CONSUMO DE PESCADO E OUTROS ALIMENTOS PELA POPULAÇÃO RIBEIRINHA DO LAGO GRANDE DE MONTE ALEGRE, PA - BRASIL.

O presente artigo apresenta resultados sobre o consumo de pescado e outros alimentos pela população ribeirinha do Lago Grande de Monte Alegre, no Estado do Pará, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados mensalmente, por um período de dois anos juntos a 35 famílias de 17 comunidades, que praticam a pesca com fins comerciais e de subsistência, bem como as famílias que nào pescam. O consumo médio de pescado foi de 369 g/capita/dia, complementado com 6,lg/capita/dia de farinha de peixe (piracuí). As espécies mais consumidas foram: curimatá (Prochilodus nigricans) e acarí-bodó (Liposarcus partialis). Em média, as famílias tiveram alguma refeição constituída de pescado em 6 dias de cada semana. Extrapolando para toda a população do Lago, o consumo diário de pescado é pouco mais de 3 t, chegando a 1.114 t/ano.

Structure and composition of the ground-herb community in a terra-firme Central Amazonian forest

The herb community of tropical forests is very little known, with few studies addressing its structure quantitatively. Even with this scarce body of information, it is clear that the ground herbs are a rich group, comprising 14 to 40% of the species found in total species counts in tropical forests. The present study had the objective of increasing the knowledge about the structure and composition of the ground-herb community and to compare the sites for which there are similar studies. The study was conducted in a tropical non-inundated and evergreen forest 90 km north of Manaus, AM. Ground herbs were surveyed in 22 transects of 40 m², distributed in five plots of 4 ha. The inventoried community was composed of 35 species, distributed in 24 genera and 18 families. Angiosperms were represented by 8 families and Pteridophytes by 10 families. Marantaceae (12 sp) and Cyperaceae (4 sp) were the richest families. Marantaceae and Poaceae were the families with greatest abundance and cover. Marantaceae, Poaceae, Heliconiaceae and Pteridophytes summed 96% of total herb cover, and therefore were responsible for almost all the cover of the community. The 10 most important species had 83.7% of the individuals. In general, the most abundant species were also the most frequent. Richness per transect varied from 7 to 19 species, and abundance varied from 30 to 114 individuals. The community structure was quite similar to 3 other sites in South America and one site in Asia.

Fobia social: estudo da prevalência em duas escolas em Porto Alegre

A fobia social é freqüente entre adolescentes, sendo importante a sua identificação e a determinação de potenciais prejuízos. OBJETIVOS: Relatar a prevalência e o impacto na escolaridade da fobia social em uma amostra de adolescentes. MÉTODOS: O inventário de fobia social (SPIN) foi administrado em 525 alunos dos ensinos fundamental e médio, de ambos os sexos, em uma escola pública e em uma particular, na cidade de Porto Alegre, Brasil, porquanto 32 foram excluídos por respostas incompletas. Foi aplicado também um questionário para identificação das características sociodemográficas da amostra. RESULTADOS: De acordo com o SPIN, 114 dos 493 alunos (23,12%) obtiveram escores iguais ou superiores a 19 pontos no referido inventário, indicando a presença de sintomas compatíveis com o diagnóstico de fobia social. As meninas tenderam a apresentar maior freqüência de transtorno de ansiedade social em relação aos meninos (p = 0,053). Não foi encontrada associação significativa entre repetência e fobia social. CONCLUSÕES: Os sintomas compatíveis com o diagnóstico de fobia social são prevalentes em adolescentes e, em virtude de seu curso crônico, podem causar sérios prejuízos nestes indivíduos. Neste estudo, não foi possível correlacionar fobia social com repetência escolar. No entanto, é de fundamental importância a identificação e o tratamento precoce deste transtorno de ansiedade.

