Giardia intestinalis and nutritional status in children participating in the complementary nutrition program, Antioquia, Colombia, May to October 2006

Giardia intestinalis infection is prevalent throughout the world and widely distributed in developing countries. In general, children display serious consequences to their state of health, including slow height-weight development; therefore, the main aim of this study was to determine the association between Giardia infection and the nutritional status of children who participate in the program of complementary feeding (Mejoramiento Alimentario y Nutricional de Antioquia (MANA) - Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar (ICBF)). A cross-sectional study examining the association of giardiasis with nutritional status was conducted. A total of 2035 children aged eight months to six years-old were studied. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, anthropometric measurements and laboratory analysis of blood and stool samples. Analysis of the results showed that 27.6% of children were infected with G. intestinalis, while 8.1% and 1.9% were mildly and significantly underweight, respectively, and 14.1% presented stunting. Giardiasis was statistically identified as a strong predictor of stunting in this study population.

Thermoterapy effective and safer than miltefosine in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia

In Colombia, pentavalent antimonials and miltefosine are the drugs of choice for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis; however, their toxicity, treatment duration, (treatment adherence problems), cost, and decreased parasite sensitivity make the search for alternative treatments of American cutaneous leishmaniasis necessary. Based on the results found in a controlled, open, randomized, phase III clinical trial, the efficacy and safety of miltefosine was compared to that of thermotherapy for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia. Adult patients from the Colombian army participated in the study; they received either 50 mg of miltefosine three times per day for 28 days by the oral route (n = 145) or a thermotherapy (Thermomed®) application of 50 °C for 30 seconds over the lesion and surrounding area (n = 149). Both groups were comparable with respect to their sociodemographic, clinical, and parasitological characteristics. The efficacy of miltefosine by protocol and by intention to treat was 70% (85/122 patients) and 69% (85/145 patients), respectively. The adverse effects were primarily gastrointestinal for miltefosine and pain at the lesion site after treatment for thermotherapy. No statistically significant difference was found in the efficacy analysis (intention to treat and protocol) between the two treatments. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00471705.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO RICKETTSIOSES RESEARCH IN COLOMBIA (1917-1943), LUIS B. PATIÑO CAMARGO

Colombian physician Luis Benigno Patiño Camargo was one of the pioneers in the study of rickettsioses in South America, demonstrating for the first time in Colombia the presence of Rickettsia rickettsii as the etiological agent of a highly deadly exanthematic febrile syndrome in the 1930s. However, Patiño-Camargo performed other investigations from 1917-1943, which represent the first descriptions and scientific evidence of the presence ofR. prowazekii and R. typhi in Colombia. Almost 60 years after the latest research conducted by Dr. Patiño-Camargo, rickettsioses were again a matter of interest and research. In the last decade over 20 research studies have been published, showing new endemic areas forR. rickettsii, as well as the description of new rickettsial species in Colombia.

Leishmaniose tegumentar americana: flebotomíneos de área de transmissão, no município de Pedro de Toledo, região sul do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Considerado como área endêmica de leishmaniose tegumentar americana (LTA), o Vale do Ribeira, na região sul do Estado de São Paulo, teve 929 casos notificados nos últimos 15 anos. Com o objetivo de identificar a fauna flebotomínea, foram realizadas capturas quinzenais em área rural do município de Pedro de Toledo, durante um ano, a partir de maio de 1994. Foram utilizadas armadilhas de Shannon no peridomicílio e armadilhas luminosas, tipo CDC, nos ambientes: domiciliar (intra e peri) e florestal (margem e interior), instaladas a partir do crepúsculo vespertino. Foram coletadas 8 espécies de flebotomíneos, totalizando 11.096 exemplares, sendo Lutzomyia intermedia a espécie dominante (96,4%). Esta espécie mostrou-se mais freqüente na primeira metade da noite, ocorrendo o ano inteiro, preferencialmente no ambiente domiciliar, o que indica sua preferência por ambiente antrópico. Os dados do presente trabalho ratificam L. intermedia como importante espécie vetora de LTA no Vale do Ribeira.

