First report on the presence of Biomphalaria straminea in the municipality of Jaboticatubas, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil

This is the first report on occurrence of Biomphalaria straminea in the district of São José de Almeida (municipality of Jaboticatubas) State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The presence of B. glabrata and B. tenagophila had already been reported in this area. Such municipality is part of the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte and comprises 60% of the Tourist Complex of Serra do Cipó. Since the 1950s throughout the 1990s, a schistosomiasis prevalence ranging from 15 to 40% has been observed. Although no B. straminea specimen has been found naturally infected in the region, descendants of these snails collected in the area, showed to be experimentally susceptible to Schistosoma mansoni infection reaching rates from 14.6 to 28.6%. Even not being found naturally infected, in the State of Minas Gerais, the possibility that the species B. straminea may keep endemicity foci of schistosomiasis should be regarded, as in the Northeastern region of Brazil where the high density of this planorbid and the social-economic and sanitary conditions enable to the transmission.

A Pedagogical approach of schistosomiasis an experience in health education in Minas Gerais, Brazil

The experience described here is part of an extensive program that aims to stimulate schools to develop health integrated projects from theme generators, i.e., themes that have a meaning for the community. It was developed in Jaboticatubas, a town in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte, capital of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and the focus was schistosomiasis. The selection was based on the expressive and historical prevalence of this disease in the county, which has been known as the "capital of schistosomiasis", in a national press release since the 1960's. Schistosomiasis is also a theme pointed out by teachers as requiring more information and methodologies to work with their students, most of them living in areas of high risk of transmission. In addition, during the last years, this disease has been transmitted silently through an increasing rural tourism in that region, requiring integrated and effective control actions. The developed strategy included four schools, whose teachers, students, and families took part in the process. It emphasizes in a critical pedagogy approach, which focuses on health issues as themes that may mobilize the school community and awake the population to a work which integrates environment, health, and citizenship. The results demonstrate that teachers and students not only acquired new knowledge and methodological skills, but also gained confidence in their ability to improve their health conditions. Thus, the project promotes a critical education that can result a more permanent effect on the control of schistosomiasis as well as other benefits for the schools and for the population.

Factors associated with schistosomiasis mansoni in a population from the municipality of Jaboticatubas, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Jaboticatubas is a municipality in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte which has been a target of a wide media release as "the capital of schistosomiasis" since the 1960's. In order to give support to a work based on an integrated control, we sought to identify the disease determinants at the site. A transversal study was carried out aimed at identifying prevalence rates of the disease and factors associated with the infection in the district of São José de Almeida, and two close localities, Cipó Velho and São José da Serra, all of them located in the municipality of Jaboticatubas. A parasitological survey was performed, applying the Kato-Katz method with two slides per sample in 1186 schoolchildren which represents 77% of all registered pupils in four public schools in 2001. Among these schoolchildren a number of 101 (8.6%) prooved positive for Schistosoma mansoni eggs in their stool samples. A total of 64 families, whose schoolchildren had shown to be positive for schistosomiasis, also undertook examinations. As negative control, a random sample was collected from the 206 families, whose children had proven negative for schistosomiasis. The prevalence among 270 families (1304 people) was 12%. To assess those who continued to have contact with possibly contaminated water, 1061 (81.4%) people of the 270 families were interviewed. A multivariate analysis identified the following factors associated with the infection: time of residence in the area (short period), garbage disposal (use of deserted areas), gender (male), age (from 10 to 29 years), and water contact (daily and weekly). Further analysis of these factors revealed a close correlation between water contact and the disease, with a positive significant frequency concerning almost all those items. Depending on gender and age significant variations of water contact patterns associated with leisure and professional activities were found. A malacological survey on water collections in the area identified snails of the species Biomphalaria straminea and B. glabrata. The latter showed 17 (0.6%) specimens positive for S. mansoni. Qualitative studies have complemented such evidences, which allowed us to design a reference picture and specific indicators of the disease for the local population. Those data provided the essential information to continue the development of an already ongoing educative process, as well as projects on environmental improvements.

Morbidity of schistosomiasis mansoni in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil

From 2002 to 2005, a program of active search for patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and schistosomal myeloradiculopathy has been implemented in the state of Minas Gerais by the local Health Department. The state was divided in 28 regional health centers and the local representatives have been trained to identify and direct patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and neuroschistosomiasis to a reference center in Belo Horizonte, the capital of the state of Minas Gerais. Seventy five patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and 54 with schistosomal myeloradiculopathy have been referred and examined in the reference center in a period of time of 3 years. Schistosomal myeloradiculopathy should be emphasized because the number of cases reported is increasing rapidly and when timely diagnosed and treated, they respond promptly to treatment. Left untreated, they die or become invalid for life. In our view, the time has come for more active investigation of the different aspects of morbidity caused by schistosomiasis mansoni in Brazil.

