Association of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with bacteria in hospitals in the State of Santa Catarina

The objective of this study was to identify ant occurrence in hospital environments in the State of Santa Catarina, along with associated bacteria. Ants were collected monthly from five inpatient clinics in two hospitals in the municipality of Chapecó, from August 2003 to June 2004. They were collected under aseptic conditions using swabs moistened with sterile distilled water and put into test tubes containing BHI for microbiological analysis. After 24 hours, cultures were made in both 5% sheep blood and MacConkey agar, which were incubated for 24 hours at 35/37°C. The Gram characterization, culture identification and biochemical characterization followed standardized rules for clinical microbiology. Seven species of ants were identified, of which the most frequent were Monomorium pharaonis (71.5%) and Solenopsis saevissima (57%), and nineteen species of bacteria was isolated from hospital "A".

List of species in the genus Lutzomyia, França, 1924 (Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) from the State of Mato Grosso

This work had the objective of listing the sand fly species that occur in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Data relating to entomological surveys conducted between 1996 and 2004 were obtained from the National Health Foundation and the State Health Department, and this was supplemented with information from research carried out in the state and from the specialized literature. There were records of 106 sand fly species belonging to the genus Lutzomyia. This is a rich and diversified fauna, with some species restricted to forested areas and others recorded throughout the state, independent of the vegetation type, and in areas modified by human action, with predominance of Lutzomyia whitmani.

Tungíase: doença negligenciada causando patologia grave em uma favela de Fortaleza, Ceará

A tungíase, ectoparasitose causada pela pulga Tunga penetrans, é endêmica em comunidades brasileiras de baixo poder aquisitivo. Neste estudo foram identificados habitantes de uma favela urbana em Fortaleza com carga parasitária elevada. Número de lesões, localização, estadiamento e patologias associadas foram registrados. Os 142 indivíduos identificados apresentaram condições de moradia extremamente precárias. Contou-se no total 3.445 lesões localizadas nos pés (mediana = 17 lesões; máximo = 98 lesões). Quase sem exceção, os indivíduos apresentaram deformações ungueais e edema e mais de 70% dor e fissuras. Perda de unha foi observada em 46% dos casos e deformação de dígitos em 25%; 42% apresentaram abscessos e 59% queixaram-se de dificuldade de andar. Nossos dados mostram que a tungíase em comunidade urbana de baixa renda típica no nordeste brasileiro está associada a patologia grave. A doença precisa ser reconhecida como problema de saúde pública na região estudada e em outras áreas endêmicas semelhantes.

Prevalence and monthly distribution of head lice using two diagnostic procedures in several age groups in Uberlândia, State of Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil

Some epidemiological characteristics of head lice, Pediculus capitis, were studied using two procedures: cut hair analysis and head inspection. Higher prevalence rates were observed in the middle and at the end of the school terms. Both procedures indicated that children were the main reservoir for this type of pediculosis in Uberlândia.

HIV genotyping among female sex workers in the State of Santa Catarina

The objective of this study was to investigate the frequency of HIV infection among female sex workers in the port area of Imbituba (State of Santa Catarina), and to identify the viral subtype and its susceptibility to antiretroviral medications. Ninety women were interviewed between December 2003 and February 2004. Six (6.7%) were HIV-positive. Genotyping for HIV, performed on four samples, detected subtype C in three of them, which is predominant in Africa and Asia, and subtype B in one of them, which is prevalent in Brazil, USA and Europe. The results suggest that the Port of Imbituba may be one of the gateways for HIV-1 subtype C to enter Brazil, and for its dissemination to the rest of the country and the Mercosul area, along the highway BR-101. This points towards the need for preventive work to reduce the introduction and dissemination of HIV subtype C in Brazil.

Avaliação da atividade in vitro do meropenem contra cepas de Klebsiella pneumoniae produtoras de betalactamases de espectro expandido isoladas na cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará

Betalactamases de espectro estendido são mediadas por plasmídios. Essas enzimas possuem a habilidade de hidrolizar antibióticos beta-lactâmicos. Nesse estudo, avaliamos a atividade in vitro do meropenem contra cepas de Klebsiella pneumoniae produtoras de ESBLs. Foram estudadas 14 cepas. A susceptibilidade dessas cepas para o meropenem foi de 100%.

