The three phases of the ensemble forecasting of niche models: geographic range and shifts in climatically suitable areas of Utetheisa ornatrix (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae)

Species' geographic ranges are usually considered as basic units in macroecology and biogeography, yet it is still difficult to measure them accurately for many reasons. About 20 years ago, researchers started using local data on species' occurrences to estimate broad scale ranges, thereby establishing the niche modeling approach. However, there are still many problems in model evaluation and application, and one of the solutions is to find a consensus solution among models derived from different mathematical and statistical models for niche modeling, climatic projections and variable combination, all of which are sources of uncertainty during niche modeling. In this paper, we discuss this approach of ensemble forecasting and propose that it can be divided into three phases with increasing levels of complexity. Phase I is the simple combination of maps to achieve a consensual and hopefully conservative solution. In Phase II, differences among the maps used are described by multivariate analyses, and Phase III consists of the quantitative evaluation of the relative magnitude of uncertainties from different sources and their mapping. To illustrate these developments, we analyzed the occurrence data of the tiger moth, Utetheisa ornatrix (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae), a Neotropical moth species, and modeled its geographic range in current and future climates.

Nest structure and occurrence of three species of Azteca (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in Cecropia pachystachya (Urticaceae) in non-floodable and floodable pantanal areas

Thirty Cecropia pachystachya trees were examined in non-floodable and floodable areas to investigate the association between C. pachystachya and Azteca ants in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The species Azteca ovaticeps, Azteca isthmica, and Azteca alfari were found nesting inside domatia of C. pachystachya. A. ovaticeps was the most frequent species in the trees in the floodable area, while A. isthmica and A. alfari, in the non-floodable area. A. ovaticeps and A. isthmica maintained more entrance/exit holes in comparison to A. alfari. All Azteca species maintained entrance/exit holes in the closest domatia to the apical area of the branch, due to proximity to Müllerian and pearl bodies, suggesting that these species of Azteca were influenced by their environment during evolution and became specialized. All internodal septa of each examined branch were perforated by ants, indicating the branches were inhabited by a single colony.

Biomass and abundance of termites in three remnant areas of Atlantic Forest in northeastern Brazil

Termite biomass and abundance were estimated in three remnant areas of Atlantic Forest in northeastern Brazil: Reserva Biológica de Pedra Talhada-RBPT (Alagoas State), Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos-PEDI (Pernambuco State), and Área de Proteção Ambiental Mata do Buraquinho-APMB (Paraíba State). A quantitative sampling of the termite assemblages present on trunks and leaf litter, in nests, and in the soil was undertaken during the months of June and July (rainy season) and November and December (dry season) of 2000. Thirty seven species of termites were encountered and quantified in the three remnant forest areas. The termite biomass varied from 10.09 to 11.30 g (fresh weight)/m² and abundance varied from 4911 to 5663 individuals/m². The subfamily Nasutitermitinae was dominant in terms of the number of species, biomass, and abundance. The soil-feeders were the most abundant at the three sites, while wood-feeders had the largest biomass at least at the PEDI and APMB sites. Among the microhabitats quantified, termites were most frequently encountered in the soil, being most heavily concentrated at depths of 0-20 cm. Two species stood out in terms of their biomass and abundance: Embiratermes parvirostris Constantino, on the soil, and Nasutitermes corniger (Motschulsky), on decomposing trunks and in nests. Estimates of biomass and abundance suggest that termites play an important role in the decomposition of the plant necromass in remnant forest areas of the Atlantic Forest in northeastern Brazil.

Rostrum length, mandible serration, and food and salivary canals areas of selected species of stink bugs (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae)

Laboratory studies were conducted to compare rostrum length morphology of mandible serration and area of food and salivary canals of Dichelops melacanthus (Dallas) (Dm), Euschistus heros (F.) (Eh), Nezara viridula (L.) (Nv), and Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood) (Pg) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Nv showed the longest (5.9 mm) and Pg the shortest (3.5 mm) rostrum length; Dm and Eh were intermediate. Length and width of mandible tip areas holding serration was bigger for Nv (106.0 and 30.2 µm, respectively) and smaller for Pg (71.1 and 23.7 µm), with all species having four central teeth and three pairs of lateral teeth. The inner mandible surface showed squamous texture. Cross-section of food and salivary canals (Fc and Sc) indicated greater area for Nv and Dm compared to Eh and Pg; however, the ratio Fc/Sc, yielded the highest relative area for Pg.