Serological and parasitological study and report of the first case of human babesiosis in Colombia

A study on the presence of Babesia in humans was performed in Puerto Berrío (Latitude 6.50deg. Longitude: -74.38deg. River: Magdalena. Area: 74.410km², Colombia-South America). Indirect immunofluorescence, thin and thick blood smears were used to study 194 individuals. Patients were grouped according to their risk-factors for Babesia infection: (group 1) individuals with fever, chills, sweating and other malaria-type symptoms; (group 2) symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals from local cattle ranches, which were enrolled in an active form, and (group 3) workers from the local slaughterhouse. Seven individuals were serologically positive for Babesia: Three individuals presented IgM antibodies against B. bovis, while one had IgG against this species; one individual had IgM against B. bigemina, another had IgG and a third both IgM and IgG against this species. Only one individual was parasitologically positive for Babesiaand serologically positive for Babesia bovis (IgM 1:64)

Platelet profile is associated with clinical complications in patients with vivax and falciparum malaria in Colombia

Introduction Thrombocytopenia is a common complication in malaria patients. The relationship between abnormal platelet profile and clinical status in malaria patients is unclear. In low and unstable endemic regions where vivax malaria predominates, the hematologic profiles of malaria patients and their clinical utility are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to characterize the thrombograms of malaria patients from Colombia, where Plasmodium vivax infection is common, and to explore the relationship between thrombograms and clinical status. Methods Eight hundred sixty-two malaria patients were enrolled, including 533 (61.8%) patients infected with Plasmodium falciparum, 311 (36.1%) patients infected with Plasmodium vivax and 18 (2.1%) patients with mixed infections. Results The most frequently observed changes were low platelet count (PC) and high platelet distribution width (PDW), which were observed in 65% of patients; thrombocytopenia with <50,000 platelets/µL was identified in 11% of patients. Patients with complications had lower PC and plateletcrit (PT) and higher PDW values. A higher risk of thrombocytopenia was identified in patients with severe anemia, neurologic complications, pulmonary complications, liver dysfunction, renal impairment and severe hypoglycemia. The presence of thrombocytopenia (<150,000 platelets/µL) was associated with a higher probability of liver dysfunction. Conclusions Young age, longer duration of illness and higher parasitemia are associated with severe thrombocytopenia. Our study showed that thrombocytopenia is related to malaria complications, especially liver dysfunction. High PDW in patients with severe malaria may explain the mechanisms of thrombocytopenia that is common in this group of patients.

Dengue in Brazil and Colombia: a study of knowledge, attitudes, and practices

Introduction This study was conducted in Brazil and Colombia,where dengue is endemic and vector control programs use chemical insecticides. Methods We identified knowledge, attitudes, and practices about dengue and determined the infestation levels of Aedes aegypti in one Brazilian and four Colombian communities. Results The surveys show knowledge of the vector, but little knowledge about diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Vector infestation indices show Brazil to have good relative control, while Colombia presents a high transmission risk. Conclusions Given the multidimensionality of dengue control, vertical control strategies are inadequate because they deny contextualized methods, alternative solutions, and local empowerment.

Cryptococcosis in Atlántico, Colombia: an approximation of the prevalence of this mycosis and the distribution of the etiological agent in the environment

ABSTRACTINTRODUCTION:Cryptococcosis is an invasive disease acquired by inhalation of infectious propagules from the environment. Currently, compulsory notification of the spread of this disease is not required in Colombia. However, reporting of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome cases to the National Surveillance System has suggested that there is a growing population at risk of contracting cryptococcosis. Few studies have described the occurrence of cryptococcosis in Colombia. Therefore, in this study, we examined the pathology of this disease in Atlántico, Colombia and determined the distributions of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii in the environment.METHODS:Clinical samples/isolates were gathered from cases of cryptococcosis previously diagnosed at health institutions in Atlántico, and surveys were completed by clinicians. The environmental study considered 32 sampling points and three tree species, i.e., Quickstick ( Gliricidia sepium ), Almond ( Terminalia catappa ), and Pink trumpet ( Tabebuia rosea ). Environmental and clinical samples/isolates were analyzed for phenotypic and genotypic confirmation.RESULTS:From 1997-2014, 41 cases of cryptococcosis were reported. The mean patient age was 40.5 years (range: 18-63 years); 76% were men, and 78% were HIV positive. Isolation was possible in 38 cases ( C. neoformans , molecular type VNI in 37 cases and C. gattii , molecular type VGI in one case). In 2012-2014, 2,068 environmental samples were analyzed with a positivity of 0.4% ( C. neoformans , molecular type VNI) in Almond and Pink trumpet trees.CONCLUSIONS:Cryptococcus neoformans , molecular type VNI had a higher prevalence than C. gattii and was associated with human exposure and the pathogenesis of cryptococcosis in this geographical region.

