Luminosidade e IBA no enraizamento de microestacas de mirtileiro dos grupos Rabbiteye e Southern Highbush

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentrações do ácido indolbutírico (0 - controle; 500; 1.000; 1.500 e 2.000 mg L-1) no enraizamento de microestacas de mirtileiro de espécie e grupos distintos (cultivar O'Neal, Vaccinium sp., grupo Southern highbush e cv. Aliceblue, Vaccinium ashei Reade, grupo Rabbiteye), associado ao efeito da luminosidade na fase inicial do enraizamento das microestacas (14 dias de escuro ou luminosidade natural). Após o tratamento com IBA, as microestacas foram colocadas em bandejas de poliestireno expandido contendo como substrato perlita + Plantmax® (1:1) e mantidas em telado equipado com nebulização intermitente. Aos 60 dias após o estaqueamento, avaliaram-se a porcentagem de microestacas enraizadas, porcentagem de microestacas sobreviventes, número médio de raízes, comprimento médio de raízes e a porcentagem de formação de calo. Através dos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que, para o enraizamento de microestacas de mirtileiro das cultivares O'Neal e Aliceblue, não é necessária a aplicação de IBA. A presença de luz na fase inicial do enraizamento não interfere na capacidade de enraizamento das microestacas. O tratamento com escuro na fase inicial do enraizamento reduz a formação de calos, promovendo diminuição da sobrevivência das microestacas e do percentual de enraizamento.

Blueberry pollination in southern Brazil and their influence on fruit quality

Blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) is a relatively new crop in cultivation under Southern Brazil conditions. The first collection introduced in the area was formed by rabbiteye cultivars which need insect pollinators and also pollinizers. The aim of this work was to observe if there were differences between pollinizers on fruit quality of the commercial cultivar and also to observe the most effective and frequent insect pollinators, under natural conditions. It was concluded that pollen source has an effect on quality of blueberry fruits. Bumblebees are the most efficient pollinators; however the species found in southern Brazil are different from the ones mentioned in the U.S. literature.

Mating disruption with low density diffusers for the management of oriental fruit moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in apple orchards under subtropical climate in southern Brazil

The oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta Busck, and fruit flies, Anastrepha fraterculus L., are the important apple pests under Subtropical climate in Southern Brazil, and control is normally accomplished with insecticides. An alternative strategy for the control of G. molesta is mating disruption, through the use of pheromones. Mating disruption strategies using a low density of dispensers (20) per hectare were tested in comparison with conventional pesticides for control of G. molesta in commercial Gala apple orchards in Fraiburgo, SC, for a period of five years. The average field efficiency period of mating disruption formulation over five years was 113 days. In this period the mating interruption index on mating disruption plots was 84.8% over five years. Damage to Gala apples by oriental moth larvae was low (<0.1%) in mating disruption plots but did not differ from conventional plots, except in the third year. The use of mating disruption allowed for an average reduction of 5.2 insecticide treatments per year in Gala orchards during field efficiency period. It was necessary to apply 1.0 and 1.2 applications of insecticide to control of G. molesta and A. fraterculus, respectively. Mating disruption with a low density of diffusers proved to be an effective alternative to conventional methods for control of G. molesta in Gala apple orchards in subtropical climate in southern Brazil.

Mercury in soils and sediments from gold mining liabilities in Southern Amazonia

The 1980-1990 Amazonian gold rush left an enormous liability that increasingly has been substituted by developing fish aquaculture. This work aimed at the identification of the mercury levels in the environment, associated with fish farms located in the North of Mato Grosso State, Southern Amazon. Sediment and soil samples were analyzed for total organic carbon and total mercury. Results indicate that the chemical characteristics of the sediment largely depend on the management procedures of the fish pond (liming, fish food used and fish population). The soils presented relatively low concentrations when compared with other data from the literature.

Chemical composition of volatiles from male and female specimens of Baccharis trimera collected in two distant regions of southern brazil: a comparative study using chemometrics

GC/MS/FID analyses of volatile compounds from cladodes and inflorescences from male and female specimens of Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC. collected in the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina, Brazil, showed that carquejyl acetate was the primary volatile component (38% to 73%), while carquejol and ledol were identified in lower concentrations. Data were subjected to hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis, which confirmed that the chemical compositions of all samples were similar. The results presented here highlight the occurrence of the same chemotype of B. trimera in three southern states of Brazil.

