Avaliação físico-química de frutos de bananeiras

A produção nacional de banana está comprometida pela atuação da sigatoka-negra (Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet) por todo o país, e particularmente no Amapá. Os cultivares Caipira, Thap Maeo, PV03-44, FHIA-01 e FHIA-18, altamente resistentes à doença, e o cultivar suscetível FHIA-21 foram avaliados quanto às características físico-químicas dos frutos, no período de 2003-2004, nas condições edafoclimáticas do Estado do Amapá. O teor médio de umidade dos frutos de banana foi de 74,61% onde FHIA-18 (75,91%) diferiu estatisticamente de Thap Maeo (74,01%), FHIA-21 (73,96%) e de PV03-44 (73,68%). Em relação à matéria seca dos frutos (média de 25,39%), FHIA-18 (24,09%) apresentou valores significativamente menores que PV03-44 (26,32%), FHIA-21 (26,04%) e Thap Maeo (25,99%). Foi observado que as polpas dos cultivares apresentaram natureza ácida (pH 4,8), sendo que PV03-44 (5,1) diferiu estatisticamente de FHIA-18 (4,6). No teor de sólidos solúveis (média de 21,51ºBrix), o cultivar FHIA 21 (24,82ºBrix) diferiu significativamente dos demais. A relação SS/AT (média de 82,90) do cultivar FHIA-21 (99,23) diferiu estatisticamente de Thap Maeo (78,95), FHIA-18 e PV03-44 (77,48). Em relação à acidez titulável (0,27% ácido málico) e ao teor de lipídeos (0,17%), não houve diferenciação entre os cultivares. Quanto ao teor protéico dos materiais resistentes à sigatoka-negra, a média do ensaio foi de 4,59%, tendo o genótipo PV03-44 (4,08%) diferido estatisticamente dos demais. Os cultivares resistentes estudados apresentaram aspectos positivos de qualidade, principalmente na relação SS/AT, um dos principais parâmetros de atributo qualitativo de sabor da fruta.

Hospitalização integral para tratamento dos transtornos alimentares: a experiência de um serviço especializado

OBJETIVO: Descrever as características da hospitalização integral para o tratamento de transtornos alimentares em um serviço especializado de Ribeirão Preto, SP. MÉTODOS: Foram revisados todos os prontuários dos pacientes em seguimento pelo serviço, de 1982 até 2011, especialmente aqueles que tiveram indicação de internação integral. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos e referentes ao diagnóstico. RESULTADOS: No período referido, 186 pacientes receberam atendimento pelo serviço e, desses, 44,6% (n = 83) foram internados para tratamento. Ao longo do tempo, houve redução na relação atendimento/internação, passando de 77,7% para 36,2% dos casos. A média de internações foi de 1,9 ± 3,9 vezes, e 73,5% (n = 61) dos pacientes foram hospitalizados apenas uma vez. A duração média da internação, independentemente do número de hospitalizações, foi de 70,6 ± 115,9 dias (variação de 3 a 804 dias). A predominância foi do sexo feminino, raça branca, solteira, sem filhos e com idade média de 23,3 ± 10,8 anos. O diagnóstico predominante foi de anorexia nervosa (85,5%), sobretudo em seu tipo restritivo (54,2%). As indicações mais frequentes para internação foram para realização de terapia nutricional (50,9%), seguida da investigação do quadro clínico (30,1%) e por causa de depressão e/ou ideação suicida (10,9%). CONCLUSÃO: A hospitalização integral é uma modalidade terapêutica necessária para o tratamento desses quadros, e sua frequência foi considerada significativa, porém diminuiu ao longo do tempo. Esse resultado pode ser explicado pela tendência de desospitalização a partir da reforma psiquiátrica, do diagnóstico e tratamento mais precoces e da experiência adquirida pelos profissionais do serviço ao longo dos anos.

Tratamento da superdosagem de anticoagulantes orais

OBJETIVO: Verificar a resposta de 73 pacientes com superdosagem de droga anti-vitamina K (AVK) a 3 esquemas de tratamento. MÉTODOS: Os 73 pacientes foram avaliados em 94 ocasiões e divididos em 3 grupos: grupo A (N=32) , suspensão do AVK por 2 dias e introdução de dose menor; grupo B (N=37), suspensão do AVK e reavaliação em 4 dias; grupo C (N=25), vitamina K por via oral. A razão normalizada internacional (RNI) final foi considerada adequada quando entre 2,0 e 4,0. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos (chi²=2,352, p=0,671) para 61 pacientes com RNI inicial <8. Houve mais pacientes com RNI <2 no grupo C (chi²=9,998, p=0,007) entre 33 pacientes com RNI inicial >8. Cinco dos 7 pacientes do grupo B que continuaram com superdosagem tinham RNI <4,5 e pequeno risco de hemorragia. Entretanto, 6 dos 10 pacientes do grupo C com anticoagulação insuficiente tinham RNI <1,6 e risco de trombose. Treze pacientes sangraram, mas sem necessidade de transfusão. CONCLUSÃO: A reversão da superdosagem de AVK pode ser feita pela suspensão da droga Administração de vitamina K, por via oral, deve se restringir a pacientes com RNI mais elevado para se evitar anticoagulação insuficiente.

