Polysaccharide-rich fraction of Agaricus brasiliensis enhances the candidacidal activity of murine macrophages

A polysaccharide-rich fraction (ATF) of medicinal mushroom Agaricus brasiliensis was evaluated on the candidacidal activity, H2O2 and nitric oxide (NO) production, and expression of mannose receptors by murine peritoneal macrophages. Mice received three intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of ATF and after 48 h their peritoneal resident macrophages were assayed against Candida albicans yeast forms. The treatment increased fungicidal activity and it was associated with higher levels of H2O2, whereas NO production was not affected. We also found that the treatment enhances mannose receptor expression by peritoneal macrophages, which are involved in the attachment and phagocytosis of non-opsonized microorganisms. Treatment of animals with ATF was able to enhance the clearance of C. albicans during the first 6 h after the experimental i.p. infection. Our results suggest that this extract can increase host resistance against some infectious agents through the stimulation of microbicidal activity of macrophages.

Benznidazole biotransformation in rat heart microsomal fraction without observable ultrastructural alterations: comparison to Nifurtimox-induced cardiac effects

Benznidazole (Bz) and Nifurtimox (Nfx) have been used to treat Chagas disease. As recent studies have de-monstrated cardiotoxic effects of Nfx, we attempted to determine whether Bz behaves similarly. Bz reached the heart tissue of male rats after intragastric administration. No cytosolic Bz nitroreductases were detected, although microsomal NADPH-dependent Bz nitroreductase activity was observed, and appeared to be mediated by P450 reductase. No ultrastructurally observable deleterious effects of Bz were detected, in contrast to the overt cardiac effects previously reported for Nfx. In conclusion, when these drugs are used in chagasic patients, Bz may pose a lesser risk to heart function than Nfx when any cardiopathy is present.

Applications of the hexanic fraction of Agave sisalana Perrine ex Engelm (Asparagaceae): control of inflammation and pain screening

The present study evaluated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Agave sisalana Perrine in classic models of inflammation and pain. The hexanic fraction of A. sisalana (HFAS) was obtained by acid hydrolysis followed by hexanic reflux. Anti-inflammatory properties were examined in three acute mouse models (xylene ear oedema, hind paw oedema and pleurisy) and a chronic mouse model (granuloma cotton pellet). The antinociceptive potential was evaluated in chemical (acetic-acid) and thermal (tail-flick and hot-plate test) models of pain. When given orally, HFAS (5, 10, 25 and 50 mg/kg) reduced ear oedema (p < 0.0001; 52%, 71%, 62% and 42%, respectively). HFAS also reduced hind paw oedema at doses of 10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg (p < 0.05; 42% and 58%, respectively) and pleurisy at doses of 10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg (41% and 50%, respectively). In a chronic model, HFAS reduced inflammation by 46% and 58% at doses of 10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg, respectively. Moreover, this fraction showed analgesic properties against the abdominal writhing in an acetic acid model (at doses of 5-25 mg/kg) with inhibitory rates of 24%, 54% and 48%. The HFAS also showed an increased latency time in the hot-plate (23% and 28%) and tail-flick tests (61% and 66%) for the 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg doses, respectively. These results suggest that HFAS has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.

Serodiagnosis of human neurocysticercosis using antigenic components of Taenia solium metacestodes derived from the unbound fraction from jacalin affinity chromatography

The aim of the present study was to analyse Taenia solium metacestode antigens that were derived from the unbound fraction of jacalin affinity chromatography and subsequent tert-octylphenoxy poly (oxyethylene) ethanol Triton X-114 (TX-114) partitioning in the diagnosis of human neurocysticercosis (NCC). Immunoassays were designed to detect T. solium-specific IgG antibodies by ELISA and immunoblot. Serum samples were collected from 132 individuals who were categorised as follows: 40 had NCC, 62 presented Taenia spp or other parasitic diseases and 30 were healthy individuals. The jacalin-unbound (J unbound ) fraction presented higher sensitivity and specificity rates than the jacalin-bound fraction and only this fraction was subjected to subsequent TX-114 partitioning, resulting in detergent (DJ unbound ) and aqueous (AJ unbound ) fractions. The ELISA sensitivity and specificity were 85% and 84.8% for J unbound , 92.5% and 93.5% for DJ unbound and 82.5% and 82.6% for AJ unbound . By immunoblot, the DJ unbound fraction showed 100% sensitivity and specificity and only serum samples from patients with NCC recognised the 50-70 kDa T. solium-specific components. We conclude that the DJ unbound fraction can serve as a useful tool for the differential immunodiagnosis of NCC by immunoblot.