Nesting and use of pollen resources by Tetrapedia diversipes Klug (Apidae) in Atlantic Forest areas (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) in different stages of regeneration

Nesting and use of pollen resources by Tetrapedia diversipes Klug (Apidae) in Atlantic Forest areas (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) in different stages of regeneration. The nesting in trap-nests and use of pollen sources in larval food by Tetrapedia diversipes Klug, 1810 (Apidae) was compared between regenerating areas of Atlantic Forest. The study was conducted between April 2008 and October 2009 at União Biological Reserve, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. T. diversipes nested in 66 trap-nests and showed a peak of nesting during the months of highest rainfall. The most frequent pollen type in brood cells during the wet season was Dalechampia sp. 1. During the dry season, the type Ludwigia sp. was the most frequent, followed by Dalechampia sp. 2. The high frequency of Dalechampia and Ludwigia species in the larval food, observed in both habitats and in the two seasons could be considered relevant for T. diversipes, suggesting highly selective diet based primarily on two plant species unrelated, but similar in size of pollen grains.

Fauna of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) in areas with endemic American cutaneous leishmaniasis in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Fauna of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) in areas with endemic American cutaneous leishmaniasis in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The aim of this study was to investigate the ecological aspects of the main vectors of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in four monitoring stations situated in the municipalities of Naviraí, Nova Andradina, Novo Horizonte do Sul and Rio Verde de Mato Grosso. For each monitoring station, the captures of sand flies were undertaken each month from July 2008 to June 2010 using CDC and Shannon traps. The CDC traps were installed simultaneously for three consecutive nights in three collection sites: intradomicile, peridomicile and edge of the forest. A Shannon trap was installed from dusk to 10 pm, inside the forest, one night per month. A total of 7,651 sand flies belonging to nine genera and twenty-nine species were captured. Nyssomyia neivai (52.95%), Psathyromyia hermanlenti (10.91%), Psathyromyia runoides (9.16%), Nyssomyia whitmani (7.95%), Psathyromyia aragaoi (4. 89%), Nyssomyia antunesi (3.14%) and Evandromyia bourrouli (2.20%) were the most frequent species. Approximately 65% of the sand flies were collected in the forest environment. The municipalities presented significantly different indexes of species diversity. Naviraí presented the lowest species diversity index, however, it showed the highest abundance. Novo Horizonte do Sul had the highest species diversity index, but the lowest abundance (< 5%). It is noteworthy the occurrence of vector species of Leishmania in the areas studied, especially in Naviraí, where Ny. neivai presented high frequencies which may explain the increased number of ACL cases in this municipality.

Temporal Geobiotic Mapping: a conceptual mapping technique toward visualising geobiotic areas in cross-section

Geobiota are defined by taxic assemblages (i.e., biota) and their defining abiotic breaks, which are mapped in cross-section to reveal past and future biotic boundaries. We term this conceptual approach Temporal Geobiotic Mapping (TGM) and offer it as a conceptual approach for biogeography. TGM is based on geological cross-sectioning, which creates maps based on the distribution of biota and known abiotic factors that drive their distribution, such as climate, topography, soil chemistry and underlying geology. However, the availability of abiotic data is limited for many areas. Unlike other approaches, TGM can be used when there is minimal data available. In order to demonstrate TGM, we use the well-known area in the Blue Mountains, New South Wales (NSW), south-eastern Australia and show how surface processes such as weathering and erosion affect the future distribution of a Moist Basalt Forest taxic assemblage. Biotic areas are best represented visually as maps, which can show transgressions and regressions of biota and abiota over time. Using such maps, a biogeographer can directly compare animal and plant distributions with features in the abiotic environment and may identify significant geographical barriers or pathways that explain biotic distributions.

Parasitoids of the endangered leafcutter ant Atta robusta Borgmeier in urban and natural areas

Parasitoids of the endangered leafcutter ant Atta robusta Borgmeier in urban and natural areas. Hosts of parasitoids in urban areas may suffer from a double threat of habitat destruction by urbanization and parasitism pressure. Moreover, the parasitoids themselves might be at risk if they are specialists. Here, we studied whether Atta robusta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), which is on the red list of Brazilian threatened species, suffers from higher parasitism pressure in an urban area compared to a natural one. In addition, we determined whether their specialist parasitoids, Eibesfeldtphora breviloba and Myrmosicarius exrobusta (Diptera, Phoridae), are in risk and evaluated whether they are influenced by habitat structure, temperature, humidity, ant traffic, and time of the day. The study was carried out in an urban park and in a natural protected area in the city of Rio de Janeiro. In each site we chose an open area and a closed area (forest) and sampled nine nests in each area. We found that parasitism pressure was similar in urban and natural areas, with the same two parasitoid species present in both areas. The main difference was related to habitat structure, since M. exrobusta was mainly present in open areas while E. breviloba was almost exclusively found in closed areas. Myrmosicarius exrobusta was not present during the hottest midday times, and its abundance was negatively correlated to vapor pressure deficit. These results suggest that green areas can be an important component in efforts to conserve diversity in urban areas. However, the complexity of the habitats in those areas is a fundamental issue in designing urban parks.

