Nutrição mineral de plantas de maxixe-do-reino

O objetivo desse estudo foi o de caracterizar as limitações nutricionais para a produção de matéria seca do maxixe-do-reino, Cyclanthera pedata (L.) Schrad. Foram realizados dois cultivos sucessivos, em vasos de 3 dm³ de solo. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em treze tratamentos, com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram baseados na técnica do elemento faltante (em que se omite a calagem e cada um dos macronutrientes e micronutrientes). A produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e raiz foi reduzida pela acidez do solo e baixa disponibilidade de macronutrientes, principalmente P, Ca, Mg e S; as plantas foram pouco afetadas pela baixa disponibilidade de micronutrientes.

Plant growth and phosphorus uptake in mycorrhizal rangpur lime seedlings under different levels of phosphorus

The objective of this work was to evaluate the response of rangpur lime (Citrus limonia) to arbuscular mycorrhiza (Glomus intraradices), under P levels ranging from low to excessive. Plants were grown in three levels of soluble P (25, 200 and 1,000 mg kg-1), either inoculated with Glomus intraradices or left noninoculated, evaluated at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days after transplanting (DAT). Total dry weight, shoot P concentration and specific P uptake by roots increased in mycorrhizal plants with the doses of 25 and 200 mg kg-1 P at 90 DAT. With 1,000 mg kg-1 P, mycorrhizal plants had a transient growth depression at 90 and 120 DAT, and nonmycorrhizal effects on P uptake at any harvesting period. Root colonization and total external mycelium correlated positively with shoot P concentration and total dry weight at the two lowest P levels. Although the highest P level decreased root colonization, it did not affect total external mycelium to the same extent. As a result, a P availability imbalance affected negatively the mycorrhizal symbiosis and, consequently, the plant growth.

Produtividade e crescimento da mamoneira em resposta à adubação orgânica e mineral

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da adubação orgânica e mineral sobre o crescimento e a produtividade da mamoneira (Ricinus communis). Avaliaram-se doses de esterco, P, K e micronutrientes, em solo de baixa fertilidade e baixa disponibilidade hídrica. Utilizou-se delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições e distribuição fatorial 3x2+4 (três doses de matéria orgânica, presença ou ausência de adubação mineral, com quatro combinações de doses de fertilizantes orgânicos e minerais e micronutrientes). Foram obtidos os seguintes valores de produtividade média: 163,7 kg ha-1, no tratamento sem adubação, e 596,9, 988,1 e 1.172,5 kg ha-1 com adubações orgânica mineral e orgânica + mineral, respectivamente. O P é o nutriente de maior importância para o aumento de produtividade e teor de óleo. A baixa disponibilidade hídrica limita a mineralização e a liberação de nutrientes do material orgânico.

Bone histomorphometry of broilers submitted to different phosphorus sources in growing and finisher rations

The objective of this work was to identify alterations in the histomorphology of the cortical bone tissue of broilers submitted to growing and finisher rations formulated with five different sources of phosphorus: dicalcium phosphate, simple superphosphate, triple superphosphate, monoammonium phosphate and Araxá rock phosphate. Histological images had their components segmented, and were called regions of interest (ROI). Images were analyzed through developed algorithms, using the SCILAB mathematical environment. Eleven features were considered in order to obtain a complete description of the bone images: percentage of bone by area, ROI area, ROI perimeters, ROI elongation, ROI angle and their respective standard deviations, besides entropy of ROI angles and a texture-oriented measure (lacunarity). The substitution of dicalcium phosphate in growing and finisher rations for any other tested source of phosphorus caused significant changes on the hystomorphology of the cortical broilers bones, for example: diminution of bone percentage by area, increase of lacuna area and worse matrix homogeneity. Changes were more pronounced in the Araxá rock phosphate treatments, with the highest fluorine content, than in simple superphosphate, triple superphosphate and monoammonium phosphate treatments, which were similar.