Aortopulmonary window. Clinical and surgical assessment of 18 cases

OBJECTIVE: Aortopulmonary window (APW) is an uncommon congenital malformation. Its clinical presentation is dependent on the size of the defect and on the associated lesions. We evaluated our experience with this anomaly and compared it with 296 cases reported in the literature. METHODS: Retrospective study of 18 patients diagnosed as having APW (age range from 13 days to 31 years, 13 (72.2%) females), divided into two groups: Group A (GA): 10 patients with isolated APW, and Group B (GB): 8 patients with associated lesions. RESULTS: Heart failure occurred in 14 patients, and cyanosis in 3: 2 from GB (tetralogy of Fallot - TF, and double outlet right ventricle - DORV), and one from GA with pulmonary hypertension. In 5 patients from GA the diagnosis of mitral regurgitation was made based on a systolic murmur and LV hypertrophy on the EKG. In GB, clinical findings were determined by the associated defect. Diagnosis was established by echocardiography in 11 (61.2%) of the patients. In 3 patients, a wrong diagnosis of mitral regurgitation was made, in 1 a patent ductus arteriosus was diagnosed and in 3 others, the diagnosis of APW was masked by other important associated defects (2 cases of DORV and 1 case of TF). The diagnosis was made by catheterization in 3 (16.6%) patients, by surgery in 3 (16.6%) and by necropsy in 1 (5.5%). Corrective surgery was performed in 14 (77.7%) patients, with one immediate death and good long-term follow-up in the remaining patients. CONCLUSION: APW can be confused with other defects. Clinical findings, associated with an adequate echocardiogram can provide the information for the correct diagnosis.

Aortic valve assessment. Anatomical study of 100 healthy human hearts

PURPOSE: To assess anatomical characteristics of the aortic valve, so that they may be useful in diagnostic situations and surgical treatment. METHODS: The study analyzed 100 healthy fixed human hearts; 84% of them obtained from males, 61% of them from Caucasian individuals. The ages of the individuals ranged from 9 to 86 years (mean 30±15.5 years). The characteristics assessed related to age, sex, and race were the following: number and height of the cusps, size of the lunulae, internal and external intercommissural distance, position of the coronary ostium in relation to the aortic valve, position of the ventricular septum in relation to the aortic valve, thickness of the cusps. RESULTS: All hearts assessed had a tricuspidal aortic valve. In regard to the height of the cusps and size of the lunula, the left coronary cusp was larger, followed by the right coronary cusp and the noncoronary cusp. The internal and external intercommissural distances had mean values of 24.6±5.7mm and 19.7±7mm, respectively. In regard to the position of the coronary ostia, in one heart two ostia emerged from the left coronary sinus, and in another, the ostium was supracommissural. The mean diameter of the aorta was 21.8±3.6mm, and there were no significant sexual or racial differences, but the diameter increased progressively with the increase in age. The thickness of the cusps did not show any significant difference in the 3 points assessed. CONCLUSION: The aortic valve annulus did not show a perfect circumference, with some variations in the measurements of the annulus, in the cusps and in the relation with the ventricular septum.

