378 resultados para Humanismo cristiano
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In this paper we gathered articles concerning insertion reactions of arynes, exclusively generated from 2-(trimethylsilyl)aryl triflates in the presence of fluoride ions, in substrates bearing nucleophilic and electrophilic portions separated by sigma bonds. Accordingly, we stand out the great importance and versatility of such transformations in the preparation of highly functionalized aromatic systems, which are hardly synthesized in just one step for other methods.
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The profile of the CNPq Research Productivity Program in Chemistry was studied using the Plataforma Lattes curricula of all researchers with grants in effect as of March 2009. Most of them are male (67.2%), working in Federal Universities (59.4%) and located in Southeastern Brazil (63.7%). There is no evident homogeneity among researchers of the same level/category concerning the productivity criterions used (the H index and the scientific productivity of the last five years). CNPq and the Chemistry Assessor Committee have been focusing on making their judgments unbiased, by using quantitative parameters, but such overlap is still noticeable.
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The anode and the internal paste of spent Zn-C and alkaline batteries were leached with 2 mol L-1 H2SO4 at 80 ºC for 2 h. Solid/liquid ratio was 1/10 (g mL-1). The leachate was treated with Na2S in order to precipitate Hg, Cd and Pb. Zn was quantitatively isolated at pH 1,5-2 by adding Na2S. Mn can be precipitated at pH close to 7. Na2S may be replaced by oxalic acid. Zn precipitated at pH around 0, whereas Mn was quantitatively recovered at pH > 4. Acidity control is a critical parameter. Na2SO4 and carbon are the end products.
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This work describes a three-step pre-treatment route for processing spent commercial NiMo/Al2O3 catalysts. Extraction of soluble coke with n-hexane and/or leaching of foulant elements with oxalic acid were performed before burning insoluble coke under air. Oxidized catalysts were leached with 9 mol L-1 sulfuric acid. Iron was the only foulant element partially leached by oxalic acid. The amount of insoluble matter in sulfuric acid was drastically reduced when iron and/or soluble coke were previously removed. Losses of active phase metals (Ni, Mo) during leaching with oxalic acid were compensated by the increase of their recovery in the sulfuric acid leachate.
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The objective in this work was to validate a chromatography method for the determination of total carbohydrates in soluble coffee, using a HPLC-UV-VIS with postcolumn derivatization system, in order to verify adulterant additions. The validated method was accurate and robust. Adulteration could be observed by increasing xylose and glucose levels in samples with addition of coffee husks and starchy products while decreasing of galactose and mannose characteristic carbohydrates presenting in high concentration in soluble coffees produced by arabica and robusta coffee beans.
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This work shows routes to recover some elements from their laboratory wastes and broken apparatus (thermometers and densimeters). Most elements chosen present a chemical behavior in aqueous solution which is not currently studied in the ordinary experimental classes. The routes were based on the previous knowledge of the qualitative composition of the wastes treated. Wastes containing chromium were the most difficult to treat. The elements were recovered in good yields and can be reused in new experiments. This work was a very good experience in chemistry for students and shows the need of managing wastes for a better environment.
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Brazilian biodiversity is a colossal source of secondary metabolites with remarkable structural features, which are valuable in further biodiscovery studies. In order to fully understand the relations and interactions of a living system with its surroundings, efforts in natural product chemistry are directed toward the challenge of detecting and identifying all the molecular components present in complex samples. It is plausible that this endeavor was born out of recent technological sophistication in secondary metabolite identification with sensitive spectroscopic instruments (MS and NMR) and higher resolving power of chromatographic systems, which allow a decrease in the amount of required sample and time to acquire data. Nevertheless, the escalation of data acquired in these analyses must be sorted with statistical and multi-way tools in order to select key information. Chromatography is also of paramount importance, more so when selected compounds need to be isolated for further investigation. However, in the course of pursuing a "greener" environment, new policies, with an aim to decrease the use of energy and solvents, are being developed and incorporated into analytical methods. Metabolomics could be an effective tool to answer questions on how living organisms in our huge biodiversity work and interact with their surroundings while also being strategic to the development of high value bio-derived products, such as phytotherapeutics and nutraceuticals. The incorporation of proper phytotherapeutics in the so-called Brazilian Unified Health System is considered an important factor for the urgent improvement and expansion of the Brazilian national health system. Furthermore, this approach could have a positive impact on the international interest toward scientific research developed in Brazil as well as the development of high value bio-derived products, which appear as an interesting economic opportunity in national and global markets. Thus, this study attempts to highlight the recent advances in analytical tools used in detection of secondary metabolites, which can be useful as bioproducts. It also emphasizes the potential avenues to be explored in Brazilian biodiversity, known for its rich chemical diversity.
