Characterization of rue extract and its potential for controlling rice blast

Abstract: The objective of this work was to purify and standardize the rue (Ruta graveolens) extract and evaluate its effect on Magnaporthe oryzae as an alternative to the integrated management of rice blast. The drug was characterized, the liquid extract was obtained, and the methodology for quantifying the standard markers psoralen and bergapten was validated. Rue extract and the markers, solely or in combination, were assayed in vitro, as well as in greenhouse conditions, for their ability to suppress leaf blast, by the evaluation of mycelial growth, conidial germination, and appressorium formation. Rue extract inhibited M. oryzae mycelial growth (100%), conidial germination (LD50=0.237 mg), and the appressorium formation (LD50=0.121 mg); besides, the extract reduced leaf blast severity by 80.84%. Fluorescence microscopy showed that rue extract did not damage M. oryzae cell wall and plasma membrane, indicating another mode of action. Rue extract has a great potential for controlling rice leaf blast.

Nymphicidal effect of vegetal extracts of Annona mucosa and Anonna crassiflora (Magnoliales, Annonaceae) against rice stalk stink bug, Tibraca limbativentris (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae)

This study aimed to verify the chloroform-methanol nymphicidal action of extracts of Annona mucosa leaves and seeds and of A. crassiflora seeds on second instar nymphs of rice stalk stink bug, Tibraca limbativentris. For each extract the concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, 4.0%, 8.0%, and two control treatments (water and Tween80®) were used. The results show that the seed extracts of A. mucosa and A. crassiflora have insecticidal activity against the T. limbativentris nymphs with statistical significance for all concentrations when compared with controls. The seed extract of A. mucosa showed the higher toxicity with greater than 75% mortality at a concentration of 1.0% in the first 24 h after application. The leaf extract of A. mucosa presented the lowest toxicity with no more than 40% mortality. The seed extract of A. crassiflora showed intermediate toxicity among all the tested extracts, and the nymph's mortality exceeded 80% for the highest concentration after 120 h of application. Considering these results, we were able to observe that the seeds extract of A. mucosa may be an alternative for the control of bed bug nymphs T. limbatriventris, especially for small producers.

Aspectos terapêuticos de compostos da planta Cannabis sativa

Several cannabinoid compounds present therapeutic properties, but also have psychotropic effects, limiting their use as medicine. Nowadays, many important discoveries on the compounds extracted from the plant Cannabis sativa (cannabinoids) have contributed to understand the therapeutic properties of these compounds. The main discoveries in the last years on the cannabinoid compounds were: the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, the endogenous cannabinoids and the possible mechanisms of action involved in the interaction between cannabinoid compounds and the biological receptors. So, from the therapeutical aspects presented in this work, we intended to show the evolution of the Cannabis sativa research and the possible medicinal use of cannabinoid compounds.

Obtaining high purity silica from rice hulls

Many routes for extracting silica from rice hulls are based on direct calcining. These methods, though, often produce silica contaminated with inorganic impurities. This work presents the study of a strategy for obtaining silica from rice hulls with a purity level adequate for applications in electronics. The technique is based on two leaching steps, using respectively aqua regia and Piranha solutions, which extract the organic matrix and inorganic impurities. The material was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder x-ray diffraction (XRD), x-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size analysis by laser diffraction (LPSA) and thermal analysis.

Production of silica gel from residual rice husk ash

This paper presents a study on the production of silica gel in hydrothermal process using residual rice husk ash. Measurements of the chemical composition, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, particle size distribution, and pozzolanic activity were carried out in order to characterize the obtained material, and the optimal silica gel was selected for use as a mineral additive in cement pastes. The compressive strengths were determined for cement pastes containing silica gel (0.0, 2.5 or 5% by mass) in different times. The results indicate that the mixtures containing silica gel showed improved mechanical behavior over all time periods evaluated.

Properties of silica from rice husk and rice husk ash and their utilization for zeolite y synthesis

This study compared properties of silica (SiO2) from rice husk (RH) and rice husk ash (RHA) extracted by acid- and heat-treatment. The SiO2 from RH was in amorphous phase with nearly 100% purity while that from RHA was in crystalline phase with 97.56% purity. Both extracted SiO2 were used in the synthesis of zeolite NaY but that from RH was better due to the efficiency in product recovery and simplicity of extraction. After the NaY was exchanged to NH4Y and calcined to convert to HY, the product did not carry over the textural properties of the parent NaY and NH4Y.

Análise forense: pesquisa de drogas vegetais interferentes de testes colorimétricos para identificação dos canabinoides da maconha (Cannabis Sativa L.)

Marijuana (Cannabis sativa L.) is the most cultivated, trafficked and consumed illicit drug worldwide. Estimates indicate 10% of individuals experiencing marijuana become daily users, and 20-30% use it weekly. Around 489 natural compounds have been identified in this plant, of which 70 are cannabinoids, responsible for psychic effects. The most relevant cannabinoid is Δ9-THC, recognized as the main chemical substance with psychoactive effects. The aims of this work was to investigate whether other drugs interfere with the colorimetric tests Fast Blue B and Duquenois-Levine, widely used for marijuana screening in forensic chemistry laboratories.

Xylitol from rice husks by acid hydrolysis and Candida yeast fermentation

An investigation was conducted into the production of xylose by acid hydrolysis of rice husks and its subsequent bioconversion to xylitol. The parameters were optimised using the response surface methodology. The fermentation stage took place with the aid of the yeast species Candida guilliermondii and Candida tropicalis. An evaluation of the influence of several biomass pre-treatments was also performed. The effects of the acid concentration and hydrolysate pH on xylitol global yield were also assessed, and the highest yield of xylitol was 64.0% (w/w). The main products, xylose and xylitol, were identified and quantified by means of liquid chromatography.

