Poluição das águas por herbicidas utilizados no cultivo do arroz irrigado na região central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: predição teórica e monitoramento

This article presents an evaluation of the pollution of river water by herbicides used in the culture of irrigated rice in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Firstly, a theoretical evaluation was made using the approaches suggested by EPA-USA, the "Groundwater Ubiquity Score" index and the Goss method to estimate the pollution possibilities. Afterwards, a monitoring program was established for the rivers of the area from 2001 to 2003 to investigate the presence of herbicide residues. The results indicate that the herbicides clomazone and propanil are the ones with larger presence and frequency in the analyzed samples. The theoretical forecast was confirmed by the results of the monitoring program.

Diagnóstico ambiental de metais e organoclorados em córregos adjacentes a áreas de cultivo de cana-de-açúcar (Estado de São Paulo, Brasil)

Sugar cane cultivation in the State of São Paulo has expanded in the last years, with an annual production of 200•10(6) t in an area of 2.5• 10(6) hectares. The use of herbicides, pesticides and fertilizers in sugar cane plantations, together with deforestation of riparian vegetation, have caused impacts on the hydric resources of the adjacent areas. The aim of this work is to evaluate the influence of sugar cane plantations on streams in the central region of the State of São Paulo, studying 16 organochlorinated compounds and 7 metals (Cu, Fe, Cd, Zn, Mn, Cr and Ni) found in the sediments of 11 streams. The results show that there is a higher concentration of metals and organochlorinated compounds in streams without riparian vegetation when compared to forested areas.

Variação química do óleo essencial de Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit., sob condições de cultivo

This study was performed to establish the correlation between the growth conditions and essential oil composition of Hyptis suaveolens from Alfenas (MG), Brazil. The plants were grown in a greenhouse, four treatments were used and they were harvested at two different periods of time (60 and 135-day-old plants). The essential oil composition was determined by GC-MS analysis. The terpenes spathulenol, globulol, dehydroabietol, a-cadinol and beta-phellandrene were the major constituents found in the essential oil. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes represented the main group of constituents in most of the treatments. The major changes in the essential oil composition were found in 135-day-old plants grown under NPK deficiency. We also identified three groups of volatile components that have not been previously described in H suaveolens.

Determinação de herbicidas usados no cultivo de arroz irrigado na região sul do estado de Santa Catarina através da SPME-GC-ECD

Evaluation of the pollution by the herbicides alachlor, propanil and atrazine in water samples from four rivers in the cities of Turvo and Meleiro, south of Santa Catarina State, was made using the SPME-GC-ECD method. The proposed method was optimized and validated. The correlation coefficients were higher than 0.997 and linear ranges of the analytical curves were 0.1-4; 0.1-2.5 and 0.1-5 µg L-1 for atrazine, alachlor and propanil, respectively. The herbicides were quantified by GC-ECD and identified by GC-MS. Both of the selected rivers presented contamination by at least one of the studied herbicides.

Efeitos da poluição atmosférica (litorânea e industrial) em isoladores da rede elétrica da região metropolitana de Salvador

The performances of eight kinds of insulators from electrical distribution lines in Salvador-BA, Brazil, were evaluated considering the chemical and physical local environmental pollution. The parameters that were chosen as characteristic for the insulators' properties were leakage current and partial electrical discharge. A data storage processing system and a communication link to the lab were built for data acquisition. The results show that the main contribution to the poor performance of the insulators is settleable magnetite particulate matter on the insulator in addition to the long term wetness time, t4.

Fracionamento de metais pesados em solo contaminado antes e após cultivo de arroz

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the distribution of Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn among the different fractions of contaminated soil, before and after rice cultivation. Seven soil samples with different degrees of contamination were studied using a randomized experimental design, with four replicates. Using an ICP-OES we analyzed the contents of heavy metals in fractions of soil, the organic matter therein, the oxides and the residual content before and after rice cultivation. The largest concentrations of Cd, Cu, Mn and Zn in the soil are found in the fractions with stable chemical bonds.

Efeitos da adição de átomos de Mn na rede do GaN via métodos de estrutura eletrônica

A computational method to simulate the changes in the electronic structure of Ga1-xMn xN was performed in order to improve the understanding of the indirect contribution of Mn atoms. This periodic quantum-mechanical method is based on density functional theory at B3LYP level. The electronic structures are compared with experimental data of the absorption edge of the GaMnN. It was observed that the indirect influence of Mn through the structural parameters can account for the main part of the band gap variation for materials in the diluted regime (x<0.08), and is still significant for higher compositions (x~0.18).

Síntese hidrotermal assistida por micro-ondas como metodologia sintética eficiente para obtenção da rede metalorgânica [ZN(BDC)(H2O)2]n

This work presents the optimization of the microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of [Zn(BDC)(H2O)2]n . The reactions were carried out at the fixed temperature of 120 ºC for 10, 20, 30 and 40 min. Pure crystalline [Zn(BDC)(H2O)2]n was obtained in high yield (ca. 90%) with a reaction time of 10 min. The phase obtained and its purity was confirmed by Rietveld refinement, with a final value for Rwp/Rexp equal to 1.48. Increased reaction times (20, 30 and 40 min) favored the formation of unwanted by products, resulting in mixtures of several crystalline phases.

Nitrato de amônio ocluído em zeólita 4A: lixiviação e absorção de nitrogênio no cultivo de milho

Systematic studies were undertaken in the intra zeolitic media to better understand the ability of zeolite type LTA in occluded nitrogen used in fertilizer and soil conditioning. We have measured the dry matter production from the cultivation of corn in a greenhouse for about 40 days, and also the amounts of nitrogen absorbed, retained and lost by leaching. The dry matter production in the cultivation with different concentrations of nitrogen occluded in the zeolite, was more efficient than the traditional fertilizer, which demonstrated better use of nitrogen to reduce leaching losses, which implies a possible reduction of costs for nitrogen.

A formação dos docentes de química: uma perspectiva multivariada aplicada à rede pública de ensino médio de Goiás

This paper presents a multivariate statistical analysis as a valuable tool for educational management applied to public high school chemistry teacher formation. From 2003 to 2007, a decrease of 10% in the number of public high schools was seen, as well as a reduction of 7% in the number of teachers. Contrarily, there was an increase in the number of university graduate teachers. Principal Component Analyses reveal that in 2003, most chemistry teachers were not university graduates. In 2007, eight Regional Offices of Education reported teachers holding academic degrees, qualifying them as chemistry teacher in the school system

Fracionamento de cobre em proteínas do plasma, músculo e fígado de tilápia do Nilo

Copper fractionation in plasma, muscle and liver of Nile tilapia was performed after protein separation by 2D-PAGE. SR XRF analysis indicated the presence of copper in three protein spots of plasma, and in two protein spots of muscle and liver, respectively. Copper ions were found to be distributed mostly in proteins that had a molar mass of less than 54 kDa and greater than 13 kDa and a pI in the 5.3-9.3 range. The copper concentration bound to these proteins was determined by GFAAS which showed concentrations in the 1.20-4.82 mg g-1 range.

Freqüência de biovares de ralstonia solanacearum em diferentes cultivares e épocas de cultivo de batata no rio grande do sul

A presença das biovares I e/ou II de Ralstonia solanacearum em uma lavoura de batatas (Solanum tuberosum) tem influência direta no sucesso das medidas adotadas para controlar a murcha bacteriana. As biovares diferem entre si em relação à agressividade, latência e sobrevivência. Assim, um experimento de campo foi conduzido em uma área naturalmente infestada em duas épocas de cultivo com os objetivos de verificar (1) a incidência de biovares I e/ou II, (2) a relação entre biovar e época de plantio e (3) a relação entre biovar e cultivar de batata. Os isolados obtidos de plantas das cultivares Achat, Baronesa, Elvira, Macaca, Monte Bonito e Trapeira foram identificados como biovar I ou II através da PCR, utilizando os oligonucleotídeos iniciadores T3A e T5A. Ambas as biovares foram encontradas na área naturalmente infestada. De 73 isolados de R. solanacearum, 94,5% foram identificados como biovar II e 5,5% como biovar I. A biovar II foi isolada dos cultivos de primavera e de outono, independente da cultivar, mas a I apenas do cultivo de primavera e de plantas assintomáticas das cultivares Achat e Macaca. A maior população da biovar I nestas duas cultivares pode ser uma evidência da possível relação entre biovar e cultivar.

Efeito da solarização do solo na sobrevivência de Phytophthora capsici em cultivo protegido

Foram realizados três experimentos em Botucatu, estado de São Paulo (22º51'S e 48º26'W), em túnel plástico completamente fechado para verificar a eficiência da solarização do solo na sobrevivência de Phytophthora capsici, agente causal da murchadeira do pimentão (Capsicum annuum). Os experimentos, com duração de 35 dias cada, foram instalados nos períodos de fevereiro a março, abril a maio e junho a julho do ano de 1998. O patógeno, cultivado em grãos de trigo, contidos em bolsas de tecido sintético, foi colocado a 5, 15 e 25 cm de profundidade em duas parcelas idênticas de 33,25 m², sendo uma coberta com plástico de polietileno transparente de 75 mim (solarizada) e a outra sem cobertura (testemunha). Constatou-se que a solarização, aplicada em ambiente protegido, foi eficiente nesses experimentos no controle de P. capsici artificialmente colocada no solo nos três períodos testados, variando apenas o tempo de cobertura do solo de acordo com a época do ano.

Manejo de doenças de plantas em cultivo protegido

O cultivo protegido tem sido um importante insumo agrícola que permite aumentos de produção das culturas, onde se esgotaram as tentativas convencionais de se obter incrementos face ao elevado emprego de técnicas modernas de cultivo. Nesse novo ambiente de cultivo, onde as plantas são colocadas sob novo limite de produtividade, visando propiciar condições para expressão do seu máximo potencial genético, o manejo inadequado dos seus fatores aéreos e do solo pode propiciar condições muito favoráveis a determinada doença biótica ou abiótica. Assim, doenças menos problemáticas ou de pouca importância em cultivo convencional, podem tornar-se muito destrutivas em cultivo protegido. Por isso, o manejo de doenças em cultivo protegido é uma tarefa complexa e medidas de controle devem ser integradas num sistema flexível, que seja compatível com o sistema de produção e que seja econômico. Desta forma, estratégias de manejo integrado das doenças em cultivo protegido podem ser agrupadas em medidas que visam a redução do inóculo inicial e aquelas que visam a redução da taxa de progresso da doença.