Light and electron microscopy of Myxobolus sciades n. sp. (Myxozoa), a parasite of the gills of the Brazilian fish Sciades herzbergii (Block, 1794) (Teleostei: Ariidae)

A myxosporean parasite in the gill lamellae of the freshwater teleost fish, Sciades herzbergii (Ariidae) (Block, 1794), from the Poti River (Northeast of Brazil) was described by light and electron microscopy studies. Polysporic histozoic cyst-like plasmodia containing several life-cycle stages, including mature spores, were observed. The spores were pyriform and uninucleate, measuring 9.15 ± 0.39 μm (n = 50) long, 4.36 ± 0.23 μm (n = 25) wide and 2.61 ± 0.31 μm (n = 25) thick. Elongated pyriform polar capsules (PC) were of equal size (4.44 ± 0.41 μm long and 1.41 ± 0.42 μm in diameter) and each contained a polar filament with 9-10 coils obliquely arranged in relation to the axis of PC. The PC wall was composed of two layers of different electron densities. Histological analysis revealed the close contact of the cyst-like plasmodia with the basal portion of the epithelial gill layer, which exhibited some alterations in the capillary vessels. Based on the morphological and ultrastructural differences, the similarity of the spore features to those of the genus Myxobolus and the specificity of this host to previously described species, we describe a new species named Myxobolus sciades n. sp. in this study.

Myxidium volitans sp. nov., a parasite of the gallbladder of the fish, Dactylopterus volitans (Teleostei: Triglidae) from the Brazilian Atlantic coast: morphology and pathology

Myxidium volitans sp. nov. (Myxozoa: Myxidiidae) parasitizing the hypertrophied green-brownish gallbladder of the teleost Dactylopterus volitans, collected in the Atlantic coast near Niterói, Brazil was described based on ultrastructural studies. The spores were fusiform, sometimes slightly crescent-shaped on average 21.7 ± 0.3 µm (mean ± standard deviation) (n = 50) long and 5.6 ± 0.4 µm (n = 30) wide. The spore wall was thin and smooth, comprising two equally-sized valves joined by a hardly visible sutural ridge. Spores containing two pyriform polar capsules (PC) (5.0 ± 0.4 × 2.3 ± 0.3 µm) (n = 30) are situated in each extremity of the spore. The PC wall was composed of hyaline layer (0.20-0.29 µm thick) and by a thin external granular layer. Each PC contains a polar filament (PF) with irregular arrangements that was projected from its apical region to the bases of PC and coiled laterally from bases to the tip of PC. Some regular striations and S-like structures in the periphery of the PFs with four-five irregular sections were observed. Based on the spore morphology, ultrastructural differences and the specificity of the host we describe this parasite as a new myxosporidian, named M. volitans sp. nov.

Genetic and morphological characterisation of a new species of the genus Hysterothylacium (Nematoda) from Paralichthys isosceles Jordan, 1890 (Pisces: Teleostei) of the Neotropical Region, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Taking into account the difficulties of taxonomic identification of larval anisakid nematodes based on morphological characters, genetic analyses were performed, together with those usually applied, in order to identify anisakid larvae found in the flounder Paralichthys isosceles from the littoral of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The analysis of 1,820 larvae revealed a new species, similar to Hysterothylacium MD, Hysterothylacium 2, Hysterothylacium KB and Hysterothylacium sp regarding the absence of the larval tooth, an excretory pore situated below the nerve ring level, and slender lateral alae. Moreover, the new species differs from Hysterothylacium fortalezae and Hysterothylacium reliquens with regard to the number and size of spines present on the tail end and from Hysterothylacium patagonicus by the absence of interlabia. The maximum parsimony and neighbour joining tree topologies based on the 18S ribosomal DNA gene, complete internal transcribed spacer region and cytochrome oxidase 2 (COII) gene demonstrated that the Brazilian larvae belong to Raphidascarididae and represent a unique genetic entity, confirmed as a new Hysterothylacium species. Furthermore, the new species presents COII genetic signatures and shares polymorphisms with Raphidascarididae members. This is the first description of a new anisakid species from Brazil through the integration of morphological and molecular taxonomy data.

Variabilidade genética em tambaquis (Teleostei: Characidae) de diferentes regiões do Brasil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a diversidade genética em quatro estoques de tambaquis (Colossoma macropomum) de diferentes regiões do Brasil, por meio de marcador RAPD. Foram utilizados 10 iniciadores para analisar 116 indivíduos, coletados de pisciculturas nos municípios de Urupá, RO, Teixeirópolis, RO, Neópolis, SE e Sorriso, MT. Foram encontradas diferenças nas frequências de 67 fragmentos, com um fragmento exclusivo em Sorriso e dois em Neópolis. Observaram-se altos valores de polimorfismo (72,92 a 83,33%), diversidade genética de Nei (0,27 a 0,30) e índice de Shannon (0,39 a 0,45). A análise da variância molecular, demonstrou que a maior parte da variação está dentro de cada estoque e não entre os estoques. A identidade e a distância genética entre os agrupamentos variou de 0,93 a 0,98 e 0,02 a 0,07, respectivamente, com menos distância entre os agrupamentos Urupá x Sorriso e entre Teixerópolis x Neópolis. A diferenciação genética variou de baixa a moderada (Fst = 0,03 a 0,15) e o número de migrantes por geração foi alto (Nm = 5,96 a 24,3), entre os agrupamentos. Os estoques apresentam alta variabilidade e baixa diferenciação e distância genética entre si.

