasplante $3,021.67. CONCLUSIONES: La información generada a partir de los costos de eventos difiere considerablemente de la información generada a partir del costo de manejo anual de caso. Estas diferencias resultan significativas para el diseño y evaluación de patrones de asignación de recursos

Valores de predição da avaliação neurológica e ultra-sonográfica cerebral neonatal em relação ao desenvolvimento de prematuros de muito baixo peso

OBJETIVO: Verificar os valores de predição de dois exames (neurológico e ultra-sonográfico) realizados no período neonatal, em relação ao desenvolvimento neuromotor e cognitivo de prematuros. MÉTODO: Foram estudados 70 prematuros com peso de nascimento inferior a 1.500g. A média do peso de nascimento e idade gestacional foram, respectivamente, 1.185g (DP:180) e 32,2 semanas (DP:1,4). Foi realizada avaliação neurológica pelo método de Dubowitz e Dubowitz e ultra-sonografia cerebral por volta de 40 semanas de idade corrigida. Após a alta do berçário estas crianças foram acompanhadas no ambulatório de seguimento. RESULTADOS: Com idade média de 21 meses (DP: 4,9) corrigidos para a prematuridade, 25,7% das crianças apresentaram comprometimento neuromotor, e 20,3%, alteração cognitiva. O exame neurológico neonatal foi mais sensível que específico em relação à alteração neuromotora (sensibilidade:77,7%, especificidade:57,6%), e cognitiva (sensibilidade: 78,5%, especificidade: 56,4%), e apresentou baixo valor de predição tanto para alteração neuromotora (38,9%) quanto cognitiva (31,4%). A ultra-sonografia apresentou elevada especificidade tanto para o desenvolvimento neuromotor (92,3%) quanto cognitivo (89,1%). O valor preditivo da ultra-sonografia foi satisfatório para anormalidades neuromotoras (69,2%), porém baixo para as alterações cognitivas (50,0%). CONCLUSÃO: A associação dos dois exames com resultados anormais apresentou valores de predição mais elevados para as anormalidades nas duas áreas do desenvolvimento.

Análisis de productividad, calidad y costos en laboratorios del primer nivel: la biometría hemática

OBJETIVO: Conocer el grado de eficiencia con la que funcionan los laboratorios clínicos del primer nivel mediante una evaluación que integre: la productividad, la calidad y los costos. MÉTODOS: Se seleccionaron 10 laboratorios clínicos de un total de 52 existentes en la Ciudad de México; se utilizó el modelo de Donabedian en sus componentes de estructura, proceso y resultado utilizando la biometría hemática como rastreador. RESULTADOS: Los principales problemas fueron: inadecuada distribución del recurso humano calificado; malas condiciones del material de vidrio; inadecuado proceso analítico y baja productividad. Estos problemas se reflejaron en un incremento de un 200% en los costos unitarios respecto al costo ideal. Solamente son confiables los resultados de 50% de los laboratorios analizados. Veinte porciento de los laboratorios analizados son eficientes. CONCLUSIONES: La solución a los problemas encontrados requiere de estrategias integrales que comprometen a diferentes ámbitos, por lo que su solución se plantea difícil. Se recomienda analizar el costo-beneficio de crear un laboratorio central y dejar a los demás laboratorios como sitios para la toma de muestras exclusivamente.

Breast cancer in Mexican women: an epidemiological study with cervical cancer control

INTRODUCTION: In Mexico, breast cancer (BC) is one of the main causes of cancer deaths in women, with increasing incidence and mortality in recent years. Therefore, the aim of the study is identify possible risk factors related to BC. METHODS: An epidemiological study of hospital cases of BC and controls with cervical uterine cancer (CUCA) was carried out at eight third level concentration hospitals in Mexico City. The total of 353 incident cases of BC and 630 controls with CUCA were identified among women younger than 75 years who had been residents of the metropolitan area of Mexico City for at least one year. Diagnosis was confirmed histologically in both groups. Variables were analyzed according to biological and statistical plausibility criteria. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses were carried out. Cases and controls were stratified according to the menopausal hormonal status (pre and post menopause). RESULTS: The factors associated with BC were: higher socioeconomic level (OR= 2.77; 95%CI = 1.77 - 4.35); early menarche (OR= 1.32; 95%CI= 0.88 - 2.00); old age at first pregnancy (>31 years: OR= 5.49; 95%CI= 2.16 - 13.98) and a family history of BC (OR= 4.76; 95% CI= 2.10 - 10.79). In contrast, an increase in the duration of the breastfeeding period was a protective factor (>25 months: OR= 0.38; 95%CI= 0.20 - 0.70). CONCLUSIONS: This study contributes to the identification of risk factors for BC described in the international literature, in the population of Mexican women. Breastfeeding appears to play an important role in protecting women from BC. Because of changes in women`s lifestyles, lactation is decreasing in Mexico, and young women tend not to breastfeed or to shorten the duration of lactation.

Hospital visitors as controls in case-control studies

OBJECTIVE: Selecting controls is one of the most difficult tasks in the design of case-control studies. Hospital controls may be inadequate and random controls drawn from the base population may be unavailable. The aim was to assess the use of hospital visitors as controls in a case-control study on the association of organochlorinated compounds and other risk factors for breast cancer conducted in the main hospital of the "Instituto Nacional de Câncer" -- INCA (National Cancer Institute) in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). METHODS: The study included 177 incident cases and 377 controls recruited among female visitors. Three different models of control group composition were compared: Model 1, with all selected visitors; Model 2, excluding women visiting relatives with breast cancer; and Model 3, excluding all women visiting relatives with any type of cancer. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to test the associations. RESULTS: Age-adjusted OR for breast cancer associated with risk factors other than family history of cancer, except smoking and breast size, were similar in the three models. Regarding family history of all cancers, except for breast cancer, there was a decreased risk in Models 1 and 2, while in Model 3 there was an increased risk, but not statistically significant. Family history of breast cancer was a risk factor in Models 2 and 3, but no association was found in Model 1. In multivariate analysis a significant risk of breast cancer was found when there was a family history of breast cancer in Models 2 and 3 but not in Model 1. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that while investigating risk factors unrelated to family history of cancer, the use of hospital visitors as controls may be a valid and feasible alternative.