Results of the surgical treatment of chronic atrial fibrillation

OBJECTIVE: Report clinical experience in surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) by Cox-maze procedure. METHODS: 61 patients underwent surgical treatment for AF. Two had primary AF and 59 AF secondary to heart disease (2 atrial septal defects, 57 mitral). Ages ranged from 20 to 74 years (mean = 49). There were 44 females (72%). The surgical technique employed was Cox 3 without cryoablation. The patients were follow-up in specific at patient clinics and underwent periodical ECG, exercise tests, echocardiogram and Holter monitoring. RESULTS: In-hospital mortality was 4.9% and late mortality 1.6%. A temporary pacemaker was used in 28 (46%) and a definitive in 7 patients (11.4%). On hospital discharge, AF remained in 17%; 63.9% had sinus rhythm, 6.9% atrial rhythm, 1.7% junctional rhythm, and 10.3% had pacemaker rhythm. In the last evaluation, AF was present in 19.5%; (70.5% sinus rhythm, 4% atrial rhythm, 2% atrial tachycardia, and 4% pacemaker rhythm). There was no report of thromboembolic episodes. Chronotropic response was considered adequate in 19%, intermediate in 29%, and inadequate in 42%. In Holter monitoring, the mean heart rate was 82±8 bpm, with a minimum of 57±7 bpm and maximum of 126±23 bpm, with supraventricular extrasystoles in 2.3±5.5% of the total heartbeats and ventricular extrasystoles in 0.8±0.5%. In the echocardiogram, the A wave was present in the left atrium in 87.5%. CONCLUSION: Maze procedure is effective and has acceptable surgical risk. Atrial or sinus rhythms remain stable with a small but remarkable frequency of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. Left atrial contraction is present, although attenuated, as well as the chronotropic response to exercise.

Reliability of the interpretation of coronary angiography by the simple visual method

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of inter and intraobserver reproducibility of by the visual method interpretation of cineangiogram in a clinically based context. METHODS: Five interventional cardiologists analyzed 11 segments of 8 coronary cineangiograms at a two month apart sessions. The percent luminal reduction by the lesions were analyzed by two different classifications: in one (A) the lesions were graded in 0% = absent, 1-50% = mild, 51 - 69 = moderate, and > or = 70% = severe; the other classification (B) was a dichotomic one : <70% = nonsignificant and > or = 70%=significant lesions. The agreement were measured by the kappa (k) index. RESULTS: Interobserver agreement was moderate for classification A (1st measurement, k = 0.36 -- 0.63, k m = 0.49; 2nd measurement, k = 0.39-0.68, k m = 0.52) and good for classification B (1st measurement, k = 0.55-0.73, k m = 0.63; 2nd measurement, k = 0.37-0.82, k m = 0.61). Intraobserver levels of agreement were k = 0.57-0.95 for classification A and 0.62-1.0 for classification B. CONCLUSION: The higher level of reproducibility obtained by adopting the dichotomous criteria usually considered for ischemic limits demonstrates that in the present clinical context, the reliability of the simple visual method is adequate for the identification of patients with clinically significant lesions and candidates for myocardial revascularization procedures.

Reliability of the information about the history of diagnosis and treatment of hypertension. Differences in regard to sex, age, and educational level. The pró-saúde study

OBJECTIVE: To assess the intraobserver reliability of the information about the history of diagnosis and treatment of hypertension. METHODS: A multidimensional health questionnaire, which was filled out by the interviewees, was applied twice with an interval of 2 weeks, in July '99, to 192 employees of the University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), stratified by sex, age, and educational level. The intraobserver reliability of the answers provided was estimated by the kappa statistic and by the coefficient of intraclass correlation (CICC). RESULTS: The general kappa (k) statistic was 0.75 (95% CI=0.73-0.77). Reliability was higher among females (k=0.88, 95% CI=0.85-0.91) than among males (k=0.62, 95% CI=0.59-0.65).The reliability was higher among individuals 40 years of age or older (k=0.79; 95% CI=0.73-0.84) than those from 18 to 39 years (k=0.52; 95% CI=0.45-0.57). Finally, the kappa statistic was higher among individuals with a university educational level (k=0.86; 95% CI=0.81-0.91) than among those with high school educational level (k=0.61; 95% CI=0.53-0.70) or those with middle school educational level (k=0.68; 95% CI=0.64-0.72). The coefficient of intraclass correlation estimated by the intraobserver agreement in regard to age at the time of the diagnosis of hypertension was 0.74. A perfect agreement between the 2 answers (k=1.00) was observed for 22 interviewees who reported prior prescription of antihypertensive medication. CONCLUSION: In the population studied, estimates of the reliability of the history of medical diagnosis of hypertension and its treatment ranged from substantial to almost perfect reliability.

Caso 4/2003 - Paciente de 61 anos, portadora de cardiopatia da doença de Chagas, com disfunção ventricular, taquicardia ventricular recorrente e marcapasso cardíaco, que apresentou morte em assistolia após ressecção cirúrgica de aneurisma de ponta

A 61 year-old Chagasic woman, with previous left ventricular systolic disfunction, ventricular tachychardia and cardiac pacemaker, presented cardiac arrest in asystolia after surgical ressection of apical aneurysm.