NOVAS OCORRÊNCIAS DE Leporinus pachycheilusBRITSKY, 1976 E DESCRIÇÃO DE UMA ESPÉCIE NOVA DO MESMO GRUPO NA AMAZÔNIA BRASILEIRA (OSTEICHTHYES, ANOSTOMIDAE).

A área de distribuição de Leporinus pachycheilusBritski, 1976 (Teleostei, Anostomidae), descrita do rio Aripuanã, é ampliada para os rios Jamari e Machado, ambos afluentes do Madeira, assim como para os rios Uatumã, Araguari e Tocantins. Esta espécie apresenta alta variabilídade intra e inter-populacional no padrão de colorido, mas a consistência dos caracteres morfológicos indica que se trata de um grupo bem definido e não distinto do material descrito para a localidade tipo (rio Aripuanã). Uma nova espécie (Leporinus juliisp.n.) é descrita para os rios Xingu e Trombetas. Esta é muito semelhante a L. pachycheilus,mas difere basicamente pelo maior número de escamas ao redor do pedúnculo caudal (16 contra 12) e pelo padrão de colorido, formado por manchas arredondadas, ao invés de listras longitudinais. Ambas as espécies são restritas a trechos de corredeiras de rios que drenam os escudos das Guianas e do Brasil Central e são as únicas espécies de anostomídeos da Amazônia que apresentam boca totalmente inferior e dentes incisiviformes, dispostos lado a lado.

Composição e estrutura da comunidade de peixes de uma praia arenosa da Ilha do Frade, Vitória, Espírito Santo

A ictiofauna de uma praia arenosa da Ilha do Frade, Vitória, ES, foi amostrada mensalmente entre maio/2004 e abril/2005. Foram coletados 2.689 indivíduos de 26 famílias e 45 espécies de Teleostei, a maioria em estágio juvenil. A família Sciaenidae apresentou o maior número de espécies. As capturas mensais evidenciaram que as espécies numericamente mais importantes foram: Lutjanus synagris (Linnaeus, 1758), Archosargus rhomboidalis (Linnaeus, 1758), Eucinostomus lefroyi (Goode, 1874) e Paralonchurus brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1875); com relação ao peso, Cyclichthys spinosus (Linnaeus, 1758), A. rhomboidalis, E. lefroyi e L. synagris dominaram. O número de indivíduos e a biomassa variaram significativamente (p<0,01) entre os meses. O índice de Shannon-Wiener (H') apresentou pequenas variações mensais, não evidenciando uma tendência sazonal.

Ultrastructural description of Ceratomyxa microlepis sp. nov. (Phylum Myxozoa): a parasite infecting the gall bladder of Hemiodus microlepis, a freshwater teleost from the Amazon River

A new ceratomyxid parasite was examined for taxonomic identification, upon being found infecting the gall bladder of Hemiodus microlepis (Teleostei: Hemiodontidae), a freshwater teleost collected from the Amazon River, Brazil. Light and transmission electron microscopy revealed elongated crescent-shaped spores constituted by two asymmetrical shell valves united along a straight sutural line, each possessing a lateral projection. The spores body measured 5.2 ± 0.4 µm (n = 25) in length and 35.5 ± 0.9 µm (n = 25) in total thickness. The lateral projections were asymmetric, one measuring 18.1 ± 0.5 µm (n = 25) in thickness and the other measuring 17.5 ± 0.5 µm (n = 25) in thickness. Two equal-sized subspherical polar capsules measuring 2.2 ± 0.3 µm in diameter were located at the same level, each possessing a polar filament with 5-6 coils. The sporoplasm was binucleate. Considering the morphometric data analyzed from the microscopic observations, as well as the host species and its geographical location, this paper describes a new myxosporean species, herein named Ceratomyxa microlepis sp. nov.; therefore representing the first description of a freshwater ceratomyxid from the South American region.

Histopathological changes in liver and gill epithelium of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, exposed to waterborne copper

Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, of both sexes were reared in freshwater and exposed to 0.5, 1.0 and 2.5mg L-1 of waterborne copper for a period of 21 days. Liver and gill samples were collected after 21 days of exposure to copper and lesions were analyzed by light microscopy. The main histopathological changes observed in gills exposed to the highest concentration were edema, lifting of lamellar epithelia and an intense vasodilatation of the lamellar vascular axis. Although less frequent, lamellar fusion caused by the filamentar epithelium proliferation and some lamellar aneurisms were also found. The liver of control group exhibited a quite normal architecture, while the fish exposed to copper showed vacuolation and necrosis. These hepatic alterations were more evident in fish exposed to 1.0 and 2.5mg L-1 copper concentrations. The number of hepatocytes nucleus per mm² of hepatic tissue decreased with the increase of copper concentration. In contrast, the hepatic somatic index was high in fish exposed at 2.5mg L-1 of copper. In short, this work advance new knowledge as influence of copper in the gill and liver histology of O. niloticus and demonstrated that their effects could be observed at different concentrations.