Validity of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the bipolar spectrum diagnostic scale

OBJECTIVE: Bipolar spectrum disorders (BSDs) are prevalent and frequently unrecognized and undertreated. This report describes the development and validation of the Brazilian version of the bipolar spectrum diagnostic scale (B-BSDS), a screening instrument for bipolar disorders, in an adult psychiatric population. METHOD: 114 consecutive patients attending an outpatient psychiatric clinic completed the B-BSDS. A research psychiatrist, blind to the B-BSDS scores, interviewed patients by means of a modified version of the mood module of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV ("gold standard"). Subthreshold bipolar disorders were defined as recurrent hypomania without a major depressive episode or with fewer symptoms than those required for threshold hypomania. RESULTS: The internal consistency of the B-BSDS evaluated with Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.89 (95% CI; 0.86-0.91). On the basis of the modified SCID, 70 patients (61.4%) of the sample received a diagnosis of BSDs. A B-BSDS screening score of 16 or more items yielded: sensitivity of 0.79 (95% CI; 0.72-0.85), specificity of 0.77 (95% CI; 0.70-0.83), a positive predictive value of 0.85 (95% CI; 0.78-0.91) and a negative predictive value of 0.70 (95% CI; 0.63-0.75). CONCLUSION: The present data demonstrate that the B-BSDS is a valid instrument for the screening of BSDs.

Taxa de permanência hospitalar de pacientes reinternados em hospital psiquiátrico

OBJETIVO: Analisar a relação entre características sociodemográficas e taxa de permanência hospitalar, entendida como a razão entre a quantidade total de dias internado e o número total de internações, em 114 pacientes reinternantes em hospital psiquiátrico estadual. MÉTODOS: Os dados demográficos referentes a sexo, idade, estado civil, nível de instrução e cor foram levantados nos prontuários médicos dos pacientes. Já dados sobre os aspectos sociais referentes a situação ocupacional, recebimento de benefício, residência, acompanhantes, visitas e telefonemas durante a internação foram colhidos por meio da aplicação de um questionário aos profissionais do hospital. RESULTADOS: A análise estatística mostrou que os sujeitos que apresentaram maior taxa de permanência hospitalar foram do sexo feminino, entre 40 e 49 anos, viúvos ou divorciados, negros, que residiam com outras pessoas e que não recebiam visitas durante o período em que se encontravam internados. CONCLUSÃO: Esses achados apontam para a existência de relação entre características sociodemográficas e taxa de permanência, sugerindo a importância da rede de apoio social na reabilitação do pacientes com história de internações recorrentes.

Comparação entre a prescrição de intensidade de treinamento físico baseada na avaliação ergométrica convencional e na ergoespirométrica

OBJETIVO: Comparar os limites inferiores (L.inf.) e superiores (L.sup.) da prescrição de treinamento físico aeróbio determinada pelo teste ergométrico convencional (60-70% do VO2máx estimado ou 70-85% da FCmáx atingida), com a prescrição obtida pelo teste ergoespirométrico [limiar anaeróbio (LA) e ponto de compensação respiratória (PCR)]. MÉTODOS: Realizaram teste ergoespirométrico progressivo até a exaustão 47 homens (30±5 anos), divididos em subgrupos, de acordo com a velocidade da esteira durante o teste (4 ou 5mph) e a capacidade física medida [baixa (BCF) e moderada (MCF)]. RESULTADOS: Os L.inf. de prescrição indireta apresentaram valores de VO2 e FC significantemente maiores que os valores de VO2 e FC no LA (4mph= 34,4±4,5 vs 19,6±4,6 e 5mph= 28,9±2 vs 18,9±5,4, e BCF= 32,0±4,1 vs 17,2±2,8 e MCF= 31,6±4,9 vs 21,1±5,7(mlO2.kg-1.min-1) e (4mph = 128,9±7,8 vs 113,1± 15,6 e 5mph= 130,3±5,2 vs 114,1± 18,9, e BCF= 127,6±7,2 vs 109,3±13,2 e MCF= 131,2± 5,7 vs 117,4± 19,2bpm). Os L.sup. de prescrição indireta no grupo de 4mph e BCF apresentaram valores de VO2 significantemente maiores que os valores medidos no PCR (40,1±5,3 vs 32,2±4,3 e 37,4±4,8 vs 30,6±2,5 mlO2.kg-1.min-1, respectivamente), e valores de FC semelhantes aos medidos no PCR. CONCLUSÃO: Os L.inf. da prescrição indireta de treinamento físico superestimam o LA, enquanto os L.sup. parecem adequados somente para indivíduos ativos com MCF.