Mycorrhizal dependency of mangaba tree under increasing phosphorus levels

The objective of this study was to evaluate the mycorrhizal dependency of mangaba tree (Hancornia speciosa) plantlets, under increasing levels of phosphorus fertilization. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 4×5 factorial arrangement with three mycorrhizal fungi inocula - Gigaspora margarita, Glomus etunicatum, or a pool of native mycorrhizal fungi (Acaulospora longula, Glomus clarum, Gigaspora albida, Paraglomus sp.) -, and a nonmycorrhizal control, in combination with five levels of phosphorus applied to the substrate: 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg kg-1. After 180 days of growth, plantlets with inoculation of native mycorrhizal pool produced more shoot and root dry biomass and had higher shoot phosphorus content and accumulation. The noninoculated control showed the lowest values, independently of the phosphorus level. The highest relative mycorrhizal dependency occurred with the inoculation of native mycorrhizal fungi. Plants with mycorrhizal fungi did not respond to phosphorus addition above 50 mg kg-1. Mangaba tree is highly dependent on mycorrhiza, but the degree of dependency varies according to phosphorus levels and fungal inocula. In general, mangaba tree is more responsive to mycorrhizal fungi inoculation than to phosphorus addition.

Estabilidade de agregados e distribuição de carbono e nutrientes em Argissolo sob adubação orgânica e mineral

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o impacto da adubação orgânica e mineral sobre a estabilidade de agregados e a distribuição de C, N e P, em classes de agregados de um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo. Os tratamentos consistiram de 0 e 40 m³ ha-1 por ano de adubação orgânica e de 0, 250 e 500 kg ha-1 de adubação mineral N-P-K da fórmula 4-14-8. Uma área sob floresta atlântica foi utilizada como referência. Amostras foram coletadas nas camadas de 0-10 e 10-20 cm. Houve predomínio da classe de agregados entre 4 e 2 mm, que correspondeu a 39,7% do total de agregados separados por via seca no tratamento com composto orgânico. Os teores de C orgânico total para adubação orgânica foram 17,5 e 36,7% maiores para as classes 4-2 e 0,105-0,25 mm. A adubação orgânica contribuiu para teores de N e P totais de 43 e 38,7% (0-10 cm) e 35,4 e 36,8% (10-20 cm), maiores que os dos tratamentos sem adubo orgânico. A relação carbono/nitrogênio se manteve constante entre as classes de agregados de um mesmo tratamento, enquanto a de carbono/fósforo reduziu com o uso de adubo orgânico ou mineral, em relação à mata nativa. Os índices de estabilidade de agregados se correlacionaram positivamente aos teores de carbono orgânico total da classe 4-2 mm.

Organic compounds from plant extracts and their effect on soil phosphorus availability

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of organic compounds from plant extracts of six species and phosphate fertilization on soil phosphorus availability. Pots of 30 cm height and 5 cm diameter were filled with Typic Hapludox. Each pot constituted a plot of a completely randomized design, in a 7x2 factorial arrangement, with four replicates. Aqueous extracts of black oat (Avena strigosa), radish (Raphanus sativus), corn (Zea mays), millet (Pennisetum glaucum), soybean (Glycine max), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), and water, as control, were added in each plot, with or without soluble phosphate fertilization. After seven days of incubation, soil samples were taken from soil layers at various depths, and labile, moderately labile and nonlabile P fractions in the soil were analysed. Plant extracts led to an accumulation of inorganic phosphorus in labile and moderately labile fractions, mainly in the soil surface layer (0-5 cm). Radish, with a higher amount of malic acid and higher P content than other species, was the most efficient in increasing soil P availability.

Fertilidade do solo, nutrição mineral e produtividade da bananeira irrigada por dez anos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as alterações na fertilidade do solo, na nutrição mineral e na produtividade de bananeira irrigada por dez anos. O experimento foi conduzido em Latossolo Vermelho eutrófico, de 1997 a 2007, no Município de Janaúba, MG, em um plantio comercial de banana 'Prata-Anã', onde se utilizam, para irrigação por gotejamento, água calcária de poço tubular com salinidade alta e concentração média de sódio. Observou-se que a aplicação da irrigação, por dez anos, promove forte elevação no pH e na condutividade elétrica do solo e desequilíbrios nutricionais, o que limita a produtividade da bananeira. Os teores foliares de macro e micronutrientes permanecem acima dos valores de referência para a cultura.

