Fístulas enterocutâneas pós-operatórias: análise de 39 pacientes

OBJETIVO: As fístulas enterocutâneas podem ocorrer de forma espontânea ou no período pós-operatório. A fístula pós-operatória representa mais de 90% de todas as fístulas intestinais e estão quase sempre relacionadas com alguma das principais complicações da cirurgia do aparelho digestivo. De acordo com os fatores de risco e as características destas fístulas, têm sido propostas diferentes classificações prognósticas. Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar o resultado do tratamento de pacientes portadores de fístulas enterocutâneas pós-operatórias. MÉTODO: Foram analisados 39 pacientes submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico que desenvolveram fístula enterocutânea. Havia 27 pacientes do sexo masculino (69,2%) e 12 do sexo feminino (30,8%) com média de idade de 45,8 anos. Os fatores de risco considerados foram sepse, nível da albumina sérica, débito da fístula, idade do paciente e cirurgia de emergência. RESULTADOS: Sepse esteve presente em 13 pacientes com 61,5% de mortalidade, fístula de alto débito em 23 pacientes com 30,4% de mortalidade, idade acima de 60 anos em 14 pacientes com 28,5% de mortalidade e a albumina sérica baixa na admissão também esteve relacionada com mortalidade. CONCLUSÃO: Os autores concluem que a presença de sepse não controlada foi o fator mais importante de mortalidade.

Duodenopancreatectomias: análise de 39 pacientes

OBJETIVO: Pretendemos neste estudo analisar 39 pacientes submetidos à duodenopancreatectomia. MÉTODO: No período de julho de 1998 a março de 2004, trinta e nove pacientes foram submetidos a duodenopancreatectomia no Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Maranhão. Foram analisados os dados epidemiológicos, o quadro clínico, os métodos radiológicos, as indicações da operação e as complicações encontradas . RESULTADOS: Havia 22 pacientes do sexo masculino (56,4%) e 17 pacientes do sexo feminino (43,6%) com média de idade de 54,9 anos (variação de 21-82 anos). O exame radiológico mais utilizado foi a tomografia computadorizada. O diagnóstico histológico definitivo revelou adenocarcinoma periampolar em 35 pacientes (89,7%), pancreatite crônica (três pacientes - 7,7%) e adenocarcinoma colo-retal (um paciente - 2,6%). O adenocarcinoma periampolar mais freqüente foi o carcinoma ductal do pâncreas (27 pacientes - 69,2%), seguido por carcinoma de papila de Vater ( cinco pacientes - 12,8%), adenocarcinoma duodenal (dois pacientes - 5,1%) e carcinoma de via biliar distal (um paciente - 2,6%). As complicações pulmonares foram as mais freqüentes sendo encontradas em cinco pacientes (12,8%), a sepse peritoneal em quatro pacientes (10,2%), fístula pancreática em três pacientes (7,6%) e a hemorragia0 intra-abdominal em três pacientes (7,6%). A mortalidade intra-hospitalar em 30 dias foi 10,2 % (quatro pacientes). CONCLUSÃO: A duodenopancreatectomia ainda está associada a morbidade considerável. Entretanto com uma seleção adequada destes pacientes este procedimento pode ser realizado de forma segura com melhores resultados.

Nocardia otitidiscaviarum (GAM-5) induces parkinsonian-like alterations in mouse

Parkinson's disease, a major neurodegenerative disorder in humans whose etiology is unknown, may be associated with some environmental factors. Nocardia otitidiscaviarum (GAM-5) isolated from a patient with an actinomycetoma produced signs similar to Parkinson's disease following iv injection into NMRI mice. NMRI mice were infected intravenously with a non-lethal dose of 5 x 10(6) colony forming units of N. otitidiscaviarum (GAM-5). Fourteen days after bacterial infection, most of the 60 mice injected exhibited parkinsonian features characterized by vertical head tremor, akinesia/bradykinesia, flexed posture and postural instability. There was a peak of nocardial growth in the brain during the first 24 h followed by a decrease, so that by 14 days nocardiae could no longer be cultured. At 24 h after infection, Gram staining showed nocardiae in neurons in the substantia nigra and occasionally in the brain parenchyma in the frontal and parietal cortex. At 21 days post-infection, tyrosine hydroxylase immunolabeling showed a 58% reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase in the substantia nigra, and a 35% reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase in the ventral tegmental region. Dopamine levels were reduced from 110 ± 32.5 to 58 ± 16.5 ng/mg protein (47.2% reduction) in brain from infected mice exhibiting impaired movements, whereas serotonin levels were unchanged (191 ± 44 protein in control and 175 ± 39 ng/mg protein in injected mice). At later times, intraneuronal inclusion bodies were observed in the substantia nigra. Our observations emphasize the need for further studies of the potential association between Parkinson's disease or parkinsonism-like disease and exposure to various nocardial species.

