Heat Source Estimation with the Conjugate Gradient Method in Inverse Linear Diffusive Problems

In this work, we present the solution of a class of linear inverse heat conduction problems for the estimation of unknown heat source terms, with no prior information of the functional forms of timewise and spatial dependence of the source strength, using the conjugate gradient method with an adjoint problem. After describing the mathematical formulation of a general direct problem and the procedure for the solution of the inverse problem, we show applications to three transient heat transfer problems: a one-dimensional cylindrical problem; a two-dimensional cylindrical problem; and a one-dimensional problem with two plates.

Non-Linear Unsteady Aerodynamic Response Approximation Using Multi-Layer Functionals

Non-linear functional representation of the aerodynamic response provides a convenient mathematical model for motion-induced unsteady transonic aerodynamic loads response, that accounts for both complex non-linearities and time-history effects. A recent development, based on functional approximation theory, has established a novel functional form; namely, the multi-layer functional. For a large class of non-linear dynamic systems, such multi-layer functional representations can be realised via finite impulse response (FIR) neural networks. Identification of an appropriate FIR neural network model is facilitated by means of a supervised training process in which a limited sample of system input-output data sets is presented to the temporal neural network. The present work describes a procedure for the systematic identification of parameterised neural network models of motion-induced unsteady transonic aerodynamic loads response. The training process is based on a conventional genetic algorithm to optimise the network architecture, combined with a simplified random search algorithm to update weight and bias values. Application of the scheme to representative transonic aerodynamic loads response data for a bidimensional airfoil executing finite-amplitude motion in transonic flow is used to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach. The approach is shown to furnish a satisfactory generalisation property to different motion histories over a range of Mach numbers in the transonic regime.

On non-ideal and non-linear portal frame dynamics analysis using bogoliubov averaging method

We apply the Bogoliubov Averaging Method to the study of the vibrations of an elastic foundation, forced by a Non-ideal energy source. The considered model consists of a portal plane frame with quadratic nonlinearities, with internal resonance 1:2, supporting a direct current motor with limited power. The non-ideal excitation is in primary resonance in the order of one-half with the second mode frequency. The results of the averaging method, plotted in time evolution curve and phase diagrams are compared to those obtained by numerically integrating of the original differential equations. The presence of the saturation phenomenon is verified by analytical procedures.

Efeitos de algumas características do solo na resposta da planta a doses de herbicidas

Foram estudados em casa de vegetação o tempo de sobre vivência de oito espécies olerícolas a aplicação de atrazina nas doses correspondentes a 1,8 e 3,2 kg/ha, e de diuron nas doses de 1,2 e 2,0 kg/ ha, em três tipos de solos ácidos tropicais. Os resultados mostraram alta correlação linear entre o tempo médio de vida das plântulas com teores de matéria orgânica, capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC) efetiva e pH do solo; e baixas correlações com teores de argila mais silte. Os resultados indicam ser mais adequado tomar como base a característica CTC do solo em lugar da sua classificação textural para fins de recomendação das doses dos herbicidas.

Dinâmica do banco de sementes de arroz-vermelho afetado pelo pisoteio bovino e tempo de pousio da área

Para avaliar a influência do pisoteio bovino e do tempo de pousio na dinâmica do banco de sementes de arroz-vermelho foi conduzido um experimento em lavoura comercial de arroz irrigado, que adota o sistema de cultivo mínimo, seguido de dois anos de pousio, manejada, nesse período, pelo pastejo de bovinos. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições no esquema bifatorial. O fator A constou dos manejos pós-colheita da cultura de arroz: [M1] - pousio com pisoteio animal e [M2] - pousio sem pisoteio animal. O fator B constou dos anos de amostragem: [A1] - 1999, [A2] - 2000 e [A3] - 2001. O banco de sementes de arroz-vermelho foi estimado através de 12 amostras de solo por parcela, em abril de 1999, abril de 2000 e abril de 2001, com trado cilíndrico de 10 cm de diâmetro. As profundidades de coleta das amostras de solo foram de 0-1 cm, 1-5 cm, 5-10 cm e 10-15 cm. Após a coleta, os grãos de arroz-vermelho foram separados do solo, contados e submetidos ao teste de tetrazólio, para estimativa da viabilidade. O pisoteio bovino não afetou a distribuição das sementes no perfil do solo, bem como a dinâmica do banco de sementes. Houve efeito do tempo de pousio sobre o banco de sementes de arroz-vermelho; a equação que melhor explica a correlação entre número de sementes viáveis e tempo de pousio, em meses, foi a equação exponencial y = 1382,15 exp (-0,1988*x) p<0,05, demonstrando o decréscimo de 1.448 para 151 (90% de redução) em 12 meses e para 38 (98% de redução) sementes viáveis por m² em 24 meses de pousio. Com relação às profundidades de enterrio das sementes de arroz-vermelho, foi observado que, para o ano de 2000, a redução do banco de sementes foi maior na superfície do solo, enquanto para o ano de 2001 não houve diferença significativa entre as profundidades. As sementes que estavam na superfície do solo perderam a viabilidade rapidamente, em torno de 99% em um ano de pousio, tanto na presença como na ausência de pisoteio. Conclui-se que o pisoteio animal não interfere na dinâmica do banco de sementes de arroz-vermelho da área em pousio. O pousio do solo, com ou sem pisoteio animal, reduz o banco de sementes de arroz-vermelho.

