Caracterização do fator capacidade de fósforo em solos de Entre Ríos, Argentina

Trinta amostras de solos foram selecionadas com o objetivo de caracterizar o Fator Capacidade de Fósforo (FCP) e sua relação com propriedades de solos de Entre Ríos, Argentina. Foram estimadas isotermas de adsorção e realizado um teste rápido de adsorção de P, denominado P-remanescente. As equações de Freundlich e Langmuir descreveram adequadamente o fenômeno de adsorção de P. A capacidade máxima de adsorção variou de 46 a 716 mg kg-1 de P no solo, apresentando os solos analisados de muito baixo a médio FCP. A capacidade de adsorção de P aumentou com a quantidade de argila e não foi afetada pelo teor de carbono orgânico do solo. O P-remanescente permitiu caracterizar os solos em relação ao fator capacidade e estimar sua capacidade máxima de adsorção de P.

Root abundance of maize in conventionally-tilled and zero-tilled soils of Argentina

Maize root growth is negatively affected by compacted layers in the surface (e.g. agricultural traffic) and subsoil layers (e.g. claypans). Both kinds of soil mechanical impedances often coexist in maize fields, but the combined effects on root growth have seldom been studied. Soil physical properties and maize root abundance were determined in three different soils of the Rolling Pampa of Argentina, in conventionally-tilled (CT) and zero-tilled (ZT) fields cultivated with maize. In the soil with a light Bt horizon (loamy Typic Argiudoll, Chivilcoy site), induced plough pans were detected in CT plots at a depth of 0-0.12 m through significant increases in bulk density (1.15 to 1.27 Mg m-3) and cone (tip angle of 60 º) penetrometer resistance (7.18 to 9.37 MPa in summer from ZT to CT, respectively). This caused a reduction in maize root abundance of 40-80 % in CT compared to ZT plots below the induced pans. Two of the studied soils had hard-structured Bt horizons (clay pans), but in only one of them (silty clay loam Abruptic Argiudoll, Villa Lía site) the expected penetrometer resistance increases (up to 9 MPa) were observed with depth. In the other clay pan soil (silty clay loam Vertic Argiudoll, Pérez Millán site), penetrometer resistance did not increase with depth but reached 14.5 MPa at 0.075 and 0.2 m depth in CT and ZT plots, respectively. However, maize root abundance was stratified in the first 0.2 m at the Villa Lía and Pérez Millán sites. There, the hard Bt horizons did not represent an absolute but a relative mechanical impedance to maize roots, by the observed root clumping through desiccation cracks.

Distribution and vertical stratification of carbon and nitrogen in soil under different managements in the pampean region of Argentina

One of the expected benefits of no-tillage systems is a higher rate of soil C sequestration. However, higher C retention in soil is not always apparent when no-tillage is applied, due e.g., to substantial differences in soil type and initial C content. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of no-tillage management to increase the stock of total organic C in soils of the Pampas region in Argentina. Forty crop fields under no-tillage and conventional tillage systems and seven undisturbed soils were sampled. Total organic C, total N, their fractions and stratification ratios and the C storage capacity of the soils under different managements were assessed in samples to a depth of 30 cm, in three layers (0-5, 5-15 and 15-30 cm). The differences between the C pools of the undisturbed and cultivated soils were significant (p < 0.05) and most pronounced in the top (0-5 cm) soil layer, with more active C near the soil surface (undisturbed > no-tillage > conventional tillage). Based on the stratification ratio of the labile C pool (0-5/5-15 cm), the untilled were separated from conventionally tilled areas. Much of the variation in potentially mineralizable C was explained by this active C fraction (R² = 0.61) and by total organic C (R² = 0.67). No-till soils did not accumulate more organic C than conventionally tilled soils in the 0-30 cm layer, but there was substantial stratification of total and active C pools at no till sites. If the C stratification ratio is really an indicator of soil quality, then the C storage potential of no-tillage would be greater than in conventional tillage, at least in the surface layers. Particulate organic C and potentially mineralizable C may be useful to evaluate variations in topsoil organic matter.

Ensino médio e ensino técnico na América Latina: Brasil, Argentina e Chile

O artigo analisa políticas educacionais em três países latino-americanos (Brasil, Argentina e Chile), nos anos 80 e 90, comparando-as, em cada país, com as das décadas anteriores, assim como entre uns e outros. Como foco de análise, o autor tomou a educação intermediária, definida como a posicionada entre a educação obrigatória e a educação superior. As políticas para esse segmento, em cada país, foram examinadas com referência à persistência e/ou à mudança da dualidade estrutural. A conclusão do autor é a de que Brasil e Argentina elaboraram e implementam políticas tendentes ao reforço da dualidade, ao passo que o Chile anuncia políticas de sua atenuação.