Padronização das atividades em centro cirúrgico oncológico segundo a Classificação das Intervenções de Enfermagem

Este estudo teve como objetivos identificar em um centro cirúrgico especializado em oncologia, as atividades de enfermagem realizadas no período transoperatório, classificar e validar as atividades em intervenções, segundo a Classificação das Intervenções de Enfermagem (NIC). O levantamento das atividades foi realizado por meio dos registros e da observação direta da assistência de enfermagem, nos quatro turnos de trabalho. As atividades foram classificadas em intervenções de enfermagem da NIC utilizando-se a técnica mapeamento cruzado. O elenco de intervenções foi validado por profissionais de enfermagem, em oficinas de trabalho. Identificaram-se 49 intervenções: 34 de cuidados diretos e 15 de cuidados indiretos. O reconhecimento das intervenções de enfermagem permite medir o tempo despendido na sua execução, variável fundamental para quantificar e qualificar a carga de trabalho dos profissionais de enfermagem.

Comunicação nas práticas de coordenação de grupos socioeducativos na saúde da família

Este estudo objetivou desvelar a forma da comunicação do coordenador de grupos socioeducativos na Saúde da Família. Pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva e exploratória desenvolvida com 25 coordenadores de grupos distribuídos em oito unidades básicas de saúde de Belo Horizonte, Brasil. Para coleta de dados, utilizou-se a observação não participante e a entrevista semiestruturada com os coordenadores. O estudo teve como marco teórico as concepções de Bakhtin e referenciais sobre comunicação e saúde. As informações coletadas mostram que a tríade corpo, saúde e doença é comunicada nos grupos por diferentes canais e em níveis diversificados de discurso. Conclui-se que há necessidade do coordenador valer-se de uma abordagem que valoriza a expressão do participante, não estritamente da saúde em sua dimensão física, mas da vida de cada um, buscando diferentes formas de comunicação para efetivar a ação educativa dialógica e os espaços de interação nos grupos.

Concepção de enfermeiros de uma rede pública de saúde sobre Educação para a Saúde

Estudo qualitativo que objetivou conhecer as concepções de 12 enfermeiros assistenciais, que compõem a rede pública de saúde de um município do interior paulista, sobre Educação para a Saúde, e propor ação educativa. Utilizou-se da metodologia da pesquisa-ação. A coleta dos dados ocorreu no segundo semestre de 2009, nas unidades públicas de saúde desse município. Foram usadas as técnicas de observação participante e entrevistas individuais. A análise e interpretação dos dados foi feita por categorização, fundamentada na teoria de Paulo Freire. Como resultados, revelou-se o reducionismo da Educação para a Saúde na abordagem pedagógica que envolvia a transmissão de conhecimentos, contemplando uma tendência biologicista da formação acadêmica. Porém, nos círculos de discussão, presumiu-se o despertar de uma consciência política relacionada à temática e à promoção da saúde. Concluindo, apreendeu-se a necessidade de mudanças na formação, e de viabilizar novos modos de produção de ciência, na busca pela transformação social.

Fatores terapêuticos identificados em um grupo de Promoção da Saúde de Idosos

O objetivo do estudo foi identificar fatores terapêuticos presentes em grupo de promoção da saúde de idosos. Estudo descritivo exploratório com abordagem qualitativa, cujos dados foram coletados por meio de grupos focais realizados com participantes do grupo e suas coordenadoras, entre dezembro de 2010 e abril de 2011. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de conteúdo, modalidade temática. Os achados mostraram convergência de respostas entre os participantes da pesquisa, indicando ressonância e complementaridade na identificação dos fatores terapêuticos coesão, instilação de esperança, socialização, compartilhamento de informações, fatores existenciais, altruísmo, aprendizagem interpessoal e universalidade. A identificação desses vários fatores no grupo estudado comprova seu potencial terapêutico, especialmente por atender as necessidades dos idosos, mantê-los saudáveis, fortalecer o sentimento de amor pela vida e pertença a um grupo social.