G and P rotavirus genotypes in stool samples from children in Teresina, State of Piauí

A total of 123 stool specimens collected in Teresina, Piauí between 1994 and 1996, from 0 to 2-year-old children with diarrhea, were used for this study. Molecular characterization of the G and P rotavirus genotypes was performed using the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The following results were obtained for the P genotypes: P[8] (17. 1%), P[1] (4. 9%), P[4] (3. 3%), P[6, M37] (2. 4%) and mixtures (27. 6%). The P[1]+P[8] mixture was found in 19. 5% of the samples. For the G genotypes, the results were: G1 (25. 2%), G5 (13. 8%), G2 (2. 5%), G4 (2. 5%), G9 (0. 8%) and mixtures (41. 5%). G1+G5 was the mixture most frequently found (12. 1%). Our results showed unusual combinations such as P[1]G5 and P[1]+P[8]G5. The high percentage of mixtures and unusual combinations containing mixtures of human and animal rotavirus genotypes strongly suggests the possibility of gene reassortment and interspecies transmission.

Domiciliation of Triatoma pseudomaculata (Corrêa e Espínola 1964) in the Jequitinhonha Valley, State of Minas Gerais

Impact of the vector control program was evaluated eight years after implantation of epidemiological surveillance for Chagas’ disease in Berilo, a municipality in the Jequitinhonha Valley of the Brazilian State of Minas Gerais. In all 5,242 domiciliary units (96% of the total) were inspected and 10 found to be infested by the triatomine bug Triatoma pseudomaculata. Triatomines were found associated with bats inside one house and in the peridomiciles of the other nine. None of the 111 Triatoma pseudomaculata captured was infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Noireau et al16 traps were installed in (n=8) and around (n=100) the infested house but no Trypanpsoma cruzi-infected triatomines were found. None bat, opossums (Didelphis albiventris) and rat captured in the peridomicile were infected with Trypanosoma cruzi although 24% of the inhabitants of the house infested by Triatoma pseudomaculata were seropositive for the parasite, based on ELISA, IHA and IIF.

Nosocomial Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission among healthcare students in a high incidence region, in Vitória, State of Espírito Santo

This open comparative study for evaluating hypersensitivity to tuberculin among medical students (n=441), nursing students (n=178) and economics students (n=230) in Vitória, State of Espírito Santo, had the aim of assessing whether the prevalence of positive tuberculin tests among healthcare students could be used as a sentinel event for nosocomial transmission in localities with high endemicity. There was a significant change in the frequency of purified protein derivative reactivity in the nursing students (20. 3%) and medical students (18. 4%), in comparison with the economics students (6%) (p <0. 001). As expected, the medical and nursing students had more knowledge about tuberculosis than did the economics students (p <0. 001). Our data suggest that the incidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among nursing and medical students in our region, which has high endemicity of tuberculosis, does not differ from what is found in low-incidence countries. These data reinforce the need for implementing biosafety programs for this target population.

Tétano acidental no Estado do Ceará, entre 2002 e 2005

Descrevem-se as características demográficas e clínicas de indivíduos com tétano acidental no Ceará. Analisou-se, retrospectivamente, 131 casos de tétano acidental notificados em hospital de referência estadual entre 2002 e 2005. Destes, a maioria (84,8%) ocorreu entre homens e em moradores da zona urbana (93,2%). A faixa etária com maior incidência foi a de 35 a 49 anos (35,2%). História vacinal completa esteve relatada em quatro (3%) casos, sendo ferimento perfurocortante o mais observado, e os membros inferiores os mais acometidos. O trismo esteve relacionado a 86,2% dos casos, seguido por contraturas (54,1%). Entre os notificados houve 95,5% confirmados, cujo óbito incidiu em 33 (26,4%) pacientes. Conclui-se que o tétano acidental no Ceará atinge a população de maneira expressiva, apesar de ser uma doença imunoprevinível. Urge autoridades e órgãos gestores da saúde programarem estratégias que visem mudanças de políticas públicas relacionadas à cobertura vacinal dos susceptíveis, principalmente adultos.

Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever in the State of Pernambuco, 1995-2006

In Pernambuco, the first dengue cases occurred in 1987. After a seven-year interval without autochthonous cases, a new epidemic occurred in 1995. Important aspects of the dengue epidemics during the period 1995-2006 have been analyzed here, using epidemiological, clinical and laboratory data. A total of 378,374 cases were notified, with 612 confirmed cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever and 33 deaths. The mortality rate was 5.4%. The incidence rate increased from 134 to 1,438/100,000 inhabitants, corresponding to the epidemics due to serotypes 2 and 3, in 1995 and 2002, respectively. Dengue mainly affected adults (20-49 years); 40.7% were male and 59.3% were female. From 2003 onwards, the number of cases among individuals younger than 15 years old increased. Out of 225 dengue hemorrhagic fever cases, 42.7% primary and 57.3% secondary infections were identified (p = 0.0279). Neurological manifestations were also observed. From 2002 onwards, serotypes 1, 2 and 3 were circulating; serotype 3 was predominant.