Sequence analysis of the capsid protein gene of an isolate of Apple stem grooving virus, and its survey in Southern Brazil

Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) is one of the most important viruses infecting fruit trees. This study aimed at the molecular characterization of ASGV infecting apple (Malus domestica) plants in Santa Catarina (SC). RNA extracted from plants infected with isolate UV01 was used as a template for RT-PCR using specific primers. An amplified DNA fragment of 755 bp was sequenced. The coat protein gene of ASGV isolate UV01 contains 714 nucleotides, coding for a protein of 237 amino acids with a predicted Mr of approximately 27 kDa. The nucleotide and the deduced amino acid sequences of the coat protein gene showed identities of 90.9% and 97.9%, respectively, with a Japanese isolate of ASGV. Very high amino acid homologies (98.7%) were also found with Citrus tatter leaf capillovirus (CTLV), a very close relative of ASGV. These results indicate low coat protein gene variability among Capillovirus isolates from distinct regions. In a restricted survey, mother stocks in orchards and plants introduced into the country for large scale fruit production were indexed and shown to be infected by ASGV (20%), usually in a complex with other (latent) apple viruses (80%).

Mosaic in Senna occidentalis in southern Brazil induced by a new strain of Soybean mosaic virus

Plants of Senna occidentalis (sin. Cassia occidentalis) with mosaic symptoms were collected near a soybean (Glycine max) field where some plants exhibited symptoms of mosaic and blistering. A preliminary examination of leaf tissue from diseased S. occidentalis by electron microscopy revealed the presence of pinwheel inclusions as well as long flexuous particles, indicating the presence of a potyvirus. Host range, serology, and amino acid sequence from this potyvirus were similar to those from other Brazilian isolates of Soybean mosaic virus (SMV). The 3'- terminal region of the genomic RNA was cloned and a cDNA sequence of 1.9 kb upstream of the poly (A) tract was determined. The sequence contains a single open reading frame and a 3'- non-translated region (NTR) of 259 bp. The nucleotide sequence of the CP gene of SMV-Soc was 98% identical to that of Brazilian isolates SMV-B, SMV-L, and SMV-FT10. The percentage of nucleotide identity of their 3'-NTR's was 91, 98, and 99% in relation to SMV-L, SMV-B, and SMV-FT10, respectively. In contrast to other Brazilian SMV isolates studied, SMV-Soc was able to infect sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Based on these results, the S. occidentalis isolate was identified as a new strain of SMV belonging to the SMV strain, group G5 and was named SMV-Soc. This is the first report of naturaly occurring SMV infecting plants of S. occidentalis in Brazil, adding this weed as a new source of SMV in the field.

Detection and coat protein gene characterization of an isolate of Grapevine virus B from corky bark-affected grapevines in Southern Brazil

An isolate of Grapevine virus B (GVB), obtained by indexing Vitis labrusca and V. vinifera grapevines on the indicator LN33, was transmitted mechanically to several Nicotiana species. The virus was partially purified from N. cavicola and the coat protein estimated at 23 kDa by SDS-PAGE. In negatively stained leaf extracts of experimentally inoculated N. cavicola and N. occidentalis, flexuous particles with cross banding were observed, predominantly measuring 750-770 x 12 nm, with a modal length of 760 nm. Decoration indicated a clear, positive reaction against AS-GVB. In DAS-ELISA, GVB was detected in N. cavicola and grapevine extracts, and Western blots showed homologous and cross reaction of GVB and GVA antisera with GVB coat protein. Using specific primers for GVB, a fragment of 594 bp, comprising the coat protein gene coding for 197 amino acids, was amplified by RT-PCR with viral RNA extracted from GVB-infected N. occidentalis. The nucleotide and the deduced amino acid sequences of the coat protein gene showed high identities with Italian and Japanese isolates of GVB.