Novas regulações do trabalho docente: o caso da reforma Argentina

Este trabalho procura trazer um olhar sobre os novos modos de regulação do trabalho docente que se construíram no contexto da reforma argentina, atravessados pelas mudanças do mundo do trabalho e do papel do Estado. Assim, no imaginário docente se articulam hoje diversos elementos que por muito tempo foram considerados antitéticos: as tradições vocacionais e de trabalho feminino estão permeadas pelas premências decorrentes da posição de trabalhador(a) diante da precariedade dos empregos e da estabilidade ameaçada. Ao mesmo tempo, a partir da tradição igualitária, encontram-se resistência aos mecanismos de competitividade de mercado e sua incorporação no espaço da educação pública. Desse modo são produzidas profundas rupturas no imaginário docente que, desde a ética republicana, dava conta de um projeto comum.

Inclusión y exclusión en la escuela moderna argentina: una perspectiva postestructuralista

Este artículo se propone revisar la historia de la escuela moderna en América Latina, utilizando conceptos de las teorías postestructuralistas sobre la identidad y su constitución paradójica. Poniendo en cuestión la hipótesis de que la expansión de la escuela fue un movimiento ascendente y progresivo, analiza cómo se construyó la equivalencia discursiva entre igualdad y homogeneización en el espacio educativo latinoamericano, y cómo esta equivalencia congeló a las diferencias como amenaza o deficiencia. A partir de dos ejemplos (las pedagogías normalizadoras y el uso de delantales en las escuelas argentinas), discute los efectos de la producción de estas identidades, y plantea desafíos para una rearticulación más democrática de la propuesta escolar.

Homogeneidade e heterogeneidade nos sistemas educacionais: Argentina, Brasil, Chile e México

O estudo focaliza a reconfiguração da gestão educacional a partir da nova lógica de regulação social e do novo papel do Estado, à luz da historicidade dos países estudados (Argentina, Brasil, Chile e México), examinando os fatores culturais que interferiram na dinâmica da reforma educacional da década de 90. Aspectos que evidenciam a homogeneidade e a heterogeneidade dessa reforma na região, bem como as especificidades nacionais que intervieram em sua concretização, são destacados. Afirma que a historicidade que caracteriza a realidade educacional tem sofrido, no México, o que poderíamos denominar "ruptura conservadora"; no Chile, "continuidade conservadora"; no Brasil, "renovação conservadora"; e, na Argentina, "ruptura interrompida". Recupera algumas conclusões alcançadas por meio da análise de 186 textos de caráter acadêmico sobre os impactos, nos países estudados, da reforma educacional da década.

Los docentes y la política curricular Argentina en los años '90

Este trabajo presenta los resultados de un proyecto de investigación sobre las recepciones de los docentes de la propuesta curricular efectuada en Argentina, durante la reforma educativa de los años '90. Dado que ésta se ha difundido a través de documentos impresos, el análisis de las recepciones considera a los docentes como lectores de dichos textos que, en tanto herramienta de normatización, limitan lo posible y lo cotidiano en el quehacer escolar. A partir de los aportes de la teoría de la recepción de la crítica literaria, se indagan las orientaciones asumidas por los docentes ante la dinámica de cambio curricular y algunos efectos que producen en el trabajo de los maestros los dispositivos estatales diseñados para el cambio del curriculum.

Educación secundaria Argentina: dinámicas de selección y diferenciación

El articulo analiza las dinámicas de selección del sistema educativo nacional haciendo especial hincapié en el nivel medio y reflexiona sobre la influencia de nuestra configuración cultural en la definición de estas dinámicas. Los rasgos culturales que se identifican como promotores de la dinámica de selección son por un lado la preservación del mito igualitarista y por otro un exacerbado individualismo. La pretensión igualitarista ha desplazado la comprobación del mérito como base de la diferenciación para remplazarlo por una incorporación segregada de la población a instituciones formalmente iguales; y, el desarrollo, en el interior de las instituciones, de un sistema de promoción desregulado basado en los recursos individuales de los alumnos y su capacidad de ponerlos en juego a favor del éxito de sus trayectorias educativas. Esta tecnología de selección está presente tanto en las escuelas medias públicas como en las tradicionales universidades públicas. En esta competencia abierta son los sectores medios los que lograron ascender en el sistema en desmedro de los sectores sociales más bajos que tienen dificultades para actualizar sus recursos en un ámbito escolar basado en un patrón mesocrático.