Fatal pulmonary embolism in hospitalized patients. Clinical diagnosis versus pathological confirmation

OBJECTIVE - To assess the incidence of fatal pulmonary embolism (FPE), the accuracy of clinical diagnosis, and the profile of patients who suffered an FPE in a tertiary University Hospital. METHODS - Analysis of the records of 3,890 autopsies performed at the Department of General Pathology from January 1980 to December 1990. RESULTS - Among the 3,980 autopsies, 109 were cases of clinically suspected FPE; of these, 28 cases of FPE were confirmed. FPE accounted for 114 deaths, with clinical suspicion in 28 cases. The incidence of FPE was 2.86%. No difference in sex distribution was noted. Patients in the 6th decade of life were most affected. The following conditions were more commonly related to FPE: neoplasias (20%) and heart failure (18.5%). The conditions most commonly misdiagnosed as FPE were pulmonary edema (16%), pneumonia (15%) and myocardial infarction (10%). The clinical diagnosis of FPE showed a sensitivity of 25.6%, a specificity of 97.9%, and an accuracy of 95.6%. CONCLUSION - The diagnosis of pulmonary embolism made on clinical grounds still has considerable limitations.

Permanent and temporary pacemaker implantation after orthotopic heart transplantation

PURPOSE:To determine the indication for and incidence and evolution of temporary and permanent pacemaker implantation in cardiac transplant recipients. METHODS: A retrospective review of 114 patients who underwent orthotopic heart transplantation InCor (Heart Institute USP BR) between March 1985 and May 1993. We studied the incidence of and indication for temporary pacing, the relationship between pacing and rejection, the need for pemanent pacing and the clinical follow-up. RESULTS: Fourteen of 114 (12%)heart transplant recipients required temporary pacing and 4 of 114 (3.5%) patients required permanent pacing. The indication for temporary pacing was sinus node dysfunction in 11 patients (78.5%) and atrioventricular (AV) block in 3 patients (21.4%). The indication for permanent pacemaker implantation was sinus node dysfunction in 3 patients (75%) and atrioventricular (AV) block in 1 patient (25%). We observed rejection in 3 patients (21.4%) who required temporary pacing and in 2 patients (50%) who required permanent pacing. The previous use of amiodarone was observed in 10 patients (71.4%) with temporary pacing. Seven of the 14 patients (50%) died during follow-up. CONCLUSION: Sinus node dysfunction was the principal indication for temporary and permanent pacemaker implantation in cardiac transplant recipients. The need for pacing was related to worse prognosis after cardiac transplantation.

Normal values of echocardiographic measurements. A population-based study

OBJECTIVE: To describe echocardiographic measurements and left ventricular mass in a population sample of healthy adults inhabitants of the urban region of Porto Alegre. METHODS: An analytical, observational, population-based, cross-sectional study was done. Through a multi-stage probability sample, 114 individuals were selected to be submitted to a M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiogram with color Doppler. The analyses were restricted to healthy participants. Echocardiographic measurements were described by mean, standard deviation, 95 percentile and 95% confidence limits. RESULTS: A total of 100 healthy participants, with several characteristics similar to those from the original population, had a complete and reliable echocardiographic examination. The measurements of aorta, left atrium, interventricular septum, left ventricle in systole and diastole, left posterior wall and left ventricular mass, adjusted or not for body surface area or height, were significantly higher in males. The right ventricle size was similar among the genders. Several echocardiographic measurements were within standard normal limits. Interventricular septum, left posterior wall and left ventricular mass, adjusted or not for anthropometric measurements, and aortic dimensions had lower mean and range than the reference limits. CONCLUSION: The means and estimates of distribution for the measurements of interventricular septum, left posterior wall and left ventricular mass found in this survey were lower than those indicated by the international literature and accepted as normal limits.

Analysis of the risk factors for allograft vasculopathy in asymptomatic patients after cardiac transplantation

OBJECTIVE: To study the influence of immune and nonimmune risk factors on the development of allograft vasculopathy after cardiac transplantation. METHODS: We studied 39 patients with a mean age of 46±12 years. The following variables were analyzed: weight (kg), body mass index (kg/m²), donor's age and sex, rejection episodes in the first and second years after transplantation, systolic and diastolic blood pressures (mmHg), total cholesterol and fractions (mg/dL), triglycerides (mg/dL), diabetes, and cytomegalovirus infection. The presence of allograft vasculopathy was established through coronary angiography. RESULTS: Allograft vasculopathy was observed in 15 (38%) patients. No statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups in regard to hypertension, cytomegalovirus infection, diabetes, donor's sex and age, rejection episodes in the first and second years after transplantation, and cholesterol levels. We observed a tendency toward higher levels of triglycerides in the group with disease. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed statistically significant differences between the two groups when we analyzed the body mass index (24.53±4.3 versus 28.11±4.6; p=0.019). CONCLUSION: Body mass index was an important marker of allograft vasculopathy in the population studied.