Propriedades moleculares de um isolado brasileiro do Southern bean mosaic virus

Um isolado do Southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV), gênero Sobemovirus, encontrado em feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris) no Estado de São Paulo, foi purificado e algumas de suas propriedades moleculares determinadas. As partículas virais apresentam diâmetro de 28-30 nm e proteína capsidial com massa molecular estimada em 30 kDa. Das partículas virais foi extraído RNA de vários tamanhos (4,2 Kb, 3,1 Kb, 2,65 Kb, 2,15 Kb, 1,64 Kb, 1,36 Kb e 1,0 Kb) sendo aquele de 4,2 Kb o RNA genômico e o de 1,0 Kb supostamente um subgenômico que codifica para a proteína capsidial. Ácidos ribonucleicos de mesmo tamanho foram também detectados in vivo, indicando estar associados à replicação viral. Na análise do RNA de fita dupla (dsRNA), somente duas espécies foram detectadas (4,2 Kpb e 1,0 Kpb) correspondendo às formas replicativas do RNA genômico e do subgenômico para proteína capsidial. Os resultados indicam que somente estes dois RNA são replicados por meio de formas replicativas (RFs), enquanto os demais devem ser formados talvez por iniciação interna da fita negativa do RNA genômico. O SBMV-B SP apresentou propriedades moleculares análogas àquelas do SBMV descrito na América do Norte.

Temporal progress of southern rust in maize under different environmental conditions

The progress of the severity of southern rust in maize (Zea mays) caused by Puccinia polysora was quantified in staggered plantings in different geographical areas in Brazil, from October to May, over two years (1995-1996 and 1996-1997). The logistic model, fitted to the data, better described the disease progress curves than the Gompertz model. Four components of the disease progress curves (maximum disease severity; area under the disease progress curve, AUDPC; area under the disease progress curve around the inflection point, AUDPCi; and epidemic rate) were used to compare the epidemics in different areas and at different times of planting. The AUDPC, AUDPCi, and the epidemic rate were analyzed in relation to the weather (temperature, relative humidity, hours of relative humidity >90%, and rainfall) and recorded during the trials. Disease severity reached levels greater than 30% in Piracicaba and Guaíra in the plantings between December and January. Lower values of AUDPC occurred in later plantings at both locations. The epidemic rate was positively correlated (P < 0.05) with the mean daily temperatures and negatively correlated with hours of relative humidity >90%. The AUDPC was not correlated with any weather variable. The AUDPCi was negatively related to both variables connected to humidity, but not to rain. Long periods (mostly >13 h day-1) of relative humidity >90% (that corresponded to leaf wetness) occurred in Castro. Severity of southern rust in maize has always been low in Castro, thus the negative correlations between disease and the two humidity variables.

Caracterização da região 5'-terminal de um isolado brasileiro do Southern bean mosaic virus

O presente trabalho caracteriza a região 5'-terminal de um isolado do Southern bean mosaic virus encontrado no Estado de São Paulo (SBMV-SP). O RNA foi extraído de partículas virais purificadas e submetido a RT-PCR usando oligonucleotídeos desenhados para amplificar cerca de 590 nt da região 5'-terminal do RNA viral. Foi obtido um fragmento de tamanho esperado que, após clonagem e seqüenciamento, mostrou a existência de uma região não codificadora com 92 nt e a primeira ORF, começando no primeiro AUG (posição 93) e terminando no códon UGA na posição 534. Na região não codificadora foi detectado um segmento parcialmente complementar ao RNA ribossomal 18S. A ORF1 codifica uma proteína de 147 aminoácidos com massa molecular estimada de 17080 Da. A extremidade 3' da ORF1 sobrepõe a extremidade 5' da ORF2 em 34 nucleotídeos. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a região 5'-terminal do RNA do SBMV-SP é similar ao isolado Arkansas (SBMV-ARK) descrito na América do Norte.

