Impacto do glyphosate associado a inseticida e fungicida na atividade microbiana e no potencial de solubilização de fosfato em solo cultivado com soja Roundup Ready®

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a atividade microbiana e o potencial de solubilização de fosfato inorgânico em solos cultivados com soja sob diferentes manejos fitossanitários. O experimento foi conduzido em campo, em Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo câmbico. Foram avaliados dez tratamentos em delineamento de blocos casualizados, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Nas parcelas, avaliou-se o efeito da aplicação ou não da mistura de inseticida (endossulfan) + fungicida (tebuconazole) e, nas subparcelas, o efeito dos métodos de controle de plantas daninhas (testemunha não capinada, testemunha capinada, aplicação única de glyphosate, aplicação sequencial de glyphosate e aplicação única de fomesafen + fluazifop-p-butil). Amostras de solo da entrelinha da cultura foram coletadas quando as plantas atingiram o estádio R2, para avaliação de taxa respiratória, biomassa microbiana, quociente metabólico, potencial de solubilização de fosfato inorgânico e potencial hidrogeniônico do solo. Quanto à taxa respiratória do solo, não se observaram alterações com a utilização dos diferentes manejos fitossanitários. Os herbicidas avaliados interferiram em características como o CBM e qCO2 - variáveis diretamente relacionadas à qualidade do solo. O glyphosate aplicado em dose única ou sequencial associado ou não com endossulfan + tebuconazole apresentou os menores valores de qCO2 (0,075 - 0,079 mg mg-1 d-1 ) e os maiores de CBM (239,64 - 312,82 mg g-1), indicando menor grau de distúrbio do solo. Maiores atividades de solubilização de fosfato (425 e 472 mg L-1) foram observadas nos tratamentos com aplicação única ou sequencial de glyphosate, respectivamente, sem combinação com endossulfan + tebuconazole. A aplicação dos agrotóxicos na parte aérea das plantas de soja interfere na atividade dos microrganismos associados à rizosfera.

Neuroethologic differences in sleep deprivation induced by the single- and multiple-platform methods

It has been proposed that the multiple-platform method (MP) for desynchronized sleep (DS) deprivation eliminates the stress induced by social isolation and by the restriction of locomotion in the single-platform (SP) method. MP, however, induces a higher increase in plasma corticosterone and ACTH levels than SP. Since deprivation is of heuristic value to identify the functional role of this state of sleep, the objective of the present study was to determine the behavioral differences exhibited by rats during sleep deprivation induced by these two methods. All behavioral patterns exhibited by a group of 7 albino male Wistar rats submitted to 4 days of sleep deprivation by the MP method (15 platforms, spaced 150 mm apart) and by 7 other rats submitted to sleep deprivation by the SP method were recorded in order to elaborate an ethogram. The behavioral patterns were quantitated in 10 replications by naive observers using other groups of 7 rats each submitted to the same deprivation schedule. Each quantification session lasted 35 min and the behavioral patterns presented by each rat over a period of 5 min were counted. The results obtained were: a) rats submitted to the MP method changed platforms at a mean rate of 2.62 ± 1.17 platforms h-1 animal-1; b) the number of episodes of noninteractive waking patterns for the MP animals was significantly higher than that for SP animals (1077 vs 768); c) additional episodes of waking patterns (26.9 ± 18.9 episodes/session) were promoted by social interaction in MP animals; d) the cumulative number of sleep episodes observed in the MP test (311) was significantly lower (chi-square test, 1 d.f., P<0.05) than that observed in the SP test (534); e) rats submitted to the MP test did not show the well-known increase in ambulatory activity observed after the end of the SP test; f) comparison of 6 MP and 6 SP rats showed a significantly shorter latency to the onset of DS in MP rats (7.8 ± 4.3 and 29.0 ± 25.0 min, respectively; Student t-test, P<0.05). We conclude that the social interaction occurring in the MP test generates additional stress since it increases the time of forced wakefulness and reduces the time of rest promoted by synchronized sleep.

Remoção de fósforo de efluentes da parboilização de arroz por absorção biológica estimulada em reator em batelada sequencial (RBS)

O efluente do arroz parboilizado contém altas concentrações de fósforo. Um reator em batelada seqüencial (RBS) alimentado com efluente de reator UASB, operou com três fases anaeróbias e aeróbias e tempo de detenção de sólidos (TDS) de 25 d, 15 d, 10 d e 5d e tempo de reação (tR) de 1 d, 2 d e 3 d com e sem a adição de ácido acético (HAc). O reator operou com o efluente do equalizador em duas fases tratando com TDS de cinco dias. A eficiência foi calculada pela relação entre a massa de fósforo suspenso descartada e a massa total alimentada. O maior potencial de remoção de 46,14 mg ocorreu operando-se com uma fase anaeróbia e uma aeróbia com adição de HAc. O tR de um dia tem a maior possibilidade de aumento da eficiência pelo incremento do descarte de biomassa. A operação com TDS menores obtém as maiores eficiências de remoção. A capacidade de remoção é melhor utilizada com TDS de cinco dias. A maior eficiência (E=17,82%) foi obtida tratando o efluente do reator UASB com TDS de cinco dias, com duas fases, sem a adição HAc.