Effectiveness of primary angioplasty in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. Analysis of in-hospital and late outcomes in 135 consecutive cases

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate early and late evolution of patients submitted to primary coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. METHODS: A prospective study of 135 patients with acute myocardial infarction submitted to primary transcutaneous coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Success was defined as TIMI 3 flow and residual lesion <50%. We performed statistical analyses by univariated, multivariated methods and survival analyze by Kaplan-Meier. RESULTS: PTCA success rate was 78% and early mortality 18,5%. Killip classes III and IV was associated to higher mortality, odds ratio 22.9 (95% CI: 5,7 to 91,8) and inversely related to age <75 years (OR = 0,93; 95% CI: 0.88 to 0.98). If we had chosen success flow as TIMI 2 and had excluded patients in Killip III/IV classes, success rate would be 86% and mortality 8%. The survival probability at the end or study, follow-up time 142 ± 114 days, was 80% and event free survival 35%. Greater survival was associated to stenting (OR = 0.09; 0.01 to 0.75) and univessel disease (OR = 0.21; 0.07 to 0.61). CONCLUSION: The success rate was lower and mortality was higher than randomized trials, however similar to that of non randomized studies. This demonstrated the efficacy of primary PTCA in our local conditions.

Clinical Meaning of Ascites in Patients with Endomyocardial Fibrosis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical meaning of ascites and the main features of patients with ascites and endomyocardial fibrosis. METHODS: We studied 166 patients with endomyocardial fibrosis (mean age 37 years, 114 women) treated over the last 20 years. Ventriculography findings, surgery or necropsy confirmed the diagnosis in all patients. Most patients belonged to New York Heart Association Functional Class III/IV (134, 83.7%). Eighty-one (50.6%) had biventricular, 28 (17.5%) had right ventricular, and 51 (31.8%) had left ventricular involvement. During follow-up, 56 patients died. RESULTS: Ascites was present in 67 (41.8%) patients, and right ventricular involvement was present in 59 (88%). In the comparison between patients with or without ascites, those with ascites had higher mortality (49.2% and 24.7%, respectively). Patients with ascites had a higher incidence of edema (95% vs. 43%), hepatomegaly (5.8cm vs. 4.1cm), mean right atrium pressure (19.3 vs. 12mmHg), and final right ventricle diastolic pressure (18.7 vs. 12.9mmHg). Also, patients with ascites had a longer history of illness (5.1 and 3.9 years, respectively) and had atrial fibrillation more frequently (44.7% vs. 30.1%). CONCLUSION: Ascites was observed in less than 50% of cases of endomyocardial fibrosis and was associated with greater involvement of the right ventricle and with a longer duration of the disease, thus being a characteristic of a worse prognosis.

Lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide inactivation in postmenopausal women

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of endogenous estrogens on the bioavailability of nitric oxide (·NO) and in the formation of lipid peroxidation products in pre- and postmenopausal women. METHODS: NOx and S-nitrosothiols were determined by gaseous phase chemiluminescence, nitrotyrosine was determined by ELISA, COx (cholesterol oxides) by gas chromatography, and cholesteryl linoleate hydroperoxides (CE18:2-OOH), trilinolein (TG18:2-OOH), and phospholipids (PC-OOH) by HPLC in samples of plasma. RESULTS: The concentrations of NOx, nitrotyrosine, COx, CE18:2-OOH, and PC-OOH were higher in the postmenopausal period (33.8±22.3 mM; 230±130 nM; 55±19 ng/mL; 17±8.7 nM; 2775±460 nM, respectively) as compared with those in the premenopausal period (21.1±7.3 mM; 114±41 nM; 31±13 ng/mL; 6±1.4 nM; 1635±373 nM). In contrast, the concentration of S-nitrosothiols was lower in the postmenopausal period (91±55 nM) as compared with that in the premenopausal p in the premenopausal period (237±197 nM). CONCLUSION: In the postmenopausal period, an increase in nitrotyrosine and a reduction of S-nitrosothiol formation, as well as an increase of COx, CE18:2-OOH and PC-OOH formation occurs. Therefore, •NO inactivation and the increase in lipid peroxidation may contribute to endothelial dysfunction and to the greater risk for atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women.