Efeitos do ácido 2-cloroetilfosfônico na maturação de frutos do tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. 'São Sebastião')

Estudou-se a influência do ácido 2-cloroetilfosfônico (ethephon), aplicado em pré-maturação, na frutificação do tomateiro de crescimento indeterminado, cultivar 'São Sebastião'; em condições de casa de vegetação. Pela análise da produtividade verificou-se que o regulador de crescimento acelerou significativamente a maturação dos frutos, incrementando o peso e o número total de frutos por planta obtidos nas primeiras colheitas, sendo isto compensado por diminuições significativas em colheitas posteriores. Não observou-se porém, diferenças significativas no peso e número de frutos por planta, considerando a totalidade das colheitas, entre o controle e as plantas tratadas com 1000, 2000 e 4000 ppm de ethephon.

Efeitos de giberelinas na morfologia produtividade do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. 'Carioca')

Verificou-se os efeitos de giberelinas, quando aplicadas sob a forma de pulverização das plântulas, na morfologia, florescimento e produtividade do feijoeiro cultivar 'Carioca'; em condições de casa de vegetação. Estudou-se as concentrações de 0, 50, 500 e 1000 ppm do regulador de crescimento; sendo que os tratamentos com 500 e 50 ppm do produto revelaram-se mais efetivos. As aplicações de giberelinas promoveram aumentos significativos no comprimento da haste principal e dos meritalos. Verificou-se um ligeiro incremento no número de meritalos e no número de folhas nas plantas tratadas com o regulador de crescimento. Os tratamentos com giberelinas promoveram maior florescimento; não observou-se porém, diferenças significativas entre a produtividade das plantas tratadas, com relação ao controle.

A influência da época de seleção do rebento sobre o desenvolvimento das plantas matrizes em bananeira Musa cavendish II Lamb. Cv Nanicão

As mudas utilizadas no experimento foram plantadas em setembro de 1971, sendo cinco os tratamentos: planta matriz sem rebento, planta matriz com seleção dos rebentos, de janeiro, março e maio de 1972 e planta matriz com todos os rebentos. Os resultados obtidos revelam influência da época da seleção dos rebentos sobre: diâmetro do pseudo-caule e lançamento de folhas no mês de abril, durante a fase de desenvolvimento vegetativo; número de dias decorridos do plantio ao florescimento, número de plantas florescidas no mês de julho, número de folhas, altura e diâmetro do pseudo-caule, número de pencas por cacho e altura do rebento na fase do florescimento.

Cinética da absorção de cálcio na presença de magnésio em células foliares de cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L. cv. 'Mundo Novo')

No trabalho apresentado, estudou-se a cinética de absorção de íons, baseado na equação de LINEWEAVER & bURk (1934). o estudo visou verificar o efeito competitivo ou não do íon Mg²+ na absorção do íon Ca²+. Para facilidade do estudo, soluções de CaCl2 marcadas com 45Ca foram administradas em diferentes concentrações à tecidos foliares de café (Coffea arabica L., cv. 'Mundo Novo'), em solução contendo ou não uma concentração conhecida de MgCl2 segundo a técnica de SMITH & EPSTEIN (1964a e 1964b). São apresentados também cálculos estatísticos, considerados inéditos na aplicação do presente estudo. Conclue-se que há inibição competitiva devida ao íon Mg²+ pelos centros ativos dos carregadores.

Efeitos da aplicação de reguladores de crescimento e características do milho (Zea mays L. cv. 'Piranão')

Estudou-se a influência da aplicação de cloreto de (2-cloroetil) trimetilamônio (2000 ppm), giberelinas (100 ppm), ácido beta-naftoxiacético (100 ppm) e ácido 3-indolacético (100 ppm), em milho cultivar 'Piranão'. Verificaram-se ainda características morfológicas e a produtividade da cultivar. As aplicações dos reguladores de crescimento foram realizadas por pulverizações duas e três semanas após a semeadura, em condições de campo. Observou-se que apenas giberelinas promoveram uma diferenciação em altura das plantas tratadas; sendo que os demais reguladores de crescimento não provocaram diferenças significativas nos parâmetros estudados. Algumas características da cultivar 'Piranão' foram determinadas no decorrer do ciclo da planta e por ocasião da colheita. Efetuou-se ainda a análise química dos macronutrientes, para diferentes partes da planta, em quatro épocas distintas.