510 resultados para Modelagem univariada e regressão múltipla


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In this work an analytical methodology for the determination of relevant physicochemical parameters of prato cheese is reported, using infrared spectroscopy (DRIFT) and partial least squares regression (PLS). Several multivariate models were developed, using different spectral regions and preprocessing routines. In general, good precision and accuracy was observed for all studied parameters (fat, protein, moisture, total solids, ashes and pH) with standard deviations comparable with those provided by the conventional methodologies. The implantation of this multivariate routine involves significant analytical advantages, including reduction of cost and time of analysis, minimization of human errors, and elimination of chemical residues.

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We present a theoretical study of solvent effect on C2H5N···HF hydrogen-bonded complex through the application of the AGOA methodology. By using the TIP4P model to orientate the configuration of water molecules, the hydration clusters generated by AGOA were obtained through the analysis of the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) of solute (C2H5N···HF). Thereby, it was calculated the hydration energies on positive and negative MEP fields, which are maxima (PEMmax) and minima (PEMmin) when represent the -CH2- methylene groups and hydrofluoric acid, respectively. By taking into account the higher and lower hydration energy values of -370.6 kJ mol-1 and -74.3 kJ mol-1 for PEMmax and PEMmin of the C2H5N···HF, our analysis shows that these results corroborate the open ring reaction of aziridine, in which the preferential attack of water molecules occurs at the methylene groups of this heterocyclic.

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The main objective of the present work is represented by the characterization of the physical properties of industrial kraft paper (i.e. transversal and longitudinal tear resistance, transversal traction resistance, bursting or crack resistance, longitudinal and transversal compression resistance (SCT (Compressive Strength Tester) and compression resistance (RCT-Ring Crush Test)) by near infrared spectroscopy associated to partial least squares regression. Several multivariate models were developed, many of them with high prevision capacity. In general, low prevision errors were observed and regression coefficients that are comparable with those provided by conventional standard methodologies.

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In this work, the combustion process of ammonium dinitramide, ADN, has been modeled in two different situations: decomposition in open environment, with abundant air and decomposition in a rocket motor internal environmental conditions. The profiles of the two processes were achieved, based on molar fractions of the species that compose the products of ADN combustion. The velocity of formation and quantity of species in the open environment was bigger than the ones in the rocket motor environment, showing the effect of the different atmosphere in the reactions kinetics.

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Water loss and sugar gain were modelling during the osmotic dehydration process of pieces of pineaplle. The transfer of solute to the fruit and the water to the solution was based on Fick's 2nd law. The three dimensional model was solved by the finite element method with the usage of the software COMSOL Multiphysics 3.2. The main and cross diffusion coefficients and the Biot number were determined on the simulation and the deviation between the experimental and the simulated data were 4,28% to sucrose and 1,66 to the water.

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The thermochromic behavior exhibited by vanadium(IV) alkoxides, [V2(μ-OPr i)2(OPr i) 6] and [V2(μ-ONep)2(ONep)6 ], OPr i = isopropoxide and ONep = neopentoxide, was studied by molecular modeling using DFT, TDDFT and INDO/S methods. The vibrational and electronic spectra calculated for [V2(μ-OPr i)2(OPr i) 6] were very similar to the experimental data registered for crystalline samples of the complex and for its solutions at low temperature (< 210 K), while spectra recorded at high temperature (> 315 K) were compatible with those calculated for the monomeric form, [V(OPr i)4]. These results consistently point to a monomer/dimer equilibrium as an explanation for the solution thermochromism of {V(OPr i)4}n. In spite of the structural similarity between [V2(μ-ONep)2(ONep)6 ] and [V2(μ-OPr i)2(OPr i) 6] in the solid state, the thermochromic behavior of the former could not be explained by the same model, and the possibility of tetranuclear aggregation at low temperatures was also investigated.

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Molecular modeling enables the students to visualize the abstract relationships underlying theoretical concepts that explain experimental data on the molecular and atomic levels. With this aim we used the free software "Arguslab 4.0.1" (semi-empirical method) to study the reaction of 1-chloropropane with ethoxide in solution, known to lead to methyl propyl ether, through the S N2 mechanism, and propene, through the E2 mechanism. This tool allows users to calculate some properties (i. e. heat formation or electric charges) and to produce 3D images (molecular geometry, electrostatic potential surface, etc.) that render the comprehension of the factors underlying the reaction's progress, which are related to the structure of the reagents, and the process kinetic clearer and easier to understand by the students

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Mathematical models can help to prevent high levels of toxic substances in soil or fruits of plants treated with pesticides and indicate that such substances should be systematically monitored. The aim of this research was to study the kinetics of paclobutrazol biodegradation by soil native bacteria using mathematical models. Three models were used to assess the kinetics of paclobutrazol biodegradation obtained experimentally. Excellent fits were obtained using dual kinetic and logistic models. The use of glycerol as additional carbon source increased the biodegradation of PBZ and consequently decreased the time required for a given PBZ initial concentration be halved.

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The extraction of divalent metals (Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+ and Cu2+) in the system MSO4 - H2SO4 - H2O - D2EHPA in isoparaffin (17/21) was studied by a thermodynamic model based on chemical equilibria with mass and charge balance equations. The activity coefficients of all solutes in the aqueous phase were calculated by Davies equation. By applying this model, the equilibrium concentrations of solutes were calculated from de concentration of divalent metals and pH. The predicted distribution coefficients for the divalents metals were in good agreement with experimental results.

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The convenience of the multivariate optimization of SPME procedures through ANOVA calculated using Doehlert designs has been demonstrated for twelve PCBs in the complex matrix of milk. For this study, the main parameters of the extraction were selected and valued through univariate and multivariate optimization. In addition, the analysis of variance allowed identification of the statistically significant variables in this model: high temperature (95 ºC) and ionic strength (36% m/v) proved significant for all the PCBs while intermediate time (70 min) and low methanol concentration (5% v/v) also contributed to the extraction of the majority of these PCBs.

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The objective of this work is to demonstrate the efficient utilization of the Principal Components Analysis (PCA) as a method to pre-process the original multivariate data, that is rewrite in a new matrix with principal components sorted by it's accumulated variance. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with backpropagation algorithm is trained, using this pre-processed data set derived from the PCA method, representing 90.02% of accumulated variance of the original data, as input. The training goal is modeling Dissolved Oxygen using information of other physical and chemical parameters. The water samples used in the experiments are gathered from the Paraíba do Sul River in São Paulo State, Brazil. The smallest Mean Square Errors (MSE) is used to compare the results of the different architectures and choose the best. The utilization of this method allowed the reduction of more than 20% of the input data, which contributed directly for the shorting time and computational effort in the ANN training.

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Estudo sobre o desenvolvimento de linhagens avançadas de algodoeiro (Gossypium hisrutum) com resistência múltipla a cinco doenças - murcha de Fusarium e de Verticillium, mancha-angular, ramulose e nematóides - revelou um processo acumulativo gerador de resultados expressivos, do ponto de vista agronômico, depois de decorridos 15 anos de trabalho. Baseado num esquema interativo compreendendo a eleição de linhagens apresentando resistência a uma ou mais dessas doenças e resseleção posterior dentro delas, o processo mostrou-se eficiente para aproveitar a variabilidade genética natural existente em genótipos estabilizados para outras características agronômicas e industriais. Tendência para estabelecimento de correlações positivas foi verificada apenas entre a resistência das plantas a nematóides e à mancha-angular. Por outro lado, a persistência de correlações negativas - principalmente entre a resistência a nematóides e à ramulose e entre esta e mancha-angular - mesmo nos materiais mais resistentes, indicou a possibilidade de perdas de resistência a algumas doenças se pressões excessivas de seleção forem realizadas para outras.

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Esta pesquisa originou-se de uma base de dados de dois inventários a 100%, realizados em 1984 e 2000 sobre uma mesma área de 576 ha de floresta tropical primária, localizada na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós, Belterra, Pará. O objetivo da pesquisa foi utilizar a análise exploratória de dados e a regressão robusta para modelar o crescimento em diâmetro e área basal. Nos dois inventários as circunferências à altura do peito (CAP) foram medidas com fitamétrica, enquanto as alturas comerciais em 1984 foram medidas com o hipsômetro de Weiss e em 2000, estimadas com o uso de varas; o DAP mínimo em 1984 foi de 55 cm para todas as espécies e em 2000 foi adotado o DAP mínimo de 35 cm. As análises estatísticas foram precedidas de análise exploratória de dados (AED), em que foram utilizados o box plot (caixa-de-bigodes) na detecção de outliers (observações discrepantes) e o gráfico stem-and-leaf (tronco-e-folhas) para filtrar as observações extremas. Utilizou-se a regressão robusta para ajustar os modelos na presença de outliers. A pesquisa mostrou que, apesar das variações intra e interespecíficas, as seis espécies, em conjunto, apresentaram taxas de crescimento medianas observadas e esperadas em diâmetro e área basal de 4,56 e 4,28 mm/ano e 13,00 e 13,09 cm²/ha/ano, respectivamente. A pesquisa também mostrou que o uso da análise exploratória de dados e da regressão robusta viabilizou a análise e a determinação dos incrementos periódicos em diâmetro e área basal em bases consistentes. A metodologia empregada no caso específico dos dados disponíveis e tipos de variáveis mostrou ser mais eficiente com o uso de regressão robusta pelo método Least Trimmed Square do que pelo método dos mínimos quadrados ordinários.

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Utilizando experimentos que envolviam famílias de meios-irmãos de Eucalyptus grandis, em seis locais, onde foram anotados dados de circunferência à altura do peito (CAP), altura de plantas (ALT), incidência de ferrugem (FER), incidência de cancro (CAN) e número de árvores normais por parcela (NAR), foram comparadas as metodologias de seleções direta e indireta e índices de seleção (clássico e de Pesek e Baker) com relação às características avaliadas. As seleções direta e indireta não apresentaram distribuição de ganhos genéticos esperados adequada aos propósitos do presente trabalho. O índice clássico e o de Pesek e Baker apresentaram distribuição de ganhos genéticos esperados mais equilibrada.

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Este trabalho constitui a ultima parte do estudo que objetivou calcular o consumo de água em plantios de eucalipto. Nesta parte, modelou-se a resistência estomática em função das variáveis ambientais irradiância solar global, déficit de pressão de vapor e temperatura. Com a resistência estomática modelada a partir dos valores observados no artigo anterior, foi possível calcular a transpiração do eucalipto pelo método Penman-Monteith em alguns dias, nos períodos úmido e seco do ano. Verificou-se a existência da correlação entre a resistência estomática e as variáveis ambientais. Os modelos gerados nessa relação mostraram-se eficientes para calcular as variações diárias resistência estomática e também totais horários e diários de transpiração.