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Due to the inherent limitations of the analytical methods of measurement, environmental exposure data often present observations described as below a certain detection limit, also called left-censored data. Censored data directly interferes in almost all types of statistical analyzes, including descriptive parameters, hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, correlations and regressions. In this work, we investigated the performance of the main classes of methods from major publications available in the literature, considering their advantages and limitations. Some criteria for selecting the best method of dealing with censored data are presented.
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We describe a synthetic route consisting of five steps from aniline to obtain liquid crystal compounds derived from nitroazobenzene. Syntheses were performed during the second half of the semester in organic chemistry laboratory classes. Students characterized the liquid crystal phase by the standard melting point techniques, differential scanning calorimetry and polarized optical microscopy. These experiments allow undergraduate students to explore fundamentally important reactions in Organic Chemistry, as well as modern concepts in Chemistry such as self-assembly and self-organization, nanostructured materials and molecular electronics.
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The use of MT-K10 Montmorillonite immobilized onto agarose was investigated in this work as an alternative binding phase in Diffusive Gradient in Thin Film (DGT) devices for the determination of metallic labile species. In addition, agarose itself was also used as the diffusive phase. The percentage of sorption of Zn2+, Cu2+, Cr3+, Mn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, and Ni2+ onto the binding phase was higher than 80% and the desorption process for all elements was also greater than 75%. Elution factors were determined experimentally, ranging from 0.74 for Zn2+ and 0.90 for Cr3+ and Pb2+. The accumulation of all species was linear with time, in agreement with the Fick's 1st law of diffusion. The deployment of the alternative devices in natural waters was compared to commercial devices. Labile concentrations determined by the alternative devices were slightly superior compared to results obtained with the deployment of original DGT devices due to the less restrictive pores of agarose.
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Em experimentos conduzidos no campo, na safra 2000, avaliou-se a sensibilidade do oídio do trigo nas cultivares de trigo (Triticum aestivum) BR 23 e OR 1 a alguns fungicidas. As avaliações da intensidade da doença foram feitas com base na incidência, severidade e área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença, realizadas aos sete, 14 e 21 dias após a pulverização dos fungicidas. O fungo agente causal do oídio, Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici, mostrou-se sensível aos fungicidas sistêmicos em ambas as cultivares. A maior sensibilidade foi ao fungicida triadimenol, considerando-se os valores absolutos na porcentagem de controle da doença. O enxofre, pelo curto período de proteção, não tem potencial de uso em trigo. Os danos no rendimento de grãos foram de 32% e 79% respectivamente para 'BR 23' e 'OR 1'. O controle do oídio, mesmo em cultivares altamente suscetíveis, como 'OR 1', pode ser eficientemente realizado com fungicidas sistêmicos recomendados pela pesquisa, não sendo detectada insensibilidade do fungo aos mesmos. No entanto, deve-se evitar o uso de sub-dose e controlar a doença com a incidência recomendada pela pesquisa com base no limiar de dano econômico.
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A podridão do colo (Sclerotium rolfsii) e o oídio (Erysiphe polygoni) são de constante ocorrência na cultura do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris) no estado de Santa Catarina. O uso de genótipos com resistência genética é uma das alternativas de manejo destas doenças. Avaliou-se a reação a podridão e ao oídio em 80 e 75 genótipos de feijão respectivamente. Os testes foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação em um delineamento em blocos ao acaso. Para os testes com a podridão do colo, cada semente dos genótipos foi inoculada com dois esclerócios de S. rolfsii. A infecção por oídio ocorreu naturalmente. Usou-se a cv. Rio Tibagi como padrão de média resistência à podridão ou de média susceptibilidade ao oídio. Os genótipos menos afetados pela podridão do colo e que diferiram da 'Rio Tibagi' foram: grupo preto - LA 95105428, FT 646 e Acesso 57; grupo colorido - BAF 50. A maioria dos genótipos não diferiu da 'Rio Tibagi', porém o mais afetado pela podridão do colo foi o BAF 10. Os genótipos mais susceptíveis ao oídio foram o Acesso 57 (Preto) e o FGP CF 101 (Preto). Os genótipos menos afetados pelo oídio foram: grupo preto - Acessos 60 e 36, FGP CF 058, TB 95-03, LM95103904 e LP 96-58; grupo colorido - Akitã, LP 94-1 e LP 96-162.
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A rotação de culturas é um método eficiente e de baixo custo para o controle de doenças de final de ciclo (DFC) da soja (Glycine max). Em experimentos de campo, nas safras 1998/99 e 2000/01, avaliaram-se os efeitos da rotação de culturas de verão, com os sistemas soja e milho (Zea mays), de diferentes ciclos e cultivares de soja e da aplicação de fungicidas, sobre a ocorrência e intensidade das DFC. Na safra 98/99, detectou-se diferença significativa no rendimento de grãos na comparação da média dos dois sistemas (soja/soja e soja/milho), devido, principalmente, ao controle da podridão-parda da haste, que causou danos em monocultura. Não houve diferença significativa para o uso de fungicida na parte aérea na safra 98/99 para o rendimento. Na safra 00/01 não houve efeito significativo da rotação para intensidade de oídio e DFC. A aplicação de fungicidas proporcionou menor severidade do oídio e das DFC, diferindo significativamente da testemunha em todos as cultivares. Em relação à severidade do oídio e das DFC houve diferenças significativas para a aplicação de fungicida. A maior resposta em rendimento de grãos foi obtida nas cultivares suscetíveis ao oídio. Os maiores rendimentos de grãos foram detectados quando a soja foi cultivada em rotação com o milho e com a aplicação de fungicidas, principalmente nas cultivares suscetíveis ao oídio, e na safra 00/01 devido a maior precipitação pluvial onde houve maior severidade de DFC.
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Por meio do estudo de estruturas fúngicas ao microscópio estereoscópico e ótico e de uma caracterização em detalhes, inclusive com micrografias, foi possível identificar cinco espécies de fungos causadores de ferrugens da família Pucciniaceae associadas com sete espécies vegetais medicinais do horto Ervas & Matos da Universidade Federal de Lavras, em Minas Gerais (21º14' - latitude sul; 45º00' - longitude oeste). As espécies de ferrugem e seus respectivos hospedeiros foram: Puccinia lantanae em Lippia alba; P. leonotidicola em Leonotis nepetaefolia; P. menthae em Mentha spp. e M. arvensis; P. porophylli em Porophyllum ruderale; e Uromyces platensis sobre Pfaffia glomerata
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O artigo visa pensar a relação entre ética, ciência e tecnologia, enfatizando o problema de sua revinculação depois da cisão entre os juízos de fato e os juízos de valor, ocorrida no início dos tempos modernos. Uma vez examinada a ética da aristocracia guerreira e a moral do santo, procura-se delinear o caminho tomando como referência a ética da responsabilidade, cujo protótipo é a moral do sábio, desaparecido no curso dos tempos modernos, em razão da fragmentação do saber e do advento do especialista. Ao fim do estudo, é discutida a relação entre a ética e a metafísica, com o intuito de ajustar a questão antropológica à perspectiva cosmológica, bem como de fornecer as bases de um novo humanismo, objetivando a humanização da técnica e a geração de um novo homem, alfabetizado em ciência, tecnologia e humanidades.