Morphometric and topographic study of coronary ostia

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the morphometric and topographic aspects of coronary ostia, correlating them with the aortic leaflets. METHODS: Fifty-one hearts with the great vessels attached were analyzed in this study. The ascending aorta was transversally sectioned 1 cm above the commissures of the aortic leaflets. The right and left coronary ostia were analyzed, as were the distances from these ostia to the bottom of the aortic sinuses and to the commissures of the aortic leaflets. RESULTS: The left coronary ostium was located below the intercommissural line in 42% of cases, above that line in 40% of cases, and at the level of that line in 18% of cases. The mean distance from the left coronary ostium to the bottom of the corresponding sinus was 12.6±2.61 mm. The right coronary ostium was located below the intercommissural line in 60% of cases, above that line in 28% of cases, and at the level of that line in 12% of cases. The mean distance from the right coronary ostium to the bottom of the corresponding aortic sinus was 13.2±2.64 mm. The mean diameters of the left and right coronary ostia were 4.75±0.93 mm and 3.46±0.94 mm, respectively. The mean diameters of the juxtamural portion of the left and right coronary arteries were 3.75±0.79 mm and 2.9±0.73 mm, respectively. In one case, both ostia were located in the left coronary sinus. CONCLUSION: The left coronary ostium may be located either above or below the intercommissural line. The right coronary ostium is predominantly located below the intercommissural line. The coronary ostia have reduced diameters as compared with the juxtamural diameters of their respective coronary arteries.

Teste ergométrico: valor prognóstico em pacientes idosos com doença aterosclerótica coronariana estável

OBJETIVO: Estudar o valor prognóstico das variáveis do teste ergométrico em pacientes idosos com doença aterosclerótica coronariana e isquemia induzida pelo esforço. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 64 pacientes idosos (61 homens, idade de 73 ± 5 anos) com doença aterosclerótica coronariana, comprovada por coronariografia, clinicamente estável, fração de ejeção de ventrículo esquerdo maior ou igual a 0,40 e isquemia miocárdica durante o teste ergométrico. A cada seis meses, os pacientes foram avaliados para eventos cardíacos (morte, infarto do miocárdio, angina instável, angioplastia e revascularização do miocárdio). RESULTADOS: Após seguimento médio de 48 meses, 23 (36%) pacientes sofreram eventos cardíacos. Não houve diferença clínica e angiográfica entre os pacientes que sofreram o evento e os que não o sofreram. Pela análise multivariada, a presença de dor precordial durante o teste ergométrico (risco relativo de 2,668 e p = 0,031) e a freqüência cardíaca no início da isquemia (risco relativo de 0,966 e p = 0,009) foram associadas a eventos cardíacos. CONCLUSÃO: Nessa população idosa, a presença de dor precordial durante o teste ergométrico e a freqüência cardíaca no início da isquemia foram associadas a eventos cardíacos. Essas variáveis podem ser úteis para avaliação do risco de pacientes com doença aterosclerótica coronariana estável.

Exeqüibilidade, segurança e acurácia do ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina/ atropina para detecção de doença arterial coronariana em candidatos a transplante renal

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a exeqüibilidade, a segurança e a acurácia diagnóstica do ecocardiograma sob estresse (EEDA) com dobutamina/atropina em candidatos a transplante renal. MÉTODOS: Pacientes candidatos a transplante renal com e sem nefropatia diabética realizaram EEDA e cineangiocoronariografia. Consideraram-se dois pontos de corte para doença arterial coronariana (DAC): > 50% e > 70% de obstrução de uma artéria epicárdica. RESULTADOS: Cento e quarenta e oito pacientes realizaram o EEDA e a angiografia coronariana. A média de idade foi de 52±9 anos, 69% eram do sexo masculino, 27% tinham nefropatia diabética, e 73%, HVE; 63% estavam assintomáticos, 36% e 22% apresentaram obstruções coronarianas > 50% e > 70%, respectivamente. A exeqüibilidade foi de 91% e houve 2,7% de complicações maiores. Obtiveram-se as seguintes médias de sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia, considerando obstrução coronariana > 50%: 53% (IC:45-61), 87% (IC:81-93), e 75% (IC:63-83), respectivamente. Para obstrução >70%, 71% (IC:64-92), 85% (IC:79-91) e 81% (IC:75-87). A sensibilidade para diagnosticar doença uniarterial foi 41% (IC:19-63) e doença multiarterial, 78% (IC:64-92). CONCLUSÃO: O EEDA foi exeqüível e seguro; entretanto, foi ineficiente para rastreamento de DAC, considerando obstruções > 50%, mas pode ser útil para detecção de DAC em pacientes com obstruções > 70% e doença multiarterial.