Temperatura cardeal e potencial hídrico na germinação de sementes de corda-de-viola (Ipomoea triloba)

O presente trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar o efeito da temperatura e da umidade na germinação e na emergência de corda-de-viola (Ipomoea triloba) e determinar o efeito de potenciais hídricos e de temperaturas na germinação de sementes e na elongação do hipocótilo e da radícula dessa espécie. Avaliaram-se os termoperíodos de 9,3 e 5 (7,5); 14,3 e 10 (12,5); 19,3 e 15 (17,5); 24,3 e 20 (22,5); 29,3 e 25 (27,5); 34,3 e 30 (32,5); 39,2 e 35 (37,5) e 44,2; 40 (42,5); e 49,2 e 45 (47,5) ºC, alternando-se durante 14 e 10 horas, e os potenciais hídricos de 0, -0,03, -0,06, -0,1, -0,2, -0,4, -0,6 e -0,9 MPa. A germinação de corda-de-viola foi descrita pela interação da temperatura e do potencial hídrico, e a taxa de elongação da radícula e do hipocótilo, em função da temperatura. Os parâmetros do modelo usado para estimar as temperaturas cardeais e o potencial hídrico base foram determinados por "probit" análise, para a germinação. Em se tratando dos processos de elongação, as temperaturas cardeais foram determinadas por regressão linear, e suas respostas à temperatura, descritas por equação de regressão de segunda ordem. Os modelos matemáticos usados descreveram os processos de germinação e elongação do hipocótilo e da radícula dessa espécie em termos de tempo hidrotérmico e temperatura, respectivamente.

Potencial competitivo de cultivares de trigo em função do tempo de emergência

Características morfofisiológicas de cultivares de trigo definem a sua capacidade em competir com plantas daninhas pelos recursos do meio. Objetivou-se com este trabalho quantificar variações no tempo de emergência, crescimento e desenvolvimento inicial de cultivares de trigo com diferentes ciclos e estatura de plantas. O experimento foi conduzido no ano de 2006 em casa de vegetação da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, em delineamento completamente casualizado com cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos por sete cultivares de trigo - BRS Guatambu, BRS Tarumã, BRS Timbaúva, BRS Camboatá, BRS Buriti, CD 105 e BRS Camboim - e duas plantas daninhas: nabo e azevém. O tempo de emergência dos cultivares e o das plantas daninhas foram avaliados até os dez dias após a semeadura. Aos 10, 20 e 35 dias após a emergência (DAE), foi determinada a estatura das plantas de trigo e, aos 20 e 35 DAE, o estádio de desenvolvimento. Aos 35 DAE foi determinada a área foliar e a matéria seca das partes aérea e radicular, sendo os dados submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Duncan. Entre as características avaliadas nos cultivares de trigo, a duração do ciclo e a estatura da planta não influenciaram o tempo de emergência; os cultivares BRS Guatambu, BRS Timbaúva e BRS Camboim foram os que apresentaram maior potencial competitivo no início do ciclo, e o BRS Tarumã, o que apresentou as menores médias para as variáveis morfológicas.