Insect galls of restinga areas of Ilha da Marambaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Insect galls of restinga areas of Ilha da Marambaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This study carried out an insect gall inventory in restinga areas of Ilha da Marambaia, in the municipality of Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sampling was carried out monthly from April 2010 to March 2011 along the full extension of seven beaches. A total number of 147 gall morphotypes associated with 70 plant species were found, distributed in 33 plant families, and at least 54 genera. Myrtaceae was the botanical family with the highest richness of gall morphotypes and host species, followed by Bignoniaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Sapindaceae, and Malpighiaceae. Most of the gall morphotypes occurred in leaves (78 morphotypes), 38 in stems, 14 in flowers, eight in buds and fruits, and one in adventitious roots. The galling insects belong to the five orders: Diptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, and Thysanoptera. Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) was the most common galling taxon (78 morphotypes), represented by 87 species, being 78 gallers, seven inquilines and two predators. In addition to the gallers, parasitoids, inquilines, and predators were also found.

Comportamento espectral de materiais de solos e de estruturas biogênicas associadas

No presente estudo, verificou-se a interferência da macrofauna edáfica sobre os atributos físicos e químicos e sua relação com a reflectância espectral de um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (LV), Terra Roxa Estruturada latossólica (TR) e Vertissolo (V). Esses solos localizam-se em três pontos ao longo de uma toposseqüência da região de Piracicaba (SP). As amostras foram direcionadas para os agregados formados pelas formigas cortadeiras (Atta sp.), cupins (Cornitermes cumulans) e minhocas (Pontoscolex corethrurus), os quais foram comparados com o solo-controle sem atividade visível e recente dos animais (testemunha). Foram avaliadas a granulometria e a composição química das amostras de solo. O comportamento espectral do solo foi obtido em laboratório, utilizando espectroradiômetro entre 400 e 2.500 nm. Os coprólitos de minhoca apresentaram 2 a 3 vezes mais fósforo e um incremento de 30 a 50% na matéria orgânica em relação ao horizonte superficial do solo. Os agregados de cupins e formigas apresentaram composição química semelhante à dos horizontes subsuperficiais dos solos. O comportamento espectral dos agregados biológicos variou conforme sua composição química e profundidade de ação dos animais. No caso da minhoca, as curvas de reflectância foram semelhantes às do horizonte superficial para os três solos. Para as estruturas de cupim e formiga, tanto a composição química como o comportamento espectral corresponderam ao horizonte subsuperficial no LV e TR.

Comportamento de diferentes sistemas de manejo como fonte ou depósito de carbono em relação à vegetação de Cerrado

Estudaram-se a distribuição, a acumulação de carbono orgânico (C) e o papel do solo como fonte ou depósito de C-CO2 em perfis de Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro (LE) argiloso e muito argiloso. As avaliações foram realizadas nos campos experimentais da Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina, Distrito Federal, em seis sistemas de manejo: vegetação típica de cerrado (CE), reflorestamento de eucalipto (EU), pastagem cultivada (PA), preparo com grade pesada (GP), preparo com arado de discos (AD), plantio direto (PD), estabelecidos por mais de doze anos, na região dos Cerrados. O C foi analisado em amostras de solo coletadas no perfil até à profundidade de 100 cm. O balanço de C dos outros sistemas em relação ao CE foi utilizado para analisar o comportamento do solo como fonte ou depósito de C-CO2. As alterações mais importantes na dinâmica do C, no que se refere a adições, perdas e distribuição, ocorreram nas camadas superficiais. Em relação ao sistema natural (CE), verificou-se que a acumulação de C foi maior nos sistemas com menor intensidade de perturbação do solo (PD, PA e EU) e menor nos sistemas mais perturbados (AD e GP). Os solos sob PD, PA e EU funcionaram como depósito e os solos sob GP e AD como fonte de CO2.