Transformations in occluded light fraction organic matter in a clayey oxisol: evidence from 13C-CPMAS-NMR and delta13C Signature

We hypothesised that, during occlusion inside granular aggregates of oxide-rich soils, the light fraction organic matter would undergo a strong process of decomposition, either due to the slow process of aggregate formation and stabilisation or due to digestion in the macro- and meso-fauna guts. This process would favour the accumulation of recalcitrant materials inside aggregates. The aim of this study was to compare the dynamics and the chemical composition of free and occluded light fraction organic matter in a natural cerrado vegetation (woodland savannah) and a nearby pasture (Brachiaria spp.) to elucidate the transformations during occlusion of light fraction in aggregates of a clayey Oxisol. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of the 13C, with Cross Polarisation and Magic Angle Spinning (13C-CPMAS-NMR), and 13C/12C isotopic ratio were combined to study organic matter composition and changes in carbon dynamics, respectively. The occluded light fraction had a slower turnover than the free light fraction and the heavy fraction. Organic matter in the occluded fraction also showed a higher degree of decomposition. The results confirm that processes of soil organic matter occlusion in the typical "very fine strong granular" structure of the studied oxide-rich soil led to an intense transformation, selectively preserving stable organic matter. The small amount of organic material stored as occluded light faction, as well as its stability, suggests that this is not an important or manageable sink for sequestration of atmospheric CO2.

Mineralogy of the clay fraction of Alfisols in two slope curvatures: III - spatial variability

A good knowledge of the spatial distribution of clay minerals in the landscape facilitates the understanding of the influence of relief on the content and crystallographic attributes of soil minerals such as goethite, hematite, kaolinite and gibbsite. This study aimed at describing the relationships between the mineral properties of the clay fraction and landscape shapes by determining the mineral properties of goethite, hematite, kaolinite and gibbsite, and assessing their dependence and spatial variability, in two slope curvatures. To this end, two 100 × 100 m grids were used to establish a total of 121 regularly spaced georeferenced sampling nodes 10 m apart. Samples were collected from the layer 0.0-0.2 m and analysed for iron oxides, and kaolinite and gibbsite in the clay fraction. Minerals in the clay fraction were characterized from their X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, which were interpreted and used to calculate the width at half height (WHH) and mean crystallite dimension (MCD) of iron oxides, kaolinite, and gibbsite, as well as aluminium substitution and specific surface area (SSA) in hematite and goethite. Additional calculations included the goethite and hematite contents, and the goethite/(goethite+hematite) [Gt/(Gt+Hm)] and kaolinite/(kaolinite+gibbsite) [Kt/(Kt+Gb)] ratios. Mineral properties were established by statistical analysis of the XRD data, and spatial dependence was assessed geostatistically. Mineralogical properties differed significantly between the convex area and concave area. The geostatistical analysis showed a greater number of mineralogical properties with spatial dependence and a higher range in the convex than in the concave area.

Mineralogy of the clay fraction of alfisols in two slope curvatures: IV - spatial correlation with physical properties

Although the influence of clay mineralogy on soil physical properties has been widely studied, spatial relationships between these features in Alfisols have rarely been examined. The purpose of this work was to relate the clay minerals and physical properties of an Alfisol of sandstone origin in two slope curvatures. The crystallographic properties such as mean crystallite size (MCS) and width at half height (WHH) of hematite, goethite, kaolinite and gibbsite; contents of hematite and goethite; aluminium substitution (AS) and specific surface area (SSA) of hematite and goethite; the goethite/(goethite+hematite) and kaolinite/(kaolinite+gibbsite) ratios; and the citrate/bicarbonate/dithionite extractable Fe (Fe d) were correlated with the soil physical properties through Pearson correlation coefficients and cross-semivariograms. The correlations found between aluminium substitution in goethite and the soil physical properties suggest that the degree of crystallinity of this mineral influences soil properties used as soil quality indicators. Thus, goethite with a high aluminium substitution resulted in large aggregate sizes and a high porosity, and also in a low bulk density and soil penetration resistance. The presence of highly crystalline gibbsite resulted in a high density and micropore content, as well as in smaller aggregates. Interpretation of the cross-semivariogram and classification of landscape compartments in terms of the spatial dependence pattern for the relief-dependent physical and mineralogical properties of the soil proved an effective supplementary method for assessing Pearson correlations between the soil physical and mineralogical properties.

Description of a pure seed fraction of oat through usual evaluations and radiographic images

The objective of this work was to evaluate the width and length incidence in a single seed fraction of oat [Avena sativa (L.)] cv. Cristal. The seeds were selected by a mechanical divider and by hand, and their correspondence to radiographic images in seeds with glumes and their caryopses. The width and length of the seeds with glumes and their caryopses were measured with electronic calliper, and their weight, with precision balance. Radiographic images of seeds with glumes were taken with an X-ray experimental equipment. The analyst selected seeds with glumes by the width and by the length previously determined and so with more weight, than that obtained by hand selection was slightly narrower, larger and lighter. The presence of the glumes masked the caryopses real dimensions (width and length), and conduced the analyst to select seeds that differed more by the width than by the length. The radiographic images showed the presence, or not, of caryopses inside the seed and its real dimensions. The mechanical partition method for seeds showed to be more efficient because the analyst subjectivity was not considered when the selection upon its dimensions was done. The X-ray analysis was a useful tool that complements the pure seed fraction selection as another factor of seed quality.

