Microangiopatias trombóticas: púrpura trombocitopênica trombótica e síndrome hemolítico-urêmica

As microangiopatias trombóticas (MATs) são condições caracterizadas por oclusão microvascular generalizada por trombos de plaquetas, trombocitopenia, e anemia hemolítica microangiopática. Duas manifestações fenotípicas típicas das MATs são a síndrome hemolítica urêmica (SHU) e a púrpura trombocitopênica trombótica (PTT). Outras doenças ocasionalmente apresentam manifestações similares. Na dependência de prevalecer a lesão renal ou a cerebral, duas entidades patologicamente indistinguíveis, mas de alguma forma clinicamente diferentes, têm sido descritas: a SHU e a PTT. Injúria das células endoteliais é o fator desencadeante central na sequência de eventos que levam a MAT. Perda da trombo resistência fisiológica, adesão de leucócitos no endotélio lesado, consumo de complemento, liberação e fragmentação anormais do fator de von Willebrand (FvW), e aumento do estresse de cisalhamento vascular podem sustentar e ampliar o processo microangiopático. Anormalidades intrínsecas do sistema do complemento e do FvW podem acompanhar a predisposição genética à doença, que pode ter um papel chave, em particular nas formas recorrentes e familiares. Nos casos de SHU associada à diarreia (SHU+D), o dano endotelial renal é mediado (pelo menos em parte) pela Shigatoxina (Stx) bacteriana, uma família de toxinas elaboradas por certas cepas da Escherichia coli e Shigella dysenteriae. A evolução é geralmente boa na criança, na SHU associada a Stx, enquanto sequelas renais e neurológicas são mais frequentemente encontradas em adultos, formas familiares e atípicas da SHU e na PTT. Estudos recentes têm demonstrado que a deficiência na clivagem do FvW pela proteinase ADAMTS13 pode ser genética ou mais comumente adquirida, resultante da produção de anticorpos inibidores da ADAMTS13, causando a PTT. Durante a última década, demonstrou-se que a SHU atípica (SHU-D) é uma doença de desregulação da via alternativa do complemento. Uma série de mutações e polimorfismo em genes que codificam proteínas reguladoras do complemento sozinhas ou em combinação podem levar a SHU atípica. Aproximadamente 60% dos casos de SHU atípica têm mutações do tipo "perda da função" em genes que codificam as proteínas reguladoras do complemento, as quais protegem as células hospedeiras da ativação do complemento: fator H do complemento (FHC), fator I (FIC) e proteína cofator de membrana (PCM ou CD46), ou mutações do tipo "ganho da função" em genes que codificam o FHC ou C3. Além disso, aproximadamente 10% dos pacientes com SHU atípica têm deficiência na função do FHC devido a anticorpos anti-FHC. Mesmo que as MATs sejam condições altamente heterogêneas, um terço dos pacientes tem deficiência severa da ADA-MTS13. Transfusões de plaquetas são contraindicadas nesses pacientes. Infusão de plasma ou plasma exchange (PE) é o único tratamento eficiente.

Value of renal cortical thickness as a predictor of renal function impairment in chronic renal disease patients

Objective: To determine the presence of linear relationship between renal cortical thickness, bipolar length, and parenchymal thickness in chronic kidney disease patients presenting with different estimated glomerular filtration rates (GFRs) and to assess the reproducibility of these measurements using ultrasonography. Materials and Methods: Ultrasonography was performed in 54 chronic renal failure patients. The scans were performed by two independent and blinded radiologists. The estimated GFR was calculated using the Cockcroft-Gault equation. Interobserver agreement was calculated and a linear correlation coefficient (r) was determined in order to establish the relationship between the different renal measurements and estimated GFR. Results: The correlation between GFR and measurements of renal cortical thickness, bipolar length, and parenchymal thickness was, respectively, moderate (r = 0.478; p < 0.001), poor (r = 0.380; p = 0.004), and poor (r = 0.277; p = 0.116). The interobserver agreement was considered excellent (0.754) for measurements of cortical thickness and bipolar length (0.833), and satisfactory for parenchymal thickness (0.523). Conclusion: The interobserver reproducibility for renal measurements obtained was good. A moderate correlation was observed between estimated GFR and cortical thickness, but bipolar length and parenchymal thickness were poorly correlated.

Genetic divergence in cocoa progenies for backcrossing program to witches' broom disease resistance

Backcrossing has been little used in cacao breeding, particularly due to the long time required to transfer genes and recover the genetic background of the recurrent parent. The objective of this study was to select individuals, resulting from the backcross CEPEC-42 x SIC-19, genetically related to the recurrent parent SIC-19 by using RAPD molecular markers, among those with resistance to witches' broom. Of the 31 plants that clustered with SIC-19, 18 from the replanted material remained free of the disease in the field, with good vegetative aspect and, therefore can be used for backcross to reach the desired objective.

Prevalence of periodontal disease in dogs and owners' level of awareness - a prospective clinical trial

Periodontal disease (PD) is widely known among veterinarians for its high prevalence and serious consequences to the dogs. The objective of this study was to assess the occurrence of PD in dogs that live in the micro-region of Viçosa, treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Viçosa (HVT - Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Viçosa), as well as to assess how aware of this disease dog owners are. In order to do so, all dogs treated at the HVT from March 10th, 2009 to November 30th, 2009, on alternate days, had their oral cavities examined. Medical history data, such as age, type of food, main complaint and owner consent, halitosis, presence of dental calculus, inflammation and gingival recession and tooth loss, were collected. A prevalence of 88.67% was found for PD in dogs referred to the HVT, and 2.67% were referred due to this disease. Of all the owners who participated in the study, 43.83% knew about periodontal disease and of these 17.46% made use of some type of prevention or treatment. Therefore, periodontal disease is highly prevalent and the owners are not aware of the disease. Thus, a dog owner clarification program on periodontal disease is needed in the area where HVT-UFV operates.

Prediction of genetic gain from selection indices for disease resistance in papaya hybrids

In order to select superior hybrids for the concentration of favorable alleles for resistance to papaya black spot, powdery mildew and phoma spot, 67 hybrids were evaluated in two seasons, in 2007, in a randomized block design with two replications. Genetic gains were estimated from the selection indices of Smith & Hazel, Pesek & Baker, Williams, Mulamba & Mock, with selection intensity of 22.39%, corresponding to 15 hybrids. The index of Mulamba & Mock showed gains more suitable for the five traits assessed when it was used the criterion of economic weight tentatively assigned. Together, severity of black spot on leaves and on fruits, characteristics considered most relevant to the selection of resistant materials, expressed percentage gain of -44.15%. In addition, there were gains for other characteristics, with negative predicted selective percentage gain. The results showed that the index of Mulamba & Mock is the most efficient procedure for simultaneous selection of papaya hybrid resistant to black spot, powdery mildew and phoma spot.

Agronomic performance of 27 cocoa progenies and plant selection based on productivity, self-compatibility and disease resistance

The objective of the present work was to evaluate 27 progenies of cocoa crosses considering the agronomic traits and select F1 plants within superior crosses. The experiment was installed in March 2005, in the Experimental Station Joaquim Bahiana (ESJOB), in Itajuipe, Bahia. The area of the experiment is of approximately 3 ha, with a total of 3240 plants. Thirteen evaluations of vegetative brooms, five of cushion brooms and 15 of number of pods per plant were accomplished. Thirty pollinations were made for each selected plant to test for self-compatibility. The production, based on the number of pods per plant, and resistance to witches´ broom indicated CEPEC 94 x CCN 10, RB 39 x CCN 51 and CCN 10 x VB 1151 as superior progenies. All selections tested were self-compatible. The analyses of progenies and individual tree data, associated to visual field observations, allowed the selection of 17 plants which were included in a network of regional tests to determine the phenotypic stability.

Silicon in plant disease control

All essential nutrients can affect the incidence and severity of plant diseases. Although silicon (Si) is not considered as an essential nutrient for plants, it stands out for its potential to decrease disease intensity in many crops. The mechanism of Si action in plant resistance is still unclear. Si deposition in plant cell walls raised the hypothesis of a possible physical barrier to pathogen penetration. However, the increased activity of phenolic compounds, polyphenol oxidases and peroxidases in plants treated with Si demonstrates the involvement of this element in the induction of plant defense responses. The studies examined in this review address the role of Si in disease control and the possible mechanisms involved in the mode of Si action in disease resistance in plants.