Susceptibility of Aedes aegypti (L) to the insect growth regulators diflubenzuron and methoprene in Uberlândia, State of Minas Gerais

Aedes aegypti (L) (Diptera: Culicidae) was reared in several concentrations of diflubenzuron and methoprene under laboratory conditions in Uberlândia, State of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. Characteristics such as LC50 and LC95, the susceptibility of immature stages of different ages to these insect growth regulators and their residual effects were studied. The LC50 and LC95 of diflubenzuron and methoprene were 5.19 and 12.24 ppb; 19.95 and 72.08 ppb, respectively. While diflubenzuron caused great mortality in all larval instars, methoprene was more effective when the mosquito was exposed from the start of the fourth larval instar onwards. Commercial concentrations of these two insect growth regulators close to LC95 presented greater residual activity than did their respective technical formulations. The parameters were compared with those obtained elsewhere. The characteristics investigated here indicate that these insect growth regulators are effective alternatives for controlling the dengue vector in the Uberlândia region.

Human exposure to potential rabies virus transmitters in Olinda, State of Pernambuco, between 2002 and 2006

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the data on human exposure to potential rabies virus transmitters in Olinda, State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Data from 7,062 patients who underwent antirabies prophylactic treatment in Olinda between 2002 and 2006 were analyzed. As expected, dogs and cats were involved in most of the cases; i.e. 82.3 and 16.3%, respectively. Attacks by nonhuman primates, bats and other species (unspecified) were also reported. Among the 7,062 patients who underwent antirabies treatment, 582 patients abandoned the treatment, either by indication from the health unit (195) or by their own decision (387). In conclusion, this study has indicated that prophylaxis for human rabies in this urban area will require a multifaceted approach, including health education, post-exposure prophylaxis, systematic vaccination for dogs and cats, and possibly selective control over wild animals such as hematophagous bats.

Intestinal protozoa and helminths among Terena Indians in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul: high prevalence of Blastocystis hominis

A parasitological survey was carried out among Terena Indians living in the Tereré settlement in the municipality of Sidrolândia, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Single samples of feces from 313 Indians were processed by means of the spontaneous sedimentation method. In the population studied, 73.5% were infected with at least one intestinal parasite or commensal. Protozoa predominated. Blastocystis hominis (40.9%), Entamoeba coli (33.2%) and Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar (31.6%) were the most common. Bivariate analysis showed that females were generally more infected and presented higher rates of infection by Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar and Entamoeba coli. Males were more infected by hookworms and Strongyloides stercoralis than females. The precarious sanitary conditions of the Tereré settlement are probably a contributory factor towards the high prevalence of intestinal protozoa.

Epidemiologia da doença de Chagas em quatro localidades rurais de Jaguaruana, Estado do Ceará: soroprevalência da infecção, parasitemia e aspectos clínicos

Um estudo transversal sobre a doença de Chagas realizado com o exame da população de quatro localidades (nº= 541 habitantes) do município de Jaguaruana, estado do Ceará, mostrou: a soroprevalência da infecção chagásica em 3,1%, avaliada pelos testes de imunofluorescência indireta, hemaglutinação indireta e ELISA, maior entre as pessoas com mais de 50 anos e sem diferença em relação ao sexo; a parasitemia positiva em 11,8% (2/17) soropositivos, determinada pelo xenodiagnóstico indireto e em 75% (9/12) pela reação em cadeia da polimerase (p<0,05); a cardiopatia em 41% (7/17) dos soropositivos e em 11,8% (2/17) dos controles soronegativos (p< 0,05), avaliada por anamnese, exame físico e eletrocardiograma de repouso. A análise desses resultados mostrou que as prevalências da parasitemia positiva e da cardiopatia chagásica crônica são semelhantes às da Caatinga do Piauí e maiores do que no Sertão da Paraíba, apesar de historicamente, todas essas áreas apresentarem o Triatoma brasiliensis e o Triatoma pseudomaculata como principais responsáveis pela transmissão da infecção chagásica.