Leaf mineral composition of grafted eggplant grown in soil infested with Verticillium and root-knot nematodes

The objective of this work was to determine differences in leaf mineral composition between ungrafted and grafted onto (Solanum torvum) eggplant (Solanum melongena), cultivars 'Faselis' and 'Pala', grown in a soil infested with Verticillium dahliae and Meloidogyne incognita, or in a noninfested soil. Grafting increased leaf P and Mn concentrations, and decreased N concentrations, in both soils. Grafting also enhanced leaf Ca concentration of 'Pala', but it did not affect that of 'Faselis' depending on the cropping year. Leaf Mg concentration of grafted plants in infested soil was lower than that of ungrafted ones in noninfested soil. Results showed that, under the same fertilization program, the grafted 'Faselis' plants used the nutrients more efficiently than the 'Pala' ones. Use of S. torvum as a rootstock for 'Faselis' resulted in an effective protection against multiple pathogen infestation. Fertilization may be necessary when grafted 'Faselis' plants are grown in a soil infested with the pathogens, since grafting and infestation generally decrease leaf N, Mg, Ca and Fe concentrations, either by reducing the nutrient concentrations directly or by increasing leaf Mn concentration.

Composição mineral de maçãs 'Gala' e 'Fuji' produzidas no Sul do Brasil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição mineral de maçãs 'Gala' e 'Fuji', em pomares de diferentes regiões do Sul do Brasil. Foram avaliados pomares em vários municípios de Santa Catarina e do Rio Grande do Sul, agrupados em macrorregiões denominadas de Fraiburgo, Vacaria e São Joaquim, durante o período de 1991 a 2007. Os teores médios (em matéria fresca) de Ca, K, Mg, N e P nos frutos foram, respectivamente, 47, 1.027, 52, 419 e 116 mg kg‑1, para 'Gala', e de 41, 1.043, 46, 373 e 116 mg kg‑1, para 'Fuji'. Os valores médios das relações (K+Mg)/Ca e N/Ca foram respectivamente de 24 e 9,6, para 'Gala', e de 28 e 9,7, para 'Fuji'. Maçãs 'Gala' e 'Fuji' apresentaram teores médios de Ca e P acima dos níveis críticos mínimos (40 e 100 mg kg‑1, respectivamente), e relações médias de (K+Mg)/Ca e N/Ca acima dos níveis críticos máximos (30 e 14), considerados adequados para maior conservação da qualidade pós‑colheita (QPC). Maçãs de pomares de São Joaquim apresentaram maiores teores de Ca e P, menores teores de N e menores relações (K+Mg)/Ca e N/Ca, independentemente da cultivar. O percentual de amostras, com alto risco de perdas em QPC, foi maior para 'Fuji' do que para 'Gala', quanto aos teores de Ca e P e às relações (K+Mg)/Ca e N/Ca.

Nutrição mineral da cana‑de‑açúcar irrigada com efluente de esgoto tratado, em área com aplicação de fosfogesso

O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar o aporte e a remoção de nutrientes em sistemas de cultivo de cana‑de‑açúcar irrigados, ou não, com efluente de estação de tratamento de esgoto (EETE), com e sem adição de fosfogesso, bem como avaliar os efeitos desses sistemas de cultivo no estado nutricional das plantas. Foram avaliados tratamentos sem irrigação e com irrigação a 100 e 150% da necessidade hídrica da cultura. Os tratamentos com fosfogesso foram aplicados em área de terceiro corte, irrigada com EETE desde o plantio. As avaliações foram realizadas em duas safras. Os tratamentos não afetaram os rendimentos de colmos. O tratamento com EETE e fosfogesso apresentou efeito sinérgico sobre o conteúdo de nitrogênio e de enxofre nas plantas. O EETE beneficiou a nutrição das plantas quanto ao fósforo, mas não causou melhorias na nutrição com potássio e enxofre. A nutrição com ferro, zinco e manganês não foi influenciada pelo aporte desses micronutrientes pelo EETE. O fósforo e o nitrogênio aportados na irrigação com EETE devem ser considerados na recomendação de adubação. Porém, potássio, enxofre, ferro, zinco e manganês do efluente não são fontes eficientes desses nutrientes para as plantas.