Soil water dynamics and evapotranspiration of forage cactus clones under rainfed conditions

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate soil water dynamics in areas cultivated with forage cactus clones and to determine how environmental conditions and crop growth affect evapotranspiration. The study was conducted in the municipality of Serra Talhada, in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Crop growth was monitored through changes in the cladode area index (CAI) and through the soil cover fraction, calculated at the end of the cycle. Real evapotranspiration (ET) of the three evaluated clones was obtained as the residual term in the soil water balance method. No difference was observed between soil water balance components, even though the evaluated clones were of different genus and had different CAI increments. Accumulated ET was of 1,173 mm during the 499 days of the experiment, resulting in daily average of 2.35 mm. The CAI increases the water consumption of the Orelha de Elefante Mexicana clone. In dry conditions, the water consumption of the Miúda clone responds more slowly to variation in soil water availability. The lower evolution of the CAI of the IPA Sertânia clone, during the rainy season, leads to a higher contribution of the evaporation component in ET. The atmospheric demand controls the ET of clones only when there is higher soil water availability; in this condition, the water consumption of the Miúda clone decreases more rapidly with the increase of atmospheric demand.

O aprendizado sobre os recursos do Sistema Único de Saúde na residência em radiologia

Objetivo: Investigar a aprendizagem sobre gestão dos recursos do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e de suas interfaces com instituições privadas na residência em radiologia da Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de São Paulo, procurando o aprimoramento da formação do radiologista. Materiais e Métodos: Pesquisa exploratória, com abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa junto a residentes, docentes e preceptores do programa, utilizando-se questionários (46) no formato Likert e aprofundamento com entrevistas (18), com categorização a partir das unidades de significado (análise temática). Resultados: Sessenta e três por cento dos participantes afirmam inexistir a oportunidade do residente conhecer a gestão dos recursos do SUS, sendo ainda mais enfáticos (76%) quanto ao conhecimento sobre estes recursos advindos de instituições privadas na intersecção com o SUS. Conclusão: Aprender sobre a gestão dos recursos do SUS, referida pelos entrevistados como sistema amplo e complexo, pouco ensinado mesmo em seus aspectos mais básicos, com experiências vivenciadas no cotidiano com excesso de pacientes e agenda lotada, numa infraestrutura frequentemente inadequada, representa desafios importantes a serem suplantados pelos programas de residência. Esta pesquisa apontou a necessidade de maior ênfase no desenvolvimento de aprendizagens sobre aspectos relacionados com a gestão de recursos provenientes do SUS, assimilando particularidades e superando as dificuldades habitualmente enfrentadas, aprimorando assim a formação do radiologista.

A atual situação da braquiterapia de alta taxa de dose em colo do útero realizada no Brasil

Objetivo: Avaliar a situação atual da braquiterapia de alta taxa dose (BATD) realizada no Brasil para neoplasias do colo uterino, no que diz respeito aos aparelhos, métodos de planejamento, prescrições, fracionamentos e avaliações de dose nos órgãos de risco. Materiais e Métodos: Foi elaborado um questionário contendo questões de múltipla escolha, o qual, entre os meses de março de 2012 e maio de 2013, foi enviado a 89 instituições hospitalares de todo o Brasil que possuem equipamento de BATD. Resultados: Sessenta e um serviços responderam o questionário. Todas as regiões do País experimentaram aumento acentuado no número de serviços que oferecem BATD entre os anos de 2001 e 2013. Quanto aos planejamentos, apesar de 91% dos centros afirmarem que possuem softwares capazes de suportar planejamento tridimensional, o aparelho de raios X convencional foi apontado por 92% dos entrevistados como ferramenta de aquisição de imagens na rotina. Aproximadamente 35% dos entrevistados afirmaram que as sessões de braquiterapia são realizadas após a teleterapia. O esquema de quatro inserções de 7 Gy foi apontado como o mais praticado. Conclusão: Neste estudo percebeu-se que há dificuldade dos profissionais ao acesso às ferramentas de aquisição de imagens adjuvantes aos planejamentos tridimensionais, como tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética.