Citotoxicity of food dyes sunset yellow (E-110), bordeaux red (E-123), and tatrazine yellow (E-102) on Allium cepa L. root meristematic cells

The objective of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of the food dyes sunset yellow, bordeaux red, and tartrazine yellow on the cellular cycle of Allium cepa L. Each dye was evaluated at the doses of 0.4 and 4.0 mL, at the exposure times of 24 and 48 hours in root tip cells of Allium cepa L. Slides were prepared and cells were analyzed during the whole cell cycle for cellular aberrations totaling 5,000 total cells for each dose evaluated. The mitotic index was calculated, and statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-squared test (p < 0.05). The results showed that the three dyes used under the evaluated doses and exposure times were cytotoxic to the cells of the system-test used. Further cytotoxicity studies should be conducted for additional results and a proper evaluation of the effect of these three dyes on a cellular level.

Armazenamento do grão de pólen de cebola (Allium cepa L.)

Experimentos foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético da Embrapa Clima Temperado, em Pelotas, RS, com o objetivo de avaliar, in vitro, o potencial de armazenamento dos grãos de pólen de cebola da cv. Petrolini, em diferentes condições por dois anos. Para tanto, avaliou-se a percentagem de germinação do grão de pólen após um e dois anos de armazenamento em criotubos, acondicionados em nitrogênio líquido (-196ºC), e em frascos de vidro acondicionados no interior de dessecador contendo ácido sulfúrico e mantidos em freezer (-18ºC). O pólen conservado por um ano em nitrogênio líquido foi então transferido para um refrigerador, registrando-se a percentagem de germinação após 10, 15, 20 e 30 dias de permanência neste. O armazenamento em nitrogênio líquido foi o melhor ambiente para a conservação dos grãos de pólen durante dois anos. As amostras armazenadas, por um ano, em nitrogênio líquido, que foram transferidas para refrigerador, conservaram-se viáveis por até dez dias.

La estructura económica del (sub)desarrollo y el equilibrio general o ¿qué ocurrió con la teoría del desarrollo y con las estructuras económicas?

Formerly the concept of economic development involved transforming the productive structures in order to employ the population in higher productivity activities, so that welfare improved. Development implied that economic systems followed development paths (not always in equilibrium) in order to reach more desirable welfare results: Equilibrium was not the main target. More recently, economic strategies emphasize reaching growth within equilibrium paths, thus, preserving economic structures. The latter vision yields incompatible results with the former. This paper revises some issues concerning structural change versus equilibrium targets as a means to reach development.

Industrialization in Sub-Saharan Africa and import substitution policy

This article aims to contribute to the understanding of the process of import substitution in Sub-Saharan Africa. The process of industrialization in Sub-Saharan Africa occurred in two phases: a first step, even very early during the colonial regime began around the 1920s and ended in the late forties; a second phase of industrialization began in the late fifties and gained momentum in the sixties, when import substitution was implemented more widely. Although these countries were the last to embark on the strategy of import substitution, they followed the same steps of Latin American countries, and as the structural domestic and external constraints were too strong, the failure of the policy of import substitution arrived early and the negative impact on these economies had a greater magnitude.