Dexamethasone-induced reactivation of bovine herpesvirus type 5 latent infection in experimentally infected rabbits results in a broader distribution of latent viral DNA in the brain

Bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BHV-5) is a major agent of meningoencephalitis in cattle and establishes latent infections mainly in sensory nerve ganglia. The distribution of latent BHV-5 DNA in the brain of rabbits prior to and after virus reactivation was studied using a nested PCR. Fifteen rabbits inoculated intranasally with BHV-5 were euthanized 60 days post-inoculation (group A, N = 8) or submitted to dexamethasone treatment (2.6 mg kg-1 day-1, im, for 5 days) and euthanized 60 days later (group B, N = 7) for tissue examination. Two groups of BHV-1-infected rabbits (C, N = 3 and D, N = 3) submitted to each treatment were used as controls. Viral DNA of group A rabbits was consistently detected in trigeminal ganglia (8/8), frequently in cerebellum (5/8), anterior cerebral cortex and pons-medulla (3/8) and occasionally in dorsolateral (2/8), ventrolateral and posterior cerebral cortices, midbrain and thalamus (1/8). Viral DNA of group B rabbits showed a broader distribution, being detected at higher frequency in ventrolateral (6/7) and posterior cerebral cortices (5/7), pons-medulla (6/7), thalamus (4/7), and midbrain (3/7). In contrast, rabbits inoculated with BHV-1 harbored viral DNA almost completely restricted to trigeminal ganglia and the distribution did not change post-reactivation. These results demonstrate that latency by BHV-5 is established in several areas of the rabbit's brain and that virus reactivation leads to a broader distribution of latent viral DNA. Spread of virus from trigeminal ganglia and other areas of the brain likely contributes to this dissemination and may contribute to the recrudescence of neurological disease frequently observed upon BHV-5 reactivation.

Antipyretic and antioxidant activities of 5-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazoles in rats

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of eight 5-hydroxy-5-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-1-carboxyamidepyrazoles (TFDPs) on rat body temperature and baker’s yeast-induced fever. TFDPs or vehicle (5% Tween 80 in 0.9% NaCl, 5 mL/kg) were injected subcutaneously and rectal temperature was measured as a function of time in 28-day-old male Wistar rats (N = 5-12 per group). Antipyretic activity was determined in feverish animals injected with baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae suspension, 0.135 mg/kg, 10 mL/kg, ip). 3-Ethyl- and 3-propyl-TFDP (140 and 200 μmol/kg, respectively, 4 h after yeast injection) attenuated baker’s yeast-induced fever by 61 and 82%, respectively. These two effective antipyretics were selected for subsequent analysis of putative mechanisms of action. We then determined the effects on cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (COX-1 and COX-2) activities on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) oxidation in vitro, on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels and on leukocyte counts in the washes of peritoneal cavities of rats injected with baker’s yeast. While 3-ethyl- and 3-propyl-TFDP did not reduce baker’s yeast-induced increases of IL-1β or TNF-α levels, 3-ethyl-TFDP caused a 42% reduction in peritoneal leukocyte count. 3-Ethyl- and 3-propyl-TFDP did not alter COX-1 or COX-2 activities in vitro, but presented antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay with an IC50 of 39 mM (25-62) and 163 mM (136-196), respectively. The data indicate that mechanisms of action of these two novel antipyretic pyrazole derivatives do not involve the classic inhibition of the COX pathway or pyrogenic cytokine release.

Elevated levels of plasma osteoprotegerin are associated with all-cause mortality risk and atherosclerosis in patients with stages 3 to 5 chronic kidney disease

Osteoprotegerin (OPG) regulates bone mass by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and activation, and plays a role in vascular calcification. We evaluated the relationship between osteoprotegerin levels and inflammatory markers, atherosclerosis, and mortality in patients with stages 3-5 chronic kidney disease. A total of 145 subjects (median age 61 years, 61% men; 36 patients on hemodialysis, 55 patients on peritoneal dialysis, and 54 patients with stages 3-5 chronic kidney disease) were studied. Clinical characteristics, markers of mineral metabolism (including fibroblast growth factor-23 [FGF-23]) and inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP] and interleukin-6 [IL-6]), and the intima-media thickness (IMT) in the common carotid arteries were measured at baseline. Cardiac function was assessed by color tissue Doppler echocardiography. After 36 months follow-up, the survival rate by Kaplan-Meier analysis was significantly different according to OPG levels (χ2=14.33; P=0.002). Increased OPG levels were positively associated with IL-6 (r=0.38, P<0.001), FGF-23 (r=0.26, P<0.001) and hsCRP (r=0.0.24, P=0.003). In addition, OPG was positively associated with troponin I (r=0.54, P<0.001) and IMT (r=0.39, P<0.0001). Finally, in Cox analysis, only OPG (HR=1.07, 95%CI=1.02-1.13) and hsCRP (HR=1.02, 95%CI=1.01-1.04) were independently associated with increased risk of death. These results suggested that elevated levels of serum OPG might be associated with atherosclerosis and all-cause mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease.