Influência do desponte sôbre a composição do côlmo e do caldo da cana-de-açucar, I. Var. Co 421

I. This paper deals with an experiment carried out to evaluate the effect of the sugar cane upper end on the composition of the sugar cane harvest as a raw material for the sugar industry. The variety studied was Co 421. The authors intend to study other varieties in the future. The data were collected from plant cane, at intervals of two weeks, always from the same field, from a small central area of 3.000 square meters approximately. Sixty (60) stalks were cut in each occasion, randomly chosen from the whole area. They were afterwards separated into three groups of 20 stalks, one for each of the treatments, namely: a) Complete stalks, with no leaves or sheaths. b) Stalks harvested by the technique of REYNOSO, that is, as usually done in practice. c) Stalks with the tops completely cut out, that is, cut by technique of REYNOSO and then with 3 other top internodes eliminated. The treatments caused significant differences on the following technological characteristics: a) Weight b) Cane pol c) Available sucrose (pol) per cent cane d) Cane juice pol e) Saline coefficient of juice. II. Except for weight, all changes were favorable to treatment c, even if with differences relatively slight, in percentage. IIII. Treatment differences for cane fiber, brix, reducing sugars, juice ashes, coefficient of purity and glucose coefficient were not significant. IV. Time of harvest was an important factor affecting the composition of the cane and of the juice. V. On the average the available sucrose of cane for treatments, with an standard error of 0.13%, was: Treatment c 13.05% Treatment b 12.65% Treatment a 12.53% This shows that there is no sound basis for the heavy fines applied by some sugar mills to planters who do not cut low enough the tops of the cane stalks.

Milho: a Interação Y1 Y3 Y7 na coloração amarela do endosperma

This paper deals with the genetic interaction of Yl Y3 Y7 in producing yellow endosperm in maize. The new data presented are in accordance with preliminary notes on the same subject. The recessive yl, y3 and y7produce respectively green plants, albescent plants and white seedlings.

Adubação e irrigação de café: adubação combinada com irrigação no primeiro ano da instalação das covas

This paper deals with different types of fertilizer applications in coffee hill in the moment of transfering the plants to the field. During the first year, irrigation was applied in the dry season. After one year, the following characters were analised: plant height; plant diameter; number of productive branches; lenght and number of nodes in the first branch of the plant. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: the irrigation employed did not affect the treatments and mineral fertilizers combined with organic fertilizer were better than the others treatments used for comparisons.

Sombreamento dos cafèzais II: resultados do 4.° biênio (1959/1960)

This paper deals with data obtained in 1959 and 1960 in shaded and unshaded coffee plots at Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. The results can be summarized as follows: a) the production, in shaded and unshaded plots, did not show differences statisticaly significant; b) the percentage of coffee berry borer infestation was higher in shaded plots as compared with unshaded ones; c) the percentage of green, ripened and dry fruits depends of the year and of the harvest time. In the same harvest time, both for shaded and for unshaded plots the percentages in the shaded plots were higher for green fruits and lesser for ripened and dry fruits; d) coffee fruits brought from the field in the harvest time yielding up in unshaded plots as compared with shaded ones; e) the relation grains/dry fruits was better in shaded plots.

Arroz: comportamento de variedades em diferentes épocas de semeadura

1. No presente trabalho procurou-se analisar a influência das épocas de semeadura sôbre diversos caracteres de algumas variedades de arroz. 2. Dez foram as variedades utilizadas a saber: Batatais, Dourado Agulha n.° 2, Iguape Agulha, Pérola, Pratão, Quatro Meses, cultivadas em nosso meio, e Rizzotto, Sésia, Razza - 77, e 227 - Sésia x R. B., variedades italianas. As épocas, em número de cinco, foram estabelecidas quinzenalmente a partir do dia primeiro de outubro do ano de 1959. O experimento, realizado em quadra irrigada, foi planejado em blocos ao acaso, cada época representada por três blocos que constituíram as repetições, contendo cada um dêles as dez variedades de arroz já mencionadas. 3. Foram submetidos à análise estatística os seguintes caracteres: florescimento, maturação, altura, produção de grãos, produção de palha, pêso de mil espiguetas, pêso de mil grãos beneficiados, rendimento total e rendimento em grãos inteiros. 4. Os resultados obtidos, para cada um dos caracteres analisados separadamente, encontram-se no capítulo 3. 5. Com exceção do rendimento total no beneficiamento, os demais caracteres mostraram variações devidas às épocas, concluindo-se assim que as épocas de semeadura influíram no comportamento das variedades estudadas e que a variedade Batatais, por apresentar um comportamento bastante uniforme para produção de grãos, em tôdas as épocas, revelou-se a mais indicada para semeadura tardia.

I - Ocorrência das domácias nas angiospermas

Do estudo pormenorizado que fizemos em tão copioso material, assinalamos a presença de domácias em 42 espécies distintas, distribuidas entre 28 famílias pertencentes às Angiospermas. Cumpre salientar que registramos a ocorrência desses pequeninos órgãos nas fôlhas, tanto de árvores e arbustos, como de trepadeiras e plantas de pequeno porte. As domácias foram assinaladas não só na inserção das nervuras de 1.ª e 2.ª ordem, que é o caso mais comum, como também sôbre a nervura principal e na superfície do limbo, bem próximo aos bordos da fôlha, constituindo nesse último caso, novos tipos por nós discutidos em trabalho à parte. Registramos, pela primeira vêz, mais 17 famílias novas entre as plantas acarófilas. Relacionamos por ordem alfabética as famílias cujas espécies apresentavam domácias, assim como os nomes das plantas, o tipo e localização das domácias, etc., empregando a Classificação de CHEVALIER E CHESNAIS (1941). Os tipos de domácias catalogados distribuim-se entre as famílias da seguinte maneira: a) Domácias em "tufo de pêlos" - encontradas em plantas das seguintes famílias: Anacardiaceae, Apocynaceae, Bignoniaceae, Caricaceae, Caryocaraceae, Dilleniaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Juglandaceae, Leguminosae, Meliaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Onagraceae, Oxalidaceae, Phytolacaceae, Rhamnaceae, Sapindaceae, Saxifragaceae e Verbenaceae. b) Domácias "em fenda" - encontradas nas famílias: Lauraceae, Marcgraviaceae e Meliaceae. c) Domácias "em bolsa" - registradas nas seguintes famílias: Amaranthaceae, Anonaceae, Bignoniaceae, Labiatae, Lauraceae, Leguminosae, Lythraceae, Moraceae, Nyctaginaceae e Vitaceae. d) Alguns tipos de domácias - encontrados nas famílias: Anacardiaceae, Onagraceae, Oxalidaceae, Apocynaceae, Caricaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Marcgraviaceae, Meliaceae e Leguminosae.

Domácias nas angiospermas: variações na forma e na localização

O presente trabalho versa sobre alguns tipos novos de domácia encontrados em 10 espécies de 10 gêneros, distribuídos por entre 9famílias, e que apresentam variações na forma e localização. As domácias foram encontradas na face inferior das folhas e folíolos, com excessão de Oxalis sp. que se situam na face superior, bem na região de sua inserção com o pecíolo. Os tipos de domácias estudados podem ser assim caracterizados: a) Em "tufo de pêlos" variando quanto à localização: 1. Nos folíolos de Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, ladeando as nervuras de 2.ª ordem. 2. Nas folhas de Bauhinia forficata Link., na base das nervuras que se irradiam das glândulas. 3. Nas folhas de Hura crepitans L., ladeando os primeiros pares de nervuras secundárias, a partir da base. 4. Nas folhas de Jacaratia dodecaphylla A. DC. formando um anel pelífero na região de inserção dos folíolos. 5. Nas folhas de Plumeria lutea R. P., formando uma fileira de pêlos em ambos os lados da nervura principal. 6. Nas folhas de Fuchsia integrifolia Camb., ladeando a nervura principal até 1/3 de seu comprimento. 7. Nas folhas de Oxalis sp. formando um pincel na região de encontro dos folíolos com o pecíolo. b) Em "fenda", com bordos peliferos e nova localização: 1. Nas folhas de Cedrela mexicana Roem., localizando-se geralmente na axila do 3.° par de nervuras secundárias, ora à esquerda e ora à direita. 2. Em Norantea brasiliensis Choisy., as domácias são pequenas, em grande número, distribuindo-se pela área do limbo, ao longo dos bordos da folha, em duas fileiras ar-queadas. c) Em forma de "cavidades": 1. Na base dos folíolos de Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi. d) Variando quanto à forma e localização: 1. Em Lithraea molleoides Engl., aparecendo como novo tipo de domácia, formada pela curvatura dos ápices das asas do pecíolo na face ventral, originando duas pequenas câmaras conchóides, uma de cada lado. e) Sobre a nervura principal: 1. Nas folhas de Cedrela mexicana Roem, ao longo da nervura principal ocorrem domácias em forma de cavidades razas.