Impacto da erva-moira na produção do tomateiro e ajuste de modelos matemáticos

Modelos matemáticos são úteis para estimar o impacto das infestantes nas culturas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: elucidar a interação de Solanum nigrum (ervamoira ou maria-pretinha) com o tomateiro no sistema de sementeira direta e transplantado; e avaliar o impacto de diferentes densidades de infestação e períodos de tempo de competição na quantidade de frutos do tomateiro. Entre os anos 1991 e 2001, foram conduzidos cinco experimentos em campo na região tomaticultora de Portugal. Os experimentos seguiram o método aditivo, mantendo-se constante a densidade da cultura, enquanto o número de ervas-moiras variou entre 0 e 6 plantas m-2. Outro fator avaliado foi o período de convivência da infestante na cultura, incluindo os períodos do transplante/semeadura e o início da floração até a colheita. Os resultados de perda de produção foram ajustados aos modelos linear e hiperbólico. O comportamento das perdas de produção nas densidades mais baixas de erva-moira é do tipo linear. A erva-moira é uma espécie muito competitiva em relação ao tomateiro tanto quando a cultura é semeada quanto quando é transplantada. As perdas de produção foram maiores quando a cultura foi semeada, em comparação com a transplantada.

Using the best linear predictor (BLP) in the selection between and among half-sib progenies of the CMS-39 maize population

Data of corn ear production (kg/ha) of 196 half-sib progenies (HSP) of the maize population CMS-39 obtained from experiments carried out in four environments were used to adapt and assess the BLP method (best linear predictor) in comparison with to the selection among and within half-sib progenies (SAWHSP). The 196 HSP of the CMS-39 population developed by the National Center for Maize and Sorghum Research (CNPMS-EMBRAPA) were related through their pedigree with the recombined progenies of the previous selection cycle. The two methodologies used for the selection of the twenty best half-sib progenies, BLP and SAWHSP, led to similar expected genetic gains. There was a tendency in the BLP methodology to select a greater number of related progenies because of the previous generation (pedigree) than the other method. This implies that greater care with the effective size of the population must be taken with this method. The SAWHSP methodology was efficient in isolating the additive genetic variance component from the phenotypic component. The pedigree system, although unnecessary for the routine use of the SAWHSP methodology, allowed the prediction of an increase in the inbreeding of the population in the long term SAWHSP selection when recombination is simultaneous to creation of new progenies.

Linear competitive inhibition of human tissue kallikrein by 4-aminobenzamidine and benzamidine and linear mixed inhibition by 4-nitroaniline and aniline

Hydrolysis of D-valyl-L-leucyl-L-arginine p-nitroanilide (7.5-90.0 µM) by human tissue kallikrein (hK1) (4.58-5.27 nM) at pH 9.0 and 37ºC was studied in the absence and in the presence of increasing concentrations of 4-aminobenzamidine (96-576 µM), benzamidine (1.27-7.62 mM), 4-nitroaniline (16.5-66 µM) and aniline (20-50 mM). The kinetic parameters determined in the absence of inhibitors were: Km = 12.0 ± 0.8 µM and k cat = 48.4 ± 1.0 min-1. The data indicate that the inhibition of hK1 by 4-aminobenzamidine and benzamidine is linear competitive, while the inhibition by 4-nitroaniline and aniline is linear mixed, with the inhibitor being able to bind both to the free enzyme with a dissociation constant Ki yielding an EI complex, and to the ES complex with a dissociation constant Ki', yielding an ESI complex. The calculated Ki values for 4-aminobenzamidine, benzamidine, 4-nitroaniline and aniline were 146 ± 10, 1,098 ± 91, 38.6 ± 5.2 and 37,340 ± 5,400 µM, respectively. The calculated Ki' values for 4-nitroaniline and aniline were 289.3 ± 92.8 and 310,500 ± 38,600 µM, respectively. The fact that Ki'>Ki indicates that 4-nitroaniline and aniline bind to a second binding site in the enzyme with lower affinity than they bind to the active site. The data about the inhibition of hK1 by 4-aminobenzamidine and benzamidine help to explain previous observations that esters, anilides or chloromethyl ketone derivatives of Nalpha-substituted arginine are more sensitive substrates or inhibitors of hK1 than the corresponding lysine compounds.

Manipulating Greek musical modes and tempo affects perceived musical emotion in musicians and nonmusicians

The combined influence of tempo and mode on emotional responses to music was studied by crossing 7 changes in mode with 3 changes in tempo. Twenty-four musicians aged 19 to 25 years (12 males and 12 females) and 24 nonmusicians aged 17 to 25 years (12 males and 12 females) were required to perform two tasks: 1) listening to different musical excerpts, and 2) associating an emotion to them such as happiness, serenity, fear, anger, or sadness. ANOVA showed that increasing the tempo strongly affected the arousal (F(2,116) = 268.62, mean square error (MSE) = 0.6676, P < 0.001) and, to a lesser extent, the valence of emotional responses (F(6,348) = 8.71, MSE = 0.6196, P < 0.001). Changes in modes modulated the affective valence of the perceived emotions (F(6,348) = 4.24, MSE = 0.6764, P < 0.001). Some interactive effects were found between tempo and mode (F (1,58) = 115.6, MSE = 0.6428, P < 0.001), but, in most cases, the two parameters had additive effects. This finding demonstrates that small changes in the pitch structures of modes modulate the emotions associated with the pieces, confirming the cognitive foundation of emotional responses to music.

