Fatores de risco que favorecem a recaída no alcoolismo

OBJETIVO: Existe uma prevalência estimada de 11,2% de alcoolismo no Brasil. As tentativas de muitos alcoolistas para abandonar o consumo resultam fracassos e recaídas. A freqüência de recaída, segundo estudos, oscila entre 10% e 30%, assinalando-se diferentes causas. O objetivo da presente pesquisa é conhecer os fatores que favorecem as recaídas. MÉTODOS: Aplicaram-se entrevistas e questionários "Fatores de Recaída" e "Razões para Beber" a 105 alcoolistas primários de ambos os sexos, e com predomínio de alcoolismo puro. RESULTADOS: Os principais fatores de recaída são a pressão social, os conflitos interpessoais, os estados emocionais negativos, assim como a própria dependência fisiológica e psicológica. CONCLUSÕES: De maneira geral, os sujeitos apresentaram grande quantidade de fatores e razões que atuam simultaneamente favorecendo a recaída.

Comparação da coronariografia de mulheres diabéticas e não-diabéticas com síndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento de ST

OBJETIVO: Comparar o padrão hemodinâmico, angiográfico e a morfologia da lesão aterosclerótica em diabéticas e não-diabéticas com angina instável ou infarto agudo do miocárdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (AI/IAMSS). MÉTODOS: Dois hemodinamicistas determinaram a presença de lesão aterosclerótica grave, definida como > 70%, a morfologia da placa, de acordo com a classificação da American Heart Association, a presença de circulação colateral e as pressões ventriculares e aórticas. A fração de ejeção foi calculada pela angiografia ou pelo ecocardiograma. RESULTADOS: Em oito anos e meio, foram realizados 645 coronariografias em mulheres com AI/IAMSS. Foram analisadas 593 pacientes (215 diabéticas - 36%). Este grupo diferiu das não-diabéticas nos seguintes aspectos: idade mais alta (61 ± 10,6 x 58,1 ± 11,4), prevalência maior de mulheres pós-menopausa e menor prevalência de tabagismo. Lesão grave em três vasos foi significativamente mais freqüente nas pacientes diabéticas (28% x 10%), assim como vasos totalmente ocluídos: 51 (23%) x 54 (14.3%), p < 0.005.Fração de ejeção < 50% foi mais comum nas diabéticas. CONCLUSÃO: Estes achados confirmam o acometimento difuso da doença aterosclerótica em pacientes diabéticas, assim como maior deterioração da função ventricular, que pode estar relacionada ao pior prognóstico dessa população em curto e em longo prazo.

Fração de ejeção e volumes do ventrículo esquerdo medidos com eco 3D e com tomografia ultra-rápida

FUNDAMENTO: O ecocardiograma tridimensional em tempo real (ECO 3D) e a tomografia computadorizada ultra-rápida (CT) são dois novos métodos de análise da fração de ejeção e dos volumes do VE. OBJETIVO: Comparar as medidas da FEVE e dos volumes do VE aferidos pelo ECO 3D e pela CT ultra-rápida. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados pelo ECO 3D e pela CT ultra-rápida de 64 cortes, 39 pacientes consecutivos (27 homens, média etária de 57±12 anos). Foram analisados: FEVE e volumes do VE. Análise estatística: coeficiente de correlação (r: Pearson), teste de Bland & Altman, teste de regressão linear, 95 % IC, p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Medidas do ECO 3D: a FEVE variou de 56,1 a 78,6 (65,5±5,58)%; volume diastólico final variou de 49,6 a 178,2 (87±27,8)ml; volume sistólico final variou de 11,4 a 78 (33,1±13,6)ml. Medidas da CT: a FEVE variou de 53 a 86 (67,8±7,78)%; volume diastólico final variou de 51 a 186 (106,5±30,3) ml; volume sistólico final variou de 7 a 72 (35,5±13,4)ml. As correlações entre ECO 3D e CT foram: FEVE (r: 0,7888, p<0,0001, 95% IC 0,6301 a 0,8843); volume diastólico final (r: 0,7695, p<0,0001, 95% IC 0,5995 a 0,8730); volume sistólico final (r: 0,8119, p<0,0001, 95% IC 0,6673 a 0,8975). CONCLUSÃO: Nesta série, foi observada boa correlação entre as medidas da FEVE e entre os volumes ventriculares aferidos pelo ECO3D e pela CT ultra-rápida de 64 cortes.