Hygroscopic behavior of buriti (Mauritia flexuosa) fruit

The objective of this study was to perform an analysis of the characterization of buriti fruit (Mauritia flexuosa). Each part of the fruit (peel, pulp, and fibrous part) was analyzed and their hygroscopic behavior was evaluated to establish the drying and storage conditions. Adsorption and desorption isotherms were obtained at 25 °C to the monolayer value was estimated, and the application of the Halsey, Handerson, Kuhn, Mizrahi, Oswin, Smith, BET, and GAB models was evaluated to the prediction of the isotherms. The fruit pulp was classified as rich in high quality oil, and like the peel and the fibrous part, it was also considered as rich in dietary fiber. The isotherms of the fruit parts were classified as type II, and their microbiological stability (a w < 0.6) can be maintained at 25 °C if the moisture content is lower than 8.5, 7.3, and 11.0 g H2O.100 g-1 of dry matter (d.m.), respectively. The hygroscopic behavior showed that in order to ensure stability, the fruit parts should be packaged with low water vapor permeability. The monolayer demonstrated that the peel, pulp, and the fibrous part cannot be dried under moisture content lower than 5.9, 5.0, and 6.4 g H2O.100 g-1 d.m., respectively. GAB was the most adequate model to describe their isotherms.

Genetic diversity and comparison of physicochemical and nutritional characteristics of six quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd.) genotypes cultivated in Chile

The present study was focused on the analysis of agronomical, nutritional, physicochemical, and antioxidant properties of six genetically different quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) genotypes cultivated in three distinctive geographical zones of Chile. Ancovinto and Cancosa genotypes from the northern Altiplano (19 ºS), Cáhuil and Faro from the central region (34 ºS), and Regalona and Villarica from the southern region (39 ºS) are representative of high genetic differentiation among the pooled samples, in particular between Altiplano and the central-southern groups. A Common-Garden Assay at 30 ºS showed significant differences among seed origins in all morphometric parameters and also in yields. Altiplano genotypes had larger panicule length but no seed production. A significant influence of the different quinoa genotypes on chemical composition and functional properties was also observed. Protein concentration ranged from 11.13 to 16.18 g.100 g-1 d.m., while total dietary fiber content ranged from 8.07-12.08 g.100 g-1 d.m., and both were the highest in Villarrica ecotype. An adequate balance of essential amino acids was also observed. Sucrose was the predominant sugar in all genotypes. Antioxidant activity was high in all genotypes, and it was highest in Faro genotype (79.58% inhibition).

Study of the enthalpy-entropy mechanism from water sorption of orange seeds (C. sinensis cv. Brazilian) for the use of agro-industrial residues as a possible source of vegetable oil production

Orange seeds are a promising agroindustry-waste which can be implemented in the extraction and production of vegetable oil. The relationship between moisture content and water activity provides useful information for the processing and storage of this waste item. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism of water sorption enthalpy-entropy of orange seeds (C. sinensis cv. Brazilians) according to the moisture content. Therefore, desorption isotherms were determined at five different temperature (30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 ºC) under a wide range of moisture content (0.005-0.057 kg kg-1 d.b.) and water activity (0.02-0.756). Theoretical and empirical models were used for modeling the desorption isotherms. An analytical solution of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation was proposed to compute the isosteric heat of sorption, the differential entropy, and Gibbs free energy using the Oswin model when the effect of temperature on the hygroscopic equilibrium was considered.

Testagem do 1 - beta - D - Ribofuranosil, 1.2.4 - triazole - 3 - carboxamide em pacientes com hepatite

Realizou-se estudo do tipo duplo anonimato em 18 pacientes com hepatite aguda benigna. O gruoo experimental foi testado com uma provável droga de ação antiviral: 1-BETA-D-RIBOFURANOSIL, 1,2,4-TRIAZOLE-3- CARBOXAMIDE. O grupo controle ingeriu um placebo de lactose. Teve-se especial cuidado na seleção de pacientes, incluindo apenas pacientes que preenchessem critérios bem estabelecidos. Os pacientes foram seguidos semanalmente, avaliando-os clínica e laboratorialmente. Os resultados não evidenciaram diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos, sugerindo-se estudos com casuística mais numerosa e em regime de internação hospitalar.