Competitividade do Brasil no mercado internacional de aglomerado

Este estudo objetivou caracterizar a estrutura do mercado internacional de aglomerado quanto à sua concentração e desigualdade, bem como decompor as variações nas exportações desse produto dos principais países participantes em efeito-crescimento do comércio mundial, efeito-destino e efeito-competitividade no período de 1998 a 2002. O nível de concentração e desigualdade favorece práticas anticompetitivas. O efeito-competitividade, composto por aspectos endógenos, não favorece o aumento das exportações brasileiras.

Análise de tendência do mercado internacional de aglomerado

Neste estudo, analisou-se, pelo método da regressão linear, a tendência do mercado internacional de aglomerado no período de 1990 a 2004. Observou-se tendência de crescimento tanto de produção quanto de exportação, com a ressalva de que o Brasil expande sua produção em ritmo mais acelerado que a produção mundial. Conclui-se que China, Ucrânia e EUA apresentaram maior crescimento, quanto à produção, exportação e importação, entre os mercados tradicionais, respectivamente, e que os mercados não-tradicionais mudaram tendências de crescimento superiores ao grupo dos principais importadores, especialmente o leste europeu.

Análise do mosaico silvático em um fragmento de floresta tropical estacional no sudeste do Brasil

Este estudo foi realizado na "Mata da Câmara", um fragmento de floresta estacional semidecídual localizado em São Roque, SP, e teve como objetivos a identificação e análise do mosaico silvático, discutindo-se a arquitetura atual da floresta e inferindo sobre sua dinâmica de construção. Utilizou-se o método de inventário de linhas interceptadas, em que se amostraram três áreas de 50 × 105 m. Os resultados indicaram que as porcentagens de área ocupada por ecounidades em equilíbrio 2A foram de 46,8%, 48,6% e 75,7%, respectivamente nas três áreas estudadas. Pode-se concluir que na área A há uma floresta jovem, na área B uma floresta em fase de pré-maturidade com sinais de perturbações recentes e antigas e na área C uma floresta madura com alguns sinais de perturbações antigas. Comparando os resultados desta análise com aqueles obtidos através de levantamento fitossociológico, realizado na mesma área, a análise silvigenética mostrou ser mais uma importante ferramenta para discussão da dinâmica florestal, mas que em alguns caso tende a superestimar o grau de maturidade das florestas. No contexto dos fragmentos florestais remanescentes do Estado de São Paulo, pode-se dizer que a Mata da Câmara representa uma área de floresta relativamente bem preservada.

Análise do mercado brasileiro de celulose, 1969-2005

O segmento de celulose e papel contribui de forma significativa para a economia brasileira. O conhecimento da estrutura do mercado de celulose é fundamental para fins de planejamento da produção, comercialização e previsão para o setor. Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal especificar e estimar a oferta e demanda brasileira de celulose, bem como a oferta e a demanda de exportação, no período de 1969 a 2005. Os resultados, usando o método dos Mínimos Quadrados de Dois Estágios (MQ2E), indicaram que a oferta e a demanda interna de celulose, bem como a oferta e a demanda de exportação, são preço-inelástico. A demanda interna é inelástica com relação à renda. Já a demanda de exportação é elástica com relação à renda. A oferta interna é mais sensível a variações no preço das máquinas e equipamentos. A oferta de exportação é sensível a variações na produção e no consumo interno e a demanda de exportação, a variações na renda dos países importadores.

Certificação florestal e o mercado moveleiro nacional

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a inserção da certificação florestal no mercado moveleiro nacional. Para a realização deste estudo, utilizaram-se dados do Conselho de Manejo Florestal (FSC Brasil) e dados obtidos por meio de questionários aplicados às empresas moveleiras que possuíam produtos certificados. A certificação mostrou-se presente nas empresas do Estado de São Paulo e da Região Sul, principalmente entre aquelas ligadas à exportação. As empresas da indústria moveleira voltadas para o mercado interno não demonstraram maior interesse na certificação florestal em função da baixa exigência dos clientes.

Structural aspects and floristic similarity among tropical dry forest fragments with different management histories in northern Minas Gerais, Brazil

In order to produce useful knowledge to the initiatives of protection and management of forest fragments, more specifically for tropical dry forests which suffer with frequent anthropic activities, and due to the lack of specific studies, this article aimed describe the structure and the floristic similarity among three areas of dry forest with different management histories. The study was developed in Capitão Enéas municipality, Northern Minas Gerais, Brazil, where three fragments were evaluated, being one in regeneration for 30 years, another submitted to occasional fire and the third with selective cut in small scale. The sampling was developed through the point quarter method considering all the alive phanerophyte individuals with circumference at breast height (CBH) > 15 cm. In the three fragments, 512 individuals, distributed in 60 species, 47 genera, and 23 families were sampled. The most representative families were Fabaceae (26), Anacardiaceae (4), Bignoniaceae (3) and Combretaceae (3). However, fourteen families were represented by only one species. Only eight species were common to all fragments - Myracrodruon urundeuva standed out with 26.9% of all sampled individuals - while a great number of species were exclusive of each fragment. The floristic and structural differences between the fragments are possibly related to the history and intensity of management in each area besides the topography variations and the presence or absence of limestone outcrops. These results show the importance of each fragment, indicating that the loss of anyone would cause negative impacts on the regional flora and consequently to the associated biodiversity.

The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the early-stage restoration of seasonally dry tropical forest in Chamela, Mexico

It was evaluated the effect of two different sources of local inocula from two contrasting sites (mature forest, pasture) of arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF) and a non-mycorrhizal control on the plant growth of six woody species differing in functional characteristics (slow-, intermediate- and fast-growth), when introduced in a seasonally tropical dry forest (STDF) converted into abandoned pasture. Six plots (12 X 12m) were set as AMF inoculum source. Six replicates of six different species arranged in a Latin Square design were set in each plot. Plant height, cover area and the number of leaves produced by individual plant was measured monthly during the first growing season in each treatment. Species differed in their ability to benefit from AMF and the largest responsiveness in plant height and leaf production was exhibited by the slow-growing species Swietenia humilis, Hintonia latiflora and Cordia alliodora. At the end of the growing season (November), the plant height of the fast growing species Tabebuia donnel-smithii, Ceiba pentandra and Guazuma ulmifolia were not influenced by AMF. However, inocula of AMF increased leaf production of all plant species regardless the functional characteristics of the species, suggesting a better exploitation of above-ground space and generating a light limited environment under the canopy, which contributed to pasture suppression. Inoculation of seedlings planted in abandoned pasture areas is recommended for ecological restoration due to the high responsiveness of seedling growth in most of species. Use of forest inoculum with its higher diversity of AMF could accelerate the ecological restoration of the above and below-ground comunities.

A riqueza e composição de formigas como indicadores dos efeitos do manejo florestal de baixo impacto em floresta tropical no estado do Acre

A sustentabilidade da extração madeireira seletiva depende de avaliações de impacto e monitoramento dos fatores abióticos, vegetação e fauna. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram estimar e comparar a riqueza e composição de formigas em área de manejo florestal sustentável de baixo impacto, no Projeto de Assentamento Chico Mendes, no Acre. As coletas foram realizadas com armadilhas pitfall e extrator de Winkler, em 30 parcelas de 10 x 10 m. As parcelas foram igualmente distribuídas em três tratamentos: (1) manejo - base de árvores exploradas em 2007; (2) queda natural - base de árvores caídas naturalmente em área não manejada; e (3) controle - parcela sem queda de árvore na mesma área não manejada. Para a caracterização da vegetação, foram tomadas medidas das variáveis: densidade arbórea e arbustiva, área basal arbórea e de árvores caídas, espessura de serapilheira e cobertura de dossel. A densidade arbórea foi significantemente maior no tratamento controle que no manejo. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas em cobertura de dossel entre os tratamentos controle e manejo e controle e queda natural. Foram coletadas 88 espécies de formigas, distribuídas em sete subfamílias. Não houve diferença na riqueza de espécies entre os tratamentos. Embora menor similaridade tenha sido encontrada entre os tratamentos manejo e controle, não foram observadas grandes diferenças na composição entre eles. Esses resultados indicaram que, nessa área, a atividade de extração madeireira de baixo impacto não afetou a assembleia de formigas, portanto, funcionalmente, essa forma de manejo não acarretou alterações no ecossistema em relação aos serviços associados às formigas.

Does the edge effect influence plant community structure in a tropical dry forest?

Edge effects are considered a key factor in regulating the structure of plant communities in different ecosystems. However, regardless to few studies, edge influence does not seem to be decisive in semiarid regions such as the Brazilian tropical dry forest known as Caatinga but this issue remains inconclusive. The present study tests the null hypothesis that the plant community of shrubs and trees does not change in its structure due to edge effects. Twenty-four plots (20 x 20 m) were set up in a fragment of Caatinga, in which 12 plots were in the forest edges and 12 plots were inside the fragment. Tree richness, abundance and species composition did not differ between edge and interior plots. The results of this study are in agreement with the pattern previously found for semiarid environments and contrasts with previous results obtained in different environments such as Rainforests, Savanna and Forest of Araucaria, which indicate abrupt differences between the border and interior of the plant communities in these ecosystems, and suggest that the community of woody plants of the Caatinga is not ecologically affected by the presence of edges.

Soil organic matter pools in a tropical savanna under agroforestry system in Northeastern Brazil

This study aimed at quantifying total organic carbon stocks and its pools in Acrisol under agroforestry systems with six (AFS6) and thirteen years old (AFS13), slash-and-burn agriculture (SBA) and savanna native forest (SNF) in northeastern Brazil. Soil samples were collected at 0-0.05 m, 0.05-0.10 m, 0.10-0.20 m and 0.20-0.40 m depths in the dry and rainy seasons to evaluate total organic carbon (TOC) stocks and labile carbon (LC), fulvic acid fraction (C-FAF), humic acid fraction (C-HAF), humin (C-HF) and microbial biomass carbon (Cmic) contents. Additionally, carbon management index (CMI) was determined. Higher TOC stocks (97.7 and 81.8 Mg ha-1 for the 0-0.40 m depth in the dry and rainy seasons, respectively) and LC, humic substances and Cmic contents were observed in the AFS13 in all the depths. CMI also was higher in the AFS13 (0-0. 05 m: 158 and 86; 0.05-0.10 m: 171 and 67, respectively for the dry and rainy seasons) especially when compared to the SBA (0-0.05 m: 5.6 and 5.4; 0.05-0.10 m: 5.3 and 5.8, respectively for dry and rainy seasons). The agroforestry systems increased soil quality through the conservation of organic matter and can be considered an excellent strategy to assurance sustainability in tropical soil of Northeastern Brazil

Diversidad florística arbórea y su relación con el suelo en un bosque pluvial tropical del chocó biogeográfico

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la composición y diversidad florística arbórea a escala local en un bosque del Chocó biogeográfico, una de las regiones más lluviosas del mundo, y su relación con las características del sitio. Se emplearon dos parcelas de una hectárea, en las cuales se determinó la composición y diversidad de árboles con DAP > 10 cm y se relacionaron con los nutrientes del suelo, la topografíay el espacio. No se presentaron diferencias significativas entre las parcelas para las variables estructurales y de diversidad estudiadas, con valores de abundancia de 640 y 716 individuos/ha yde riqueza de 174 y 223 especies/ha.Nuestros resultados soportan la hipótesis de hiperdominancia de unos pocos grupos biológicos en los bosques húmedos tropicales. Ladiversidad arbórea a escala local se relacionó significativamente con algunas condiciones edáficas.Se presentó asociación positiva de la diversidad con el aluminio del suelo, y negativa con la topografía.No obstante, solamente un 37% de la variación en la composición florística fue explicada por las variables espaciales y ambientales (topográficas y edáficas). Por ello, aparentemente la distribución de las especies a escala local parece estar gobernada principalmente por procesos aleatorios o biológicos (como la limitación en dispersión), conforme lo propone la teoría neutral. El papel de las adaptaciones específicas al hábitat (teoría del nicho) pareciera ser limitado.

ESTABLISHMENT TECHNIQUES FOR TROPICAL LEGUMES IN THE UNDERSTORY OF A EUCALYPTUS PLANTATION

This study evaluated establishment methods for a mixture of herbaceous forage legumes [Centrosema acutifolium, Clitoria ternatea, Pueraria phaseoloides, Stylosanthes Campo Grande (Stylosanthes capitata + S. macrocephala), Calopogonium mucunoides, Lablab purpureus, Arachis pintoi, and Aeschynomene villosa] under the shade of an Eucalyptus grandis plantation submitted to thinning (40%) 8 years after planting in Anhembi, São Paulo (22°40'S, 48°10'W, altitude of 455 m). The experiment started in December 2008 and consisted of the comparison of the following four types of seed incorporation by light disc harrowing: (1) broadcast sowing without seed incorporation; disc harrowing before (2) or after (3) planting, and (4) disc harrowing before and after planting. Ninety days after planting, the number of legume plants/m2 and the percentage of ground cover by the plants varied between the treatments tested; however, the treatments had no effect on the dry matter accumulation of forage legumes. Disc harrowing before planting yielded superior results compared to the treatments without disc harrowing and disc harrowing after planting. At the end of the experimental period, the plots contained Arachis, Centrosema, Stylosanthes, and Pueraria. The dry matter accumulated by Centrosema corresponded to 73% of total dry matter yield of the plots. The participation of Arachis, Centrosema and Stylosanthes in final dry matter composition of the plots varied according to establishment method. The advantages of the use of species mixtures rather than monocultures in the understory of forest plantations were discussed.

LITTERFALL ASSESSEMENT IN A FRAGMENT OF SECONDARY TROPICAL FOREST, IBIÚNA, SP, SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL1

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to analyze the production and decomposition of litterfall in a fragment of secondary Atlantic forest in the region of Ibiúna, SP, from April 2012 to March 2013. The litterfall production was estimated by 30 collectors distributed randomly in an area of 1000 m2, where the deposited material was collected every 15 days. The decomposition of litterfall was estimated through the mass loss in the period of study. After collecting, the material was dried in an oven at 65 °C for seven days to achieve a constant weight. The decomposition constant k was obteined according to Shanks and Oslon (1961) and the time for 50% and 95% of decomposition was estimated. It was found a higher litterfall production in October (454.3 kg ha-1) and lower production in July (164.9 kg ha-1), with a total amount produced of 3.5 Mg ha-1 year-1. A delay of one month in the precipitation and relative humidity showed great influence in the litter production during the study. The decomposition rate (k) was 3.1 and the time to decompose 50% of the material was estimated in 2 and ½ months and for 95% of the litterfall the time was estimated in 11 and ½ months. The production and decomposition values of this work are within the range found in other sites of secondary tropical forests.

Wear of rotary plows operating in a tropical clay loam soil

The wear resistance of rotary plows operating in a clay loam soil was studied. The degree of damage caused to the soil and the amount of mass lost by the tools were determined in order to establish correlations between the physical properties of the soil and the wear mechanisms acting on the tribosystem. Field tests were carried out in 12 plots and a randomized experimental design with 4 levels, 3 replicas per level and 2 passes per plot was applied. The levels relate to the tillage implements employed: rotary tiller, rotary power harrow, small motorized rotary tiller and control (unaltered soil). The highest mass losses were measured in rotary tiller and rotary power harrow's tools, while the small motorized rotary tiller's tools showed generally lower levels of damage. It was determined that the effective contact time between tool and soil, the rotating speed and the sudden impact forces are the most significant factors affecting the wear resistance in field operations. Thirty days after tillage operation the soil samples were taken from each plot at a mean depth of 100 mm in order to determine bulk density, gravimetric moisture content and percentage of aggregates smaller than 5 mm. No significant differences among the values of these properties were found in the experiments. The wear mechanisms acting on the tools' surface are complex and include 2-body and 3-body abrasion as well as the presence of sudden impact forces.