El discurso pedagógico oficial en Argentina (2003-2013): trabajo docente e igualdad

Este artículo aborda los resultados de una investigación sobre las regulaciones del trabajo de enseñar en Argentina. Utilizando herramientas conceptuales provenientes del análisis político del discurso, analizaré algunos de los principales elementos de la discursividad oficial en el período 2003-2013. Plantearé que ellos se articularon en torno a la equivalencia discursiva igualdad-inclusión educativa, configurando dos cadenas de significantes emparentadas. Una de ellas asoció la igualdad y la inclusión educativas a la afirmación de la educación como derecho social, la principalidad estatal, la restitución de lo común y la consideración de la diversidad; la otra enlazó la igualdad y la inclusión educativas a la idea de centralidad de la enseñanza, el trabajo con situaciones de "desigualdad educativa" -tales como la sobreedad y la repitencia- y de "vulnerabilidad social", y la promoción de modos organizacionales alternativos.

El papel de los servicios bibliotecarios en línea en la formación universitaria a distancia en la Argentina

Se lleva a cabo un relevamiento de la situación de los servicios bibliotecarios en línea en los programas de educación a distancia (EAD) de las universidades públicas argentinas, con objeto de evaluar su desarrollo y grados de integración a estas ofertas educativas. El estudio se realiza dentro del entorno web a partir del análisis de las interfaces que presentan los sistemas de EAD.

Decision criteria for optimizing postemergence johnsongrass control in soybean crops in Argentina

Field studies were established in Zavalla and Oliveros, Argentina, during four years in order to optimize Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.) chemical control by means of the thermal calendar model in comparison with other criteria (weed height or days after sowing). The effect of three application dates of postemergence herbicides was determined by visual control, density of tillers originated from rhizome bud regrowth, and from crown and shoot bud regrowth, and soybean yield. Following the thermal calendar model criterion, applications during the second date afforded the best control. Weed height for the first date showed little variability between experiments but was highly variable in the second and third application dates, achieving in some cases values greater than 120 cm. For all years, no significant differences were detected for crop yield between the first and second application dates, and yields were always lower for the third date. The greatest rhizome bud regrowth was observed for the earliest application date and the highest crown and shoot bud regrowth was determined for the last application date. Parameters associated with control efficiency showed the best behaviour for the second date. However, plant height at this moment may interfere with herbicide application and the variability exhibited by this parameter highlights the risk of determining control timing using only one decision criterion.

Effect of soil interacting herbicides on soybean nodulation in Balcarce, Argentina

Two trials were performed in Balcarce, Argentina (37° 45' LS; 58° 18' LW) during 1993-94, to assess the effect of eight herbicides applied individually or in tank mixtures, on nodule number, nodule dry weight, seed yield and N percent in seed in soybean Asgrow 3205, inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum CB 1809. Individual herbicides and doses in kg ha-1 of a.i. were metribuzin (0.48), acetochlor (0.90), metolachlor (1), flumioxazin (0.075), trifluralin (0.96), imazaquin (0.20), imazethapyr (0.10) and chlorimuron ethyl (0.0125). The mixtures were metribuzin+acetochlor (0.48+0.9), flumioxazin+acetochlor (0.075+0.9), imazaquin+acetochlor (0.2+0.9), metribuzin+metolachlor (0.48+1.92), and flumioxazin+ metolachlor (0.075+1.92). A control treatment without herbicides was included. Both trials were laid out as randomized complete blocks with four replicates, on a loam illitic thermic petrocalcic Paleudoll, 5.7% organic matter (OM), 25% clay, 30.4 cmol kg-1 CEC. Nodules were sampled at V2 (second node), V6 (sixth node) and R5 (beginning seed) growth stages. Herbicides did not significantly affect the beginning of nodulation or nodule number and mass at R5, not either grain yield or N accumulation. This indicates lack of interference between soil interacting herbicides and N fixation in the high organic matter, loam soils of SE Buenos Aires province, even though a tendency in less number and dry weight of nodules was evident at the two latter growth stages.

Yellow and purple nutsedges survey in the southeastern Buenos Aires Province, Argentina

A survey of 79 fields was conducted between December 1993 and January 1994, to determine the distribution and relative importance of species of the genus Cyperus, to justify developing management strategies in the southeastern of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Yellow and purple nutsedge were found in 43% and 9% respectively of the surveyed fields. Thirty eight per cent of the surveyed area showed a heavy infestation of yellow nutsedge, and in 90% of cases yellow nutsedge was invading fields cultivated with summer crops and associated with one or more of other seven perennial weeds, mainly bermudagrass.