Migration of dissolved organic carbon in biochars and biochar-mineral complexes

The objective of this work was to determine the contribution of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from a biochar mineral complex (BMC), so as to better understand the interactions between DOC, biochar, clay, and minerals during thermal treatment, and the effects of BMC on amended soils. The BMC was prepared by heating a mixture of a H3PO4-treated saligna biochar from Acacia saligna, clays, other minerals, and chicken manure. The BMC was applied to a sandy loam soil in Western Australia, where wheat was grown. Liquid chromatography-organic carbon detection (LC-OCD) tests were carried out on water extracts from the untreated biochar, the BMC, the BMC-amended soil, and on a control soil to measure the DOC concentration. LC-OCD tests provide a fingerprint of the DOC, which allows the fractions of DOC to be determined. Thermal processing enhanced the reaction of the A. saligna biochar with manure, clays and minerals, and affected the distribution of the DOC fractions. Notably, the process leads to immobilization of hydrophobic DOC and to an increase in the concentration of low-molecular-weight neutrals in the BMC. The application of the BMC to soil increases the DOC in the amended soil, especially the biopolymer fraction.

Nitrogen fluxes from irrigated common‑bean as affected by mulching and mineral fertilization

The objective of this work was to measure the fluxes of N2O‑N and NH3‑N throughout the growing season of irrigated common‑bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), as affected by mulching and mineral fertilization. Fluxes of N2O‑N and NH3‑N were evaluated in areas with or without Congo signal grass mulching (Urochloa ruziziensis) or mineral fertilization. Fluxes of N were also measured in a native Cerrado area, which served as reference. Total N2O‑N and NH3‑N emissions were positively related to the increasing concentrations of moisture, ammonium, and nitrate in the crop system, within 0.5 m soil depth. Carbon content in the substrate and microbial biomass within 0.1 m soil depth were favoured by Congo signal grass and related to higher emissions of N2O‑N, regardless of N fertilization. Emission factors (N losses from the applied mineral nitrogen) for N2O‑N (0.01-0.02%) and NH3‑N (0.3-0.6%) were lower than the default value recognized by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Mulch of Congo signal grass benefits N2O‑N emission regardless of N fertilization.

Yield and mineral nutrition of soybean, maize, and Congo signal grass as affected by limestone and slag

The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of superficial application of limestone and slag, and their effects on soil chemical attributes and on yield and mineral nutrition of soybean, maize, and Congo signal grass (Urochloa ruziziensis). The experiment was carried out in a Rhodic Hapludox under no tillage system. The treatments consisted of the use of limestone or slag (silicates of calcium and magnesium) to correct soil acidity, and of a control treatment without the use of soil correctives. Rates were calculated in order to raise soil base saturation up to 70%. Soybean was sown in November 2006 and maize in December 2007. Congo signal grass was sown right after the harvests of soybean and maize, and it was cropped during the off-seasons. Soil chemical attributes were evaluated at 6, 12, and 18 months after the application of the corrective materials. Slag is an efficient source for soil acidity correction, being able to raise the exchangeable base levels in the soil profile faster than lime. Both limestone and slag increase dry matter yield of Congo signal grass, and grain yield of soybean and maize. Slag is more effective in improving maize grain yield.

Ruzigrass affecting soil-phosphorus availability

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of ruzigrass (Urochloaruziziensis) in enhancing soil-P availability in areas fertilized with soluble or reactive rock phosphates. The area had been cropped for five years under no-till, in a system involving soybean, triticale/black-oat, and pearl millet. Previously to the five-year cultivation period, corrective phosphorus fertilization was applied once on soil surface, at 0.0 and 80 kg ha-1 P2O5, as triple superphosphate or Arad rock phosphate. After this five-year period, plots received the same corrective P fertilization as before and ruzigrass was introduced to the cropping system in the stead of the other cover crops. Soil samples were taken (0-10 cm) after ruzigrass cultivation and subjected to soil-P fractionation. Soybean was grown thereafter without P application to seed furrow. Phosphorus availability in plots with ruzigrass was compared to the ones with spontaneous vegetation for two years. Ruzigrass cultivation increased inorganic (resin-extracted) and organic (NaHCO3) soil P, as well as P concentration in soybean leaves, regardless of the P source. However, soybean yield did not increase significantly due to ruzigrass introduction to the cropping system. Soil-P availability did not differ between soluble and reactive P sources. Ruzigrass increases soil-P availability, especially where corrective P fertilization is performed.