Linear and nonlinear analysis of heart rate variability in healthy subjects and after acute myocardial infarction in patients

The objectives of this study were to evaluate and compare the use of linear and nonlinear methods for analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) in healthy subjects and in patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Heart rate (HR) was recorded for 15 min in the supine position in 10 patients with AMI taking β-blockers (aged 57 ± 9 years) and in 11 healthy subjects (aged 53 ± 4 years). HRV was analyzed in the time domain (RMSSD and RMSM), the frequency domain using low- and high-frequency bands in normalized units (nu; LFnu and HFnu) and the LF/HF ratio and approximate entropy (ApEn) were determined. There was a correlation (P < 0.05) of RMSSD, RMSM, LFnu, HFnu, and the LF/HF ratio index with the ApEn of the AMI group on the 2nd (r = 0.87, 0.65, 0.72, 0.72, and 0.64) and 7th day (r = 0.88, 0.70, 0.69, 0.69, and 0.87) and of the healthy group (r = 0.63, 0.71, 0.63, 0.63, and 0.74), respectively. The median HRV indexes of the AMI group on the 2nd and 7th day differed from the healthy group (P < 0.05): RMSSD = 10.37, 19.95, 24.81; RMSM = 23.47, 31.96, 43.79; LFnu = 0.79, 0.79, 0.62; HFnu = 0.20, 0.20, 0.37; LF/HF ratio = 3.87, 3.94, 1.65; ApEn = 1.01, 1.24, 1.31, respectively. There was agreement between the methods, suggesting that these have the same power to evaluate autonomic modulation of HR in both AMI patients and healthy subjects. AMI contributed to a reduction in cardiac signal irregularity, higher sympathetic modulation and lower vagal modulation.

Differential effects of aging on spatial contrast sensitivity to linear and polar sine-wave gratings

Changes in visual function beyond high-contrast acuity are known to take place during normal aging. We determined whether sensitivity to linear sine-wave gratings and to an elementary stimulus preferentially processed in extrastriate areas could be distinctively affected by aging. We measured spatial contrast sensitivity twice for concentric polar (Bessel) and vertical linear gratings of 0.6, 2.5, 5, and 20 cycles per degree (cpd) in two age groups (20-30 and 60-70 years). All participants were free of identifiable ocular disease and had normal or corrected-to-normal visual acuity. Participants were more sensitive to Cartesian than to polar gratings in all frequencies tested, and the younger adult group was more sensitive to all stimuli tested. Significant differences between sensitivities of the two groups were found for linear (only 20 cpd; P<0.01) and polar gratings (all frequencies tested; P<0.01). The young adult group was significantly more sensitive to linear than to circular gratings in the 20 cpd frequency. The older adult group was significantly more sensitive to linear than to circular gratings in all spatial frequencies, except in the 20 cpd frequency. The results suggest that sensitivity to the two kinds of stimuli is affected differently by aging. We suggest that neural changes in the aging brain are important determinants of this difference and discuss the results according to current models of human aging.

A dose-response curve for biodosimetry from a 6 MV electron linear accelerator

Biological dosimetry (biodosimetry) is based on the investigation of radiation-induced biological effects (biomarkers), mainly dicentric chromosomes, in order to correlate them with radiation dose. To interpret the dicentric score in terms of absorbed dose, a calibration curve is needed. Each curve should be constructed with respect to basic physical parameters, such as the type of ionizing radiation characterized by low or high linear energy transfer (LET) and dose rate. This study was designed to obtain dose calibration curves by scoring of dicentric chromosomes in peripheral blood lymphocytes irradiated in vitro with a 6 MV electron linear accelerator (Mevatron M, Siemens, USA). Two software programs, CABAS (Chromosomal Aberration Calculation Software) and Dose Estimate, were used to generate the curve. The two software programs are discussed; the results obtained were compared with each other and with other published low LET radiation curves. Both software programs resulted in identical linear and quadratic terms for the curve presented here, which was in good agreement with published curves for similar radiation quality and dose rates.