Medindo a pressão arterial em exercício aeróbico: subsídios para reabilitação cardíaca

FUNDAMENTO: Documentos institucionais recomendam que variáveis hemodinâmicas - frequência cardíaca (FC) e pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD) - sejam rotineiramente controladas na parte aeróbica de sessões de exercício supervisionado para cardiopatas. OBJETIVO: a) Determinar o comportamento e a reprodutibilidade da PA ao longo de 15 minutos de exercício de intensidade constante e moderada; b) comparar a medida de PA obtida com equipamentos digital e convencional no exercício. MÉTODOS: Trinta adultos de ambos os sexos (de 65 ± 11 anos) foram avaliados em 15 minutos no cicloergômetro de membros inferiores. A PA foi medida a cada dois minutos: entre o 3º e o 13º minutos, pelo esfigmomanômetro digital Tango (Suntech, Estados Unidos da América) e, no 14º minuto, pelo esfigmomanômetro de coluna de mercúrio. Sete dias depois e em horário similar, seis indivíduos repetiram o protocolo para avaliar a reprodutibilidade. RESULTADOS: Enquanto a PAD não variou ao longo do exercício (p > 0,05), a PAS aumentou do 3º para o 7º minuto (146±4,1 versus 158±4,5 mmHg, p < 0,05) e depois se manteve praticamente constante. As medidas digital e convencional correlacionaram-se fortemente - r = 0,83 para PAS e 0,84 para PAD -, sem diferenças para PAS (163±4,5 versus 162±4,3 mmHg; p > 0,05) e uma pequena diferença para a PAD (72±2,4 versus 78±2,3 mmHg; p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Para exercícios de intensidade moderada e constante no cicloergômetro com 15 minutos de duração, a medida da PA deverá ser feita a partir do sétimo minuto. As medidas digitais com o Tango e convencionais de PA foram, para efeitos clínicos, muito similares e reprodutíveis.

Análise comparativa entre tipos de alimentação de Micrurus corallinus (Serpentes, Elapidae) em cativeiro

Micrurus corallinus (Merrem, 1820) kept in laboratory animal rooms swallow voluntarily various colubrid species. The most accepted species belong to the genera Sibynomorphus Fitzinger, 1843, Oxyrhopus Wagler, 1830 and Liophis Wagler, 1830. The voluntary feeding guaranteed resistance against pathogenic agents. The forced feeding was unsatisfactory due to stress resulting from handling, feeding frequency (30 days), susceptibility to pathogenic agents and high occurrence of pathologies.

Variação de peso e sobrevida de Micrurus corallinus sob diferentes condições de alimentação em biotério (Serpentes, Elapidae)

The weight variation in Micrurus corallinus (Merrem, 1820) during the first 60 days in laboratory animal rooms was very remarkable. This fact demonstrates the difficulty in adaptation of these animals to the captive environment. The weight loss was observed in animals under voluntary feeding as well as forced feeding. The survival rate was significantly higher in voluntarily fed animals. Sex differences were also observed with higher survival rates for males. Low survival rates were observed in both sexes under forced feeding.

Reproductive aspects of Dendropsophus sanborni (Anura, Hylidae) in northeastern Argentina

Reproductive aspects of Dendropsophus sanborni (Anura, Hylidae) in northeastern Argentina. The aim of this investigation was to characterize reproductive aspects of Dendropsophus sanborni (Schmidt, 1944) (Anura, Hylidae) in the northwest of Corrientes province, in northeastern Argentina. The reproductive cycles of males and females, the existence of sexual dimorphism and the male’s vocalization period were analyzed. Samplings were made from September 2011 to August 2012. Dendropsophus sanborni showed a prolonged reproductive pattern because reproductive activity was observed during most part of the year. Calling males were recorded all months except in July. The spermatogenic cycle can be characterized as potentially continuous. In males, snout-vent length was significantly correlated with mean testicular volume. The species showed sexual dimorphism in body mass, with females larger than males. Post-ovulatory females were found from March to June and most females had oocytes at different stages of maturity, with abundant post-vitellogenic oocytes from August to December.

Occurrence of Sciadicleithrum mexicanum Kritsky, Vidal-Martinez et Rodríguez-Canul, 1994 (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) in the Cichlid Cichlasoma urophthalmus from a flooded quarry in Yucatan, Mexico

Cichlids, Cichlasoma urophthalmus, collected in a flooded quarry in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, from January through June 1992, had high levels of infection with the ancyrocephaline Sciadicleithrum mexicanum (Monogena: Dactylogyridade) in all montlhly samples. Neither occurrence nor maturation of the worms eshibited any pronounced monthly fluctuation. The infection rate was found to be sizedependent, greater in longer fish. The worms occurred on primary lamellae of gill filaments of all arches, with lower numbers of parasites attached to the fourth gill arch. Otherwise, there was no significant site preference of worms. Only minor histopathological changes were found at the sites of attachment, and these were restricted to the epithelial cells of the primary lamellae of thegill filaments. The lack of seasonal periodicity in this tropical monogenean is compared to seasonal cycles typical of temperate species.