Reserva de fluxo coronariano na anemia falciforme

FUNDAMENTO: Pacientes com anemia falciforme (FAL) apresentam freqüentemente episódios de dor precordial, possuem alterações eletrocardiográficas em repouso e exibem alterações da estrutura e das funções cardíacas. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito dos episódios repetitivos de vaso-oclusão sobre a microcirculação coronariana. MÉTODOS: Pacientes estáveis com FAL (n = 10, cinco mulheres, 24,4 + 5,4 anos) foram submetidos a medida das velocidades de fluxo coronariano e da reserva de fluxo coronariano (RFC) na artéria coronária descendente anterior por meio de ecocardiografia transesofágica em estado basal e após hiperemia máxima, obtida com adenosina intravenosa. Esses pacientes foram comparados a pacientes com traço falciforme (TRA, n = 10, cinco mulheres, 27,7 + 3,2 anos), anemia ferropriva (FER, n = 8, oito mulheres, 26,6 + 5,2 anos) e grupo controle (NOR, n = 10, cinco mulheres, 26,3 + 6,3 anos). RESULTADOS: O grupo FAL apresentou aumento das velocidades de fluxo coronariano diastólico (p < 0,01) em estado basal e durante hiperemia máxima (67,3 + 14,0 cm/s e 198,2 + 37,9 cm/s, respectivamente), quando comparado aos três outros grupos (TRA, 34,4 + 11,9 cm/s e 114,7 + 36,4 cm/s; FER, 42,4 + 10,4 cm/s e 141,0 + 18,7 cm/s e NOR, 38,1 + 10,0 cm/s e 126,8 + 24,6 cm/s). Entretanto, a RFC foi normal no grupo FAL (3,0 + 0,7) e comparável (p = 0,70) aos demais grupos (TRA, 3,4 + 0,8; FER, 3,5 + 1,2 e NOR, 3,4 + 0,8). CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de maiores velocidades de fluxo coronariano já em estado basal e também durante hiperemia máxima, a RFC é normal na FAL, o que sugere integridade da microcirculação coronariana. Os episódios de vaso-oclusão não são responsáveis pelos achados cardiológicos da doença.

Resposta da pressão arterial ao esforço em adolescentes: influência do sobrepeso e obesidade

FUNDAMENTO: A resposta aguda da pressão arterial ao esforço tem sido utilizada como indicador de risco para o desenvolvimento de hipertensão arterial. Os fatores associados com essa resposta precisam ser esclarecidos a fim de se intervir na prevenção da doença hipertensiva. OBJETIVO: Descrever o comportamento das variáveis cardiovasculares ao esforço agudo em adolescentes com excesso de peso, por meio de teste cardiopulmonar. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi constituída de 104 adolescentes (56 meninos e 48 meninas), divididos nos grupos de sobrepeso/obesos (GSO) e eutróficos (GE). Foram aferidas variáveis antropométricas (peso, estatura e IMC), de composição corporal (dobra cutânea) e variáveis hemodinâmicas de pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD) e freqüência cardíaca (FC), no repouso e no esforço máximo do teste cardiopulmonar. RESULTADOS: No grupo masculino, identificaram-se maiores valores de pressão arterial sistólica de repouso para o GSO, quando comparados com o GE (113 ± 13 vs 106 ± 8 mmHg; p = 0,009), a PAS pré-exercício (120 ± 14 vs 109 ± 10 mmHg; p = 0,003) e de PAS na carga máxima de trabalho (156 ± 20 vs 146 ± 14 mmHg; p = 0,03). No grupo feminino, apenas a PAS pré-exercício foi superior no grupo de sobrepeso, quando isso foi comparado com as eutróficas (114 ± 11 vs 106 ± 10 mmHg; p = 0,009). CONCLUSÃO: A resposta pressórica durante o exercício foi mais exacerbada em adolescentes obesos quando comparada com àquela obtida em eutróficos, o que indica maior reatividade ao estresse físico.