Estudos sobre a alimentação mineral do cafeeiro: VI Efeitos das deficiências de micronutrientes em Coffea arabica L. var. Mundo Novo cultivado em solução nutritiva

Young coffee plants (Coffea arabica L., var. Mundo Novo) were grown in nutrient solution purified from micronutrients contaminants by the method of MUNNS & JOHNSON (1960). All plants, except those in the control treatment, wer given all macronutrients and all micronutrients except one which was omitted in order to induce its shortage. Symptoms of deficiency were obtained for all known micronutrients but chlorine. Measurements, observations and chemical analysis of leaves allowed the following main conclusions to be drawn. 1. The relative influence of micronutrients in growth-measured by the fresh weight of the entire plant - was as follows: -Fe -Zn -Cu -Mo -Mn complete = -B = -CI. that is: the omission of iron from the nutrient solution caused the severest reduction in growth; lack of B and Cl had no effect. 2. Symptoms of deficiency of B, Fe, Mn, and Zn were found to be in good agreement with those in the literature. Effects of Cu and Mo shortage, however, had not been described so far: In the case of the Cu-deficient plants, the younger leaves were distorted, having an "S" shape, due probably to lack of growth of the veins; they lost their green color and developed rather large, necrotic patches near the margins. When molybdenum was omitted from the nutrient solution yellow spots develop near the margen of subterminal (fully mature) leaves; they became necrotic; there was a characteristic downward curling of the leaf blade along the mid rib so that the opposite edges touched each other underneath. 3. The levels of micronutrients found in normal and deficient leaves are given in Table 4. It is hoped that those values will serve as a basis of judgement of micronutrient contents found in leaves of field grown plants.

Estudo sôbre a distribuição do S35 em cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L, Bourboon)

Com a finalidade de se conhecer a distribuição de S35 em cafeeiro, o presente experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação e em campo. No primeiro caso "plantinhas" de café, de 6 meses de idade foram mantidas em solução nutritiva e receberam: a) S35 na superfície inferior das fôlhas do 3.° par; b) S35 na solução. No ensaio (a), as "plantinhas" foram divididas em suas partes constituintes (raízes, caule, fôlhas novas e fôlhas velhas), sendo que as fôlhas foram subdivididas em pecíolo, limbo e nervuras. O ensaio (b) era formado por 3 grupos de "plantinhas": - 1) estudo da migração, como em (a); 2) autoradiografia; 3) verificação da lavagem de S35 das fôlhas, sob chuva artificial. No experimento conduzido em campo utilizamos cafeeiros de 4 anos de idade e o enxofre radioativo foi fornecido por pulverização foliar. Os resultados demonstram a pouca mobilidade do enxofre pela planta e que: 1) o S35 migra das fôlhas velhas principalmente para as fôlhas novas e muito pouco para as raízes; 2) das raízes o S35 se distribui para os demais órgãos da planta, concentrando-se principalmente nas fôlhas mais velhas; 3) os dados obtidos pela detecção da radioatividade nas várias partes da planta foram corroborados pela autoradiografia; 4) o enxofre é lavado das fôlhas pela água das chuvas.

A composição química da goiabeira (Psidium guajava L.)

This paper deals with the mineral composition fresh and dry matter production of different organs of 4, 5 old guava (Psidium guajava L.) growth on sandy soil (Savanna) without fertilizer. The data obtained for fresh and dry matter productior are present in table 2 (in Portuguese). The concentration of the elements are presented in table 3 (in Portuguese). Finally, the total amounts of elements absorbed by guava are given in the following table: Element Plant (grams) Fruits (grams) Nitrogen (N) 42,55 20,4 Phosphorus (P) 3,84 2,3 Potassium (K) 52,01 31,3 Calcium (Ca) 47,81 0,2 Magnesium (Mg) — 2,4

A disponibilidade do fósforo de oiversos fosfatos estudada por meio do método de Neubauer"

In order to study the phosphorus availability from various phosphates fertilizers an experiment was performed according to the biological seedling method of Neubauer. The physico-chemical properties of the soil "terra roxa-misturada", a red soil derived from basaltic rocks are given in the Portuguese text. Rice (Oryza sativa, L.) instead of rye (Secale cereale, L.) was used. Five replications of each of the following treatments were made: 1 - check, with 350 g of sand 2 - 350 g of sand plus 100 g of soil 3 - 350 g of sand and plus 100 g of soil plus 40 mg of P2O5, from superphosphate. 4 - 350 g of sand plus 100 g of soil plus 40 mg of P2O5. from Olinda (Brazil) phosphorite. 5 - 350 g of sand plus 100 g of soil plus 40 mg of P2O5 from Florida (U. S. A.) phosphorite. 6 - 350 g os sand plus 100 g of soil plus 40 mg of P2O5 from Hyperphosphate, a commertial name of a North African (Gafsa) phosphorite. 7 - 350 g of sand plus 100 g of soil plus 40 mg of P2O5 from Araxá (Brazil) apatite. After 18 days of growth, the roots and tops of rice seedlings were harvested and analysed for phosphorus, and the results are summarized in table 1. Table 1 - Milligrams of P2O5 determined in rice seedlings. Treatments Mean of 5 replications mg of P2O5 1 ..................... 24.196 2 ..................... 23.850 3 ..................... 30.724 4 ..................... 27.620 5 ..................... 27.480 6..................... 30.210 7 ..................... 26.032 The least significant difference at the 5% level by Tukey's procedure for comparisons among the treatments means is 1.365 mg of P(2)0. It is interesting to observe that rice plants did not take any phosphorus from the soil according to he data of the treatments n.° 1 and n.° 2. This can be explained by the high phosphorus fixing capacity of the soil "terra roxa misturada".

Emprego de fezes de pintos na alimentação de leitões

The author studied the application of chick's feces from battery brooder in the feeding of weaning pigs. He employed a basal ration and substituted 5%, 10% and 15% of that basal ration with similar proportions of chicks' feces. He did not observe statistical significance among the treatments. The results measured in terms of average daily gain and feed conversion indicated that the substitution of 5% to 10% by equal proportions of chicks' feces produced satisfactory results, the 5% proportion being the most advantageous.

Cana forrageira competição de variedades

At the 2nd. Department of Zootechny of the E. S. A. L. Q., in Piracicaba, between 1953 and 1955 an experiment of sugar cane varieties was carried out, with the objective of discovering varieties to substitute "Taquara" (the variety most widely used) and Co 290 (the most recommended). The former was condemned as being too susceptible to cane smut and the latter showes signs if degeneracy. In the experiment, 8 varieties were used with 3 replications in randomized blocks, in 3 rows each. The cane was crop not in the same period, but when they were at comparable ripeness (70 cm of apparent culm). They were crop twice during the year, with a sharp hoe near the soil. The summary of the results and the statistical analyses are shown in tables 1 to 3, showing the possibility of there being 3 groups: A superior one composed of Co 419, a median one, in decreasing order of production, composed of Kassoer, CB 40-69. Co 413, IAC 36-25 and POJ 161 and an inferior group composed of Co 290 and Taquara. There is a possibility that POJ 161 belongs to the last group. Nevertheless, this variety is not recommend because of its susceptibility to smut. As Kassoer is more healthy, vigorous and enduring than Co 419 and other varieties, it is shown recommendable. IAC 36-25 is being recommended presently for forage since its productions is lower than Kassoer, placing 5th productivity, although statistical significance was not detected. As our final conclusions, Co 419, Kassoer, CB 40-69, Co 413 and IAC 36-25 can be planted as forage while POJ 161, Co 290 and Taquara should not. The last two were exactly those used as forage reserve in the 2nd. Department at the beginning of the experiment.

Variação do tamanho dos grãos de pólen pelo método de acetólise

The author studied the size variation in pollen grains of species in Compositae, Myrtaceae and Leguminoseae (Caesal-pinoideae and Papilionoideae) comparing pollen with and without acetolysis treatment. Pollen grains showed different reactions to the same treatment, according to the diferent species of same family. The increase in size of pollen grains was directional and did not affect their shape.

Nematódeos e bactérias em fôlhas de alcachôfra

Diseased plants of artichoke (Cynara scolimus L.) from the Instituto Agronômico, Campinas, Brazil, harboured nematodes in the leaves. The nematodes proved to belong to the species Protorhabditis oxyuris (Claus, 1862) Dougherty, 1955. As it could not be charged as the primary agent of the disease, a study of the bacteria found in the material was made. This disclosed that 4 different bacterial forms were present, namely Bacillus subtilis, Bacterium udum, Xanthomonas beticola var. cynarae n. var., and Cory neb acterium fascians var. cynarae n. var. The typical forms of X. beticola and of C. fascians are known as pathogenic to a number of plants: but, in the present case, unfortunately no inoculation trial could be made as an attempt to clear up the possible pathogenicity of any of them also to Cynara scolimus. The nematode P. oxyuris is the secondary agent, which however possibly play an important part in the distribution of the bacteria, as it has been repeatedly pointed out by previous writers with reference to closely related species. The symptoms of the disease are described. The main injuries found on leaves were necrotic areas progressing from the distal part of the limb, resulting in a great reduction of the leaf superficies.