Comparison of a Recombinant-antigen Enzyme Immunoassay with Treponema pallidum Hemagglutination Test for Serological Confirmation of Syphilis

A recombinant-antigen enzyme immunoassay (EIA), BioSCREEN TM anti-Treponema pallidum, was compared favorably with the T. pallidum hemagglutination test, in the detection of specific antibodies in different groups of sera from patients with primary (n = 38), secondary (n = 10), early latent (n = 28) and congenital syphilis (n = 2), patients with leptospirosis ( n= 8), infectious mononucleosis (n = 7), hepatitis (n = 9), diabetes mellitus (n = 11), rheumatoid arthritis (n = 13), leprosy (n = 11), tuberculosis (n = 9), HIV/Aids ( n= 12), systemic lupus erythematosus (n = 4), rheumatic fever (n = 3), old-persons (n = 9), pregnant women (n = 29) and blood donors (n = 164). The coincidence between them was 95.1%. The sensitivity and specificity of the EIA were 93.3% and 95.5%, respectively. Fifteen serum specimens belonging to old-persons, pregnant women, blood donors, and patients with human leptospirosis, hepatitis, diabetes mellitus, tuberculosis and rheumatic fever gave false-positive results by Venereal Disease Research Laboratory and/or Rapid Plasma Reagin. The EIA can be used as alternative method for the serological confirmation of syphilis.

Effect of thiadiazine derivatives on intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis

Current therapy for leishmaniasis is not satisfactory. We describe the in vitro antiproliferative effects of new thiadiazine derivatives against Leishmania amazonensis. The compounds were found to be active against the amastigote form of the parasite, inhibiting parasite growing, from 10 to 89%, at a concentration of 100 ng/ml. This activity suggests that thiadiazine derivatives could be considered as potential antileishmanial compounds.

Use of an immunodominant p17 antigenic fraction of Neospora caninum in detection of antibody response in cattle

A Neospora caninum 17 kDa protein fraction (p17) has been described as an immunodominant antigen (IDA) under reducing and non-reducing conditions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the diagnostic utility of p17 in cattle. In order to achieve this, p17 was purified by electroelution from whole N. caninum tachyzoite soluble extract and a p17-based Western blot (WB-p17) was developed. The p17 recognition was measured by densitometry and expressed as OD values to check the validity of the WB-p17. A total of 131 sera including sequential samples from naturally- and experimentally-infected calves and breeding cattle were analysed by WB-p17 and compared with IFAT using whole formalin-fixed tachyzoites as a reference test. The results obtained highlight the feasibility of using the N. caninum p17 in a diagnostic test in cattle. Firstly, the assay based on the p-17 antigen discriminated between known positive and negative sera from different cattle populations, breeding cattle and calves. Secondly, the p17 antigen detected fluctuations in the antibody levels and seroconversion in naturally- and experimentally-infected cattle. Significant differences in p-17 antigen recognition were observed between naturally infected aborting and non-aborting cattle, as well as significant antibody fluctuations over time in experimentally infected cattle, which varied between groups. Furthermore, the results obtained with WB-p17 are in accordance with the results obtained with the IFAT, as high agreement values were obtained when all bovine subpopulations were included (kappa = 0.86).

Quantitative paleoparasitology applied to archaeological sediments

Three techniques to extract parasite remains from archaeological sediments were tested. The aim was to improve the sensibility of recommended paleoparasitological techniques applied in archaeological remains. Sediment collected from the pelvic girdle of a human body found in Cabo Vírgenes, Santa Cruz, Argentina, associated to a Spanish settlement founded in 1584 known as Nombre de Jesús, was used to search for parasites. Sediment close to the skull was used as control. The techniques recommended by Jones, Reinhard, and Dittmar and Teejen were used and compared with the modified technique presented here, developed to improve the sensibility to detect parasite remains. Positive results were obtained only with the modified technique, resulting in the finding of Trichuris trichiura eggs in the sediment.

Health at the time of Native-European contact in Southern Patagonia: First steps, results, and prospects

The objective of this paper is to present the first steps into the study of health in southern Patagonia during pre and post Native-European contact. Thus, our work has a double purpose. First, to discuss characteristics and relevance of human bone records of southern Patagonia, in order to study health in a population context. Second, to show some new lines of information, which include paleoparasitology, nutritional paleopathologies, and the study of lifestyles from human remains. In this context, we have started working on the first Spanish settlement "Nombre de Jesus", founded in 1584, and with historical documentation of "La Candelaria" Mission in Rio Grande (1896-1931).