A bacterial artificial chromosome library for Biomphalaria glabrata, intermediate snail host of Schistosoma mansoni

To provide a novel resource for analysis of the genome of Biomphalaria glabrata, members of the international Biomphalaria glabrata Genome Initiative (biology.unm.edu/biomphalaria-genome.html), working with the Arizona Genomics Institute (AGI) and supported by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), produced a high quality bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library. The BB02 strain B. glabrata, a field isolate (Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil) that is susceptible to several strains of Schistosoma mansoni, was selfed for two generations to reduce haplotype diversity in the offspring. High molecular weight DNA was isolated from ovotestes of 40 snails, partially digested with HindIII, and ligated into pAGIBAC1 vector. The resulting B. glabrata BAC library (BG_BBa) consists of 61824 clones (136.3 kb average insert size) and provides 9.05 × coverage of the 931 Mb genome. Probing with single/low copy number genes from B. glabrata and fingerprinting of selected BAC clones indicated that the BAC library sufficiently represents the gene complement. BAC end sequence data (514 reads, 299860 nt) indicated that the genome of B. glabrata contains ~ 63% AT, and disclosed several novel genes, transposable elements, and groups of high frequency sequence elements. This BG_BBa BAC library, available from AGI at cost to the research community, gains in relevance because BB02 strain B. glabrata is targeted whole genome sequencing by NHGRI.

Rural tourism: a risk factor for schistosomiasis transmission in Brazil

This paper reports an outbreak of acute schistosomiasis among 38 tourists who rented a country house in the district of Igarapé, the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte, Brazil, during a holiday period in 2006. A total number of 32 individuals were positive for Schistosoma mansoni. Results of stool examinations revealed individual S. mansoni egg counts per gram of faeces (epg) ranging from 4-768 epg with a geometric mean egg count of 45. The most frequent clinical symptoms were abdominal pain (78.1%), headache (75%), fever (65.6%), dry cough (65.2%) and both diarrhoea and asthenia (59.4%). A malacological survey of the area, where 22 specimens of Biomphalaria glabrata were collected, revealed three (13.6%) specimens eliminating Schistosoma cercariae. This investigation re-confirms a recently described pattern of schistosomiasis infection, resulting in the acute form of the disease and connected to rural tourism, which contributes to the spread of the disease among the middle-class and into non-endemic areas. The lack of specific knowledge about acute schistosomiasis among health services causes an increased number of unnecessary diagnostic procedures and delays in accurate diagnosis and treatment, resulting in considerable discomfort for the patients.

The molecular detection of different Leishmania species within sand flies from a cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis sympatric area in Southeastern Brazil

Over the last 20 years, there has been an increase in the number of leishmaniasis cases in Brazil. Belo Horizonte (BH) is one of the most highly populated Brazilian cities that is affected by visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The health services in BH are coordinated by a central nucleus that is subdivided into nine sanitary districts. Historically, the highest level of human VL cases was found in the northeast sanitary district (NSD). The objective of our study was to detect Leishmania infection in the phlebotomine sand flies collected in the NSD by dissection and molecular approaches. Following the occurrence of human VL cases in 2005, entomological captures were performed from July 2006-June 2007. Out of the 245 sand flies dissected, only three Lutzomyia longipalpis spp contained flagellates. The female sand flies were grouped into 120 pools according to date, collection site and species, with approximately 10 individual sand flies in each pool. Subsquently, the DNA was extracted and Leishmania spp and other parasites were detected and identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorfism. Leishmania infantum was present in at least 19% of the Lu. longipalpis collected, in 3.8% of the Nyssomiya whitmani collected, in 33.3% of the Evandromiya termitophila collected and in 14.3% of the Nyssomiya intermedia collected. When the females of the cortelezzii complex were compared with each other, 3.2% of the females were infected with Leishmania braziliensis, whereas 3.2% of the females were infected with trypanosomatids.

Field optimisation of MosquiTRAP sampling for monitoring Aedes aegypti Linnaeus (Diptera: Culicidae)

A sticky trap designed to capture gravid Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti mosquitoes, MosquiTRAP, has been evaluated for monitoring this species in Brazil. However, the effects of trap densities on the capture rate of Ae. aegypti females and the sensitivity of vector detection are still unknown. After a preliminary study has identified areas of high and low female mosquito abundance, a set of experiments was conducted in four neighbourhoods of Belo Horizonte (state of Minas Gerais, Brazil) using densities of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 traps per block. Trap sensitivity (positive MosquiTRAP index) increased significantly when 1-8 MosquiTRAPs were installed per block in both high and low abundance areas. A strong fit was obtained for the total number of mosquitoes captured with increasing trap densities through a non-linear function (Box-Lucas) (r² = 0,994), which likely exhibits saturation towards an equilibrium level. The capacity of the Mean Female Aedes Index to distinguish between areas of high and low Ae. aegypti abundance was also investigated; the achieved differentiation was shown to be dependent on the MosquiTRAP density.

Shigella in Brazilian children with acute diarrhoea: prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes

Diarrhoeal disease is still considered a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children. Among diarrhoeagenic agents, Shigella should be highlighted due to its prevalence and the severity of the associated disease. Here, we assessed Shigella prevalence, drug susceptibility and virulence factors. Faeces from 157 children with diarrhoea who sought treatment at the Children's Hospital João Paulo II, a reference children´s hospital in Belo Horizonte, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, were cultured and drug susceptibility of the Shigella isolates was determined by the disk diffusion technique. Shigella virulence markers were identified by polymerase chain reaction. The bacterium was recovered from 10.8% of the children (88.2% Shigella sonnei). The ipaH, iuc, sen and ial genes were detected in strains isolated from all shigellosis patients; set1A was only detected in Shigella flexneri. Additionally, patients were infected by Shigella strains of different ial, sat, sen and set1A genotypes. Compared to previous studies, we observed a marked shift in the distribution of species from S. flexneri to S. sonnei and high rates of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance.

Social and immunological differences among uninfected Brazilians exposed or unexposed to human immunodeficiency virus-infected partners

Understanding the social conditions and immunological characteristics that allow some human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-exposed patients to remain uninfected represents an on-going challenge. In this study, the socio-demographic and sexual behaviour characteristics and immune activation profiles of uninfected individuals exposed to HIV-infected partners were investigated. A confidential and detailed questionnaire was administered and venous blood was tested using HIV-1/enzyme immunoassays, plasma HIV-1 RNA levels/bDNA and immunophenotyping/flow cytometry to determine the frequencies of CD4 and CD8 T cells expressing activation markers. The data analysis showed significant differences (p < 0.05) for immune parameters in individuals who were uninfected, albeit exposed to HIV-infected partners, compared with unexposed individuals. In particular, the exposed, uninfected individuals had a higher frequency (median, minimum-maximum) of CD4+HLA-DR+ (4.2, 1.8-6.1), CD8+HLA-DR+ (4.6, 0.9-13.7), CD4+CD45RO+ (27.5, 14.2-46.6), CD4+CD45RO+CD62L+ (46.7, 33.9-67.1), CD8+CD45RA+HLA-DR+ (12.1, 3.4-35.8) and CD8+CD45RO+HLA-DR+ (9.0, 3.2-14.8) cells, a decreased percentage of CD8+CD28+ cells (11.7, 4.5-24.0) and a lower cell-surface expression of Fcγ-R/CD16 on monocytes (56.5, 22.0-130.0). The plasma HIV-1 RNA levels demonstrated detectable RNA virus loads in 57% of the HIV-1+ female partners. These findings demonstrate an activation profile in both CD4 and CD8 peripheral T cells from HIV-1 exposed seronegative individuals of serodiscordant couples from a referral centre in Belo Horizonte, state of Minas Gerais.

A arte de (sobre)viver coletivamente: estudando a identidade do Grupo Galpão

O objetivo neste artigo foi analisar o processo de construção da identidade coletiva do Grupo Galpão, um grupo de atores de teatro fundado em 1982 e sediado em Belo Horizonte. O tema da identidade foi abordado em relação ao contexto da indústria cultural. Para o estudo da identidade, partiu-se do nível individual para entender significados coletivamente partilhados, notadamente em relação aos objetivos e à estrutura do grupo. Sendo a identidade individual construída a partir das práticas discursivas e sendo essas últimas sempre relacionadas a estruturas sociolinguísticas e aos gêneros discursivos, a identidade individual é revelada em determinado contexto e em relação a outras identidades, individuais e coletivas. Entende-se, na pesquisa aqui apresentada, que os espaços de interação delimitados pelas identidades coletivas fornecem limites para a expressão das identidades individuais. Entretanto, ocasionalmente, o indivíduo lograria transformar-se e transformar ativamente os espaços que lhe impõem relações de dominação. Para penetrar na realidade cotidiana do Grupo Galpão, foram realizadas observações e entrevistas em profundidade, as quais foram tratadas pela análise do discurso. Ao final da pesquisa, foram evidenciados aspectos identitários do Grupo Galpão que comprovam a estabilidade do grupo, mas que revelam tensões entre a racionalidade do mercado de bens culturais e a racionalidade intrínseca à produção artística autêntica.

Análise dos determinantes da lealdade às lojas temáticas de torcedores do Atlético e do Cruzeiro

Na pesquisa aqui apresentada teve-se por objetivo identificar e analisar as variáveis que influenciam o processo de lealdade dos torcedores atleticanos e cruzeirenses em Belo Horizonte em relação ao consumo dos produtos oficiais dessas equipes. Estruturada em modelo teórico usado para identificar os atributos de lealdade, a investigação foi desenvolvida com 300 clientes-torcedores, cujos dados foram submetidos a análises uni e multivariadas. Os resultados, obtidos por meio da modelagem de equações estruturais, confirmaram que a oferta de produtos e serviços impacta de forma positiva no investimento, no sentimento de dependência e na confiança. Verificou-se que: quanto maior o investimento no relacionamento comercial, maior é o sentimento de dependência do cliente; quanto mais intensa a troca de informações, maior é o sentimento de confiança; quanto maiores a dependência e a confiança, maior é o comprometimento do cliente no relacionamento comercial; e quanto maior o comprometimento, maior é a lealdade à empresa. O modelo proposto explicou 53,6% das inter-relações entre os construtos e desses com suas variáveis manifestas. O modelo de mensuração explicou 53,1% da variabilidade dos construtos e o modelo estrutural explicou 54,1% dessas mesmas variáveis. Tendo em vista que se trata de uma pesquisa social, em que o controle das respostas é mais restrito, esses resultados foram considerados satisfatórios, por conseguirem explicar mais da metade da variabilidade das variáveis avaliadas.

Redes sociais, perfil empreendedor e trajetórias

Neste artigo, enfoca-se a trajetória dos empreendedores oriundos de camadas de baixa renda, que se projetaram no mundo empresarial. Sua base teórica advém da literatura sobre as redes sociais e o embeddedness, associada àquela sobre os atributos empreendedores. As evidências empíricas fazem parte do resultado de uma pesquisa qualitativa exploratória, derivada dos estudos de caso múltiplos holísticos, realizados com dois empreendedores localizados no município de Belo Horizonte, em Minas Gerais, Brasil. A metodologia contou com os recursos provenientes da sociometria longitudinal, o que tornou possível a identificação e a visualização do padrão de evolução das redes, além da verificação de seus momentos principais de transição. Os resultados evidenciam que o desenvolvimento dos empreendedores deve-se a uma interação positiva entre os recursos disponíveis nas redes sociais, que eles conseguiram acessar e alavancar ao longo do tempo, e, ao mesmo tempo, a presença de certos atributos pessoais.

Estrutura social e criação de empresas

RESUMO Para a Sociologia Econômica, as estruturas sociais, no formato de redes interpessoais, influenciam as iniciativas individuais e os resultados econômicos daí derivados. Segundo Granovetter, existem três tipos básicos de estruturas: fortemente acopladas; fortemente desacopladas; fracamente acopladas. Este trabalho situa-se no contexto dessas reflexões, e procura-se, por meio de uma pesquisa amostral realizada com 100 empreendedores, localizados no município de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil: identificar as estruturas sociais de origem desses indivíduos, em consonância com a tipologia genérica de Granovetter; avaliar a presença de associações entre essas estruturas e a trajetória dos empreendimentos, em particular, a motivação para empreender e o acesso ao mercado. Termina-se por elaborar uma tipologia de estruturas/redes sociais específicas para a análise do empreendedor, composta por três categorias: familiar, profissional e difusa.

Políticas e práticas de saúde rumo à eqüidade

O texto abordou as desigualdades e a exclusão social em saúde e estabeleceu as suas interrelações e determinações sociais, históricas, culturais e econômicas. Apontou as iniqüidades, como conseqüência das desigualdades na produção e na distribuição das riquezas expressas em serviços e bens materiais. Discutiu as práticas de gestão no campo da saúde, como favorecedoras de eqüidade, indicando a gestão compartilhada, como uma ferramenta que potencializa os valores de cidadania e respeito à diversidade. Abordou a participação e o controle social como práticas que promovem eqüidade nos serviços de saúde. Comentou a experiência da Secretaria Municipal de Políticas Sociais e de Saúde de Belo Horizonte com o trabalho em territórios geopolíticos-sociais com práticas de gestão, assistência e controle social que contribuem para a eqüidade. Concluiu que, além das análises e macrointervenções, é fundamental tomar os espaços micro do trabalho para reflexão e atuação na construção da equidade.