Characterization and catalytic performance of potassium loaded on rice husk silica and zeolite nay for transesterification of jatropha seed oil

Rice husk silica (RHS) and NaY were used as supports for potassium (K) prepared from acetate buffer (B) and acetate (A) solutions. K loading did not destroy the NaY structure, but it caused a decrease in the surface area; the K species resided in micropores and on the external surface. In contrast, K loading resulted in the collapse and a decrease in the surface area of RHS. It was found that 12K/NaY-B was the most active catalyst for the transesterification of Jatropha seed oil. The minimum K content in K/NaY-B that provided complete conversion of the Jatropha seed oil was 11 wt%, and the biodiesel yield was 77.9%.

Influence of initial CaO/SiO2 ratio on the hydration of rice husk ash-Ca(OH)2 and sugar cane bagasse ash-Ca(OH)2 pastes

This work presents the results of a study on the hydration of pastes containing calcium hydroxide and either rice husk ash (RHA) or sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA) in various initial CaO/SiO2 molar ratios. The products of the reactions were characterized by thermal analyses X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. In the case of the RHA pastes, the product was composed of CaO-SiO2-H2O (type I C-S-H) or CaO-SiO2-H2O (type II C-S-H) according to the CaO/SiO2 ratio of the mixture. In contrast, in the case of the SBCA pastes, the product was composed primarily of CaO-SiO2-H2O that differed from both the previous types; the product also contained inclusions of calcium aluminate hydrates.

ACIDITY OF MODIFIED MORDENITES SYNTHESIZED FROM RICE HUSK SILICA AND CATALYTIC TRANSFORMATION OF METHYLBUTYNOL

Mordenite (MOR) was synthesized using rice husk silica and modified by base (B), acid (A) or acid-base (AB) and converted to H-form. The modification did not destroy the MOR structure but increased surface area and generated mesopores. Lewis acidity of the parent and modified MOR samples investigated by aluminum NMR and NH3-TPD showed a decrease in the following order: HMOR > BMOR > ABMOR > AMOR. For the catalytic transformation of methylbutynol, ABMOR provided the highest conversion and selectivity of products from acid sites.

Especificidade de Pyrenophora avenae aos tecidos da semente de Avena sativa e sua atividade enzimática

Manchas nos grãos de aveia (Avena sativa) é limitante à sua comercialização por tornar o produto escuro e não permitir seu uso pela indústria alimentícia. A localização do micélio de Pyrenophora avenae nos grãos de aveia e sua atividade enzimática podem esclarecer a causa das manchas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a localização de P. avenae, na cariopse de aveia, avaliar a sua atividade enzimática e seu efeito sobre proteínas e lipídios dos grãos de aveia. A localização do micélio nos tecidos da cariopse foi determinada após hidratação e cortes da mesma, seguido da análise dos tecidos sob lupa e microscópio. Para avaliação da atividade enzimática foram utilizados 18 isolados de P. avenae obtidos das principais regiões produtoras de aveia do Brasil, avaliando-os quanto às suas atividades amilolítica, proteolítica e lipolítica, sendo realizada por plaqueamento das estruturas vegetativas em meio sólido específico para as enzimas testadas. As determinações do percentual de proteínas e lipídios foram obtidas pelos métodos de Kjeldahl e Bligh & Dyer, respectivamente. O micélio de P. avenae é a principal causa da mancha nos grãos de aveia, localizando-se nos três tecidos do pericarpo. O fitopatógeno apresenta boa atividade enzimática para lipase e protease porém insignificante para a amilase. Os grãos de aveia manchados e sadios não diferiram nos teores de proteínas e de lipídios. Esses teores foram mais elevados nos tecidos superficiais do pericarpo e aleurona independente da presença ou não de manchas, justificando o crescimento superficial de P. avenae sobre os grãos de aveia.

Quantificação dos conídios produzidos por Pyrenophora chaetomioides em folhas mortas de Avena sativa em condições de campo

Procurou-se quantificar a produção de conídios por Pyrenophora chaetomioides sobre folhas mortas de aveia branca (Avena sativa), e relacionar essas observações com as condições de temperatura e precipitação ocorridas no período. Foram coletadas regularmente folhas mortas da superfície das parcelas experimentais, onde se realizou a contagem dos conídios. Os resultados mostraram que a quantidade de conídios produzidos diminuiu com o atraso na semeadura da cultura. Além disso, a produção de conídios nas folhas mortas foi maior na cultivar precoce do que nas cultivares semi-tardias. Também foi observada uma associação entre a precipitação acumulada no período anterior à coleta e a produção de conídios.

Is it necessary to soak rice grains to prepare Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 inoculum?

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects on the development of root rot on common bean, cv. 'Dufrix' after treatment with four volumes of water (0, 30%, 60%, and 90%, v/w) added to rice grains previously immersed in water for 24 hours before autoclaving and colonization of grains by Rhizoctoniasolani AG-4. Colonized rice grains and non-infested rice grains were mixed in pots with sterilized soil and sand (2:1), where beans were sown. Based on results of area under plant emergence curve, plant height, plant dry weight, and disease severity, we conclude that inoculum is more effective in causing disease when no water is added to the rice grains before autoclaving.