Efeito do manejo e da umidade no comportamento compressivo de três latossolos

Para analisar o efeito da umidade e do manejo na compressibilidade de três solos: Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo, Latossolo Roxo e Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro sob cultura anual, mata natural e pastagem, localizados nos municípios de Lavras e Ijaci (MG), foram coletadas cinco amostras indeformadas e uma deformada em duas profundidades (0-0,03 e 0,27-0,30 m) com três repetições. A análise das amostras indeformadas foi realizada por meio de ensaio de compressão uniaxial sob diferentes umidades, determinando-se então as curvas de compressão. A partir das amostras deformadas, determinaram-se os limites de consistência, análise granulométrica e carbono orgânico. Observou-se que as variações nas propriedades físicas e mecânicas dos solos, induzidas pela sua gênese e manejo, alteraram o comportamento compressivo dos solos, tendo a umidade modificado a forma das curvas de compressão em todos os solos, deslocando-as para a região de maior densidade quando normalizadas, enquanto a densidade inicial controlou a sua posição no eixo da densidade do solo.

Comportamento erosivo de um sistema pedológico de Umuarama, noroeste do estado do Paraná

O município de Umuarama, noroeste do estado do Paraná, apresenta solos de textura arenosa e média, associados aos arenitos da Formação Caiuá do Cretáceo Superior. Além da fragilidade natural desses solos, o desmatamento, o uso e a ocupação generalizados contribuíram para a intensificação dos processos erosivos. Uma vertente próxima à área urbana foi escolhida para estudo em toposseqüência, visando à caracterização pedológica macro e micromorfológica, acompanhada de caracterização físico-hídrica dos horizontes pedológicos. Os dados permitiram chegar a algumas conclusões importantes, quanto ao comportamento dos materiais, dos fluxos hídricos e quanto à dinâmica erosiva dos solos, bem como permitiram distinguir os setores inferiores da vertente como os de maior risco à erosão linear.

Similaridades entre o caráter coeso dos solos e o comportamento hardsetting: estudo de caso

O termo coeso é utilizado, no Brasil, para distinguir horizontes subsuperficiais de solos que apresentam consistência dura, muito dura ou extremamente dura, quando secos, e friável, quando úmidos. Solos australianos com características similares foram identificados como hardsetting. Muitos solos da África e de outras regiões semi-áridas podem ser caracterizados como hardsetting, segundo vários pesquisadores. O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar a hipótese de que os solos com caráter coeso, identificados sobre os sedimentos do Terciário, na região nordeste do Brasil, apresentam propriedades morfológicas e físicas similares aos solos hardsetting. O estudo foi realizado em um Latossolo Amarelo Coeso, localizado em Cruz das Almas (BA), sob floresta secundária. Durante o período de secamento do solo, foram caracterizadas as mudanças morfológicas ocorrentes no perfil e, ainda, realizadas medidas da resistência do solo à penetração em horizontes: não-coeso (A1) e coeso (AB1). Os resultados indicaram que os parâmetros morfológicos e físicos do horizonte coeso foram similares àqueles utilizados para definir o comportamento hardsetting.

Efeito de ZN, Cd e Cu no comportamento de fungos ectomicorrízicos em meio de cultura

Os fungos ectomicorrízicos são capazes de tolerar concentrações de metais pesados tóxicas às plantas hospedeiras, apesar de serem adversamente influenciados pelo excesso de alguns metais. Avaliou-se o crescimento de um isolado de Pisolithus tinctorius e outro de Suillus bovinus em meio de cultura líquido com doses crescentes de sais de Zn, Cu ou Cd adicionados individualmente em frascos de 125 mL que continham 50 mL de meio Mellin-Norkrans modificado (MNM), em pH 4,8. Os fungos cresceram por 20 dias em câmara de crescimento a 28ºC. O crescimento dos fungos foi inibido com a elevação das concentrações dos metais, porém de forma diferenciada. As concentrações suficientes para inibir 50% do crescimento foram de 2,71 x 10-3 mol L-1 de Zn, 1,18 x 10-3 mol L-1 de Cu e 12,2 x 10-6 mol L-1 de Cd, para o P. tinctorius, e de 2,15 x 10-3 mol L-1 de Zn, 0,12 x 10-3 mol L-1 de Cu e 7,2 x 10-6 mol L-1 de Cd, para o S. bovinus. O efeito inibitório dos metais sobre o crescimento dos fungos seguiu a seguinte ordem decrescente: Cd > Cu > Zn. O isolado de S. bovinus apresentou tolerância ao Zn similar à observada para o P. tinctorius, mas foi menos tolerante que este em relação aos outros dois metais. O crescimento de P. tinctorius foi favorecido por pequena dose de Cu. A produção de pigmentos extracelulares nestes isolados foi estimulada por todos os metais estudados. O P. tinctorius, o mais tolerante, produziu mais pigmentos extracelulares por grama de micélio, o que sugere a relação positiva entre a capacidade de produção de pigmentos e a tolerância aos metais.