Detecção do Southern bean mosaic virus no Paraná, e separação do Bean rugose mosaic virus em feijoeiro

Em lavouras de feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris) da cultivar Carioca Comum, no município de Londrina, Estado do Paraná, foram encontradas plantas com sintomas de necrose da haste, mosaico clorótico leve e porte reduzido, semelhantes aos sintomas causados por infecção viral. Exames de microscopia eletrônica revelaram a presença de partículas isométricas. Em testes de imunodifusão dupla em gel de ágar os extratos foliares de plantas infetadas reagiram positivamente com anti-soro específico para o Southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV). O vírus foi purificado e a massa molecular de sua proteína capsidial foi estimada em 30 kDa, valor esperado para proteínas do capsídeo de vírus do gênero Sobemovirus. A gama de hospedeiras do SBMV isolado no Paraná foi restrita ao feijoeiro e a algumas cultivares de soja (Glycine max). A separação de dois vírus isométricos comuns em infecções mistas no feijoeiro foi possível através da reação de imunidade ao SBMV apresentada por Crotalaria sp, Chenopodium quinoa e Mucuna deeringiana, e da reação de susceptibilidade dessas mesmas hospedeiras ao Bean rugose mosaic virus (BRMV).

Caracterização da região 3'-terminal do genoma de um isolado brasileiro do Southern bean mosaic virus

O presente trabalho caracteriza a região 3'-terminal do genoma de um isolado do Southern bean mosaic virus encontrado no Estado de São Paulo (SBMV-SP). O RNA foi extraído de partículas virais purificadas e submetido a RT-PCR usando oligonucleotídeos desenhados para amplificar 972 nt da região 3'-terminal do RNA viral. Foi obtido fragmento de tamanho esperado que inclui o gene da proteína capsidial e a região 3'-terminal não codificadora. O gene da proteína capsidial (ORF4) contém 801 nucleotídeos, incluindo-se o códon de terminação UGA, com seqüência deduzida de 266 aminoácidos e massa molecular estimada de 28.800 Da. Sessenta e um aminoácidos terminais da ORF2 estão sobrepostos na ORF4. O "sinal de localização nuclear", encontrado dentro do "Domínio R" na região 5'-terminal da ORF4 de alguns sobemovírus, não foi identificado no SBMV-SP. Esse dado pode explicar a ausência de partículas virais do SBMV-SP no núcleo celular. A seqüência do SBMV-SP apresentou identidade de nucleotídeos e aminoácidos de, respectivamente, 91% e 93% com o isolado "Arkansas" (SBMV-ARK) descrito nos EUA. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o SBMV-SP e o SBMV-ARK são isolados muito proximamente relacionados.

Powders of kudzu, velvetbean, and pine bark added to soil increase microbial population and reduce Southern blight of soybean

Southern blight (Sclerotium rolfsii) of soybean (Glycine max) is an important disease throughout the world. Some soil amendments can reduce disease levels by improving soil microbial activity. The main goals of this study were to investigate the effects of soil amendments such as dried powders of kudzu (Pueraria lobata), velvetbean (Mucuna deeringiana), and pine bark (Pinus taeda), on soil microbial population and disease caused by S. rolfsii on soybean. Pine bark, velvetbean (mucuna) and kudzu (25 g kg-1) added to soil were effective in reducing disease incidence [non-amended (NA) ~ 39%; amended (A) ~ 2 to 11%)]. Bacillus megaterium was the bacteria most frequently isolated in soils with velvetbean or kudzu (NA ~ log 5.7 CFU g-1 of dried soil; A ~ log 6.2). Soils with velvetbean and kudzu stimulated increase in population of Enterobacter aerogenes (NA ~ log 3; A ~ log 5.1-5.8). Pseudomonas putida population was higher in A than in NA (NA ~ log 4; A ~ log 5.5), and was negatively correlated (r = -0.83, P = 1%) to disease incidence. Soil amended with kudzu and pine bark stimulated increases in populations of Trichoderma koningii (NA ~ log 1.6; A ~ log 2.9) and Penicillium citreonigrum (NA ~ log 1.3; A ~ log 2.6), respectively. Penicillium herquei soil population increased with addition of kudzu (NA ~ log 1.2; A, ~ log 2.5). These microorganisms are antagonists of soil-borne pathogens. Powders of velvetbean, kudzu, and pine bark can increase antagonistic population in soil and reduce disease.