Reflexões sobre erro e educação médica em Minas Gerais

A temática relacionada a imperícia, imprudência e negligência na ética médica adquire os contornos previstos na noção de responsabilidade legal, de onde resulta a inferência de que o erro médico tem tripla acepção, fundada na noção de responsabilidade com bases patrimoniais, penais e éticas. Este estudo analisa 18 das 26 matrizes curriculares dos cursos de Medicina, autorizados ou reconhecidos pelo Ministério da Educação, oferecidos pelas Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) situadas no Estado de Minas Gerais, com o objetivo de perscrutar a oferta de disciplinas relacionadas a responsabilidade civil médica, ética, bioética e deontologia. Desses cursos, oito não disponibilizam as matrizes curriculares para acesso público, nos moldes da Portaria nº 2.864, de 24 de agosto de agosto de 2005, do Ministério da Educação, e seis não têm nenhuma disciplina específica sobre ética, bioética ou responsabilidade civil. Apenas nove cursos oferecem a disciplina de ética, oito a de bioética, e apenas três a disciplina de deontologia. Nenhuma das matrizes curriculares analisadas oferece a disciplina de responsabilidade civil médica, embora os casos de erro médico estejam aumentando consideravelmente.

A Pesquisa na Saúde e Suas Limitações: a Questão do Erro Médico

RESUMO Esse texto mostra a importância de apontar as dificuldades de uma pesquisa com tema tão delicado e ao mesmo tempo relevante para a atualidade. Descrevem-se alguns entraves que o pesquisador pode encontrar ao desenvolver sua pesquisa, reforçando a carência desse tipo de publicação no meio científico e almejando uma impulsão nas discussões sobre dificuldades metodológicas na educação médica.

Using an aerial system of remote sensing to detect different nutritional status in Brachiaria decumbens

The aim of this study was to use digital images acquired by cameras attached to a helium balloon to detect variation of the nutritional status in Brachiaria decumbens. The treatments consisted of five doses of nitrogen (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200kg ha-1) with six replications each, evaluated in a completely randomized statistical design. A remote sensing system composed of digital cameras and microcomputers was used for image acquisition, and a helium balloon lifted the cameras to the heights of 15, 20, 25 and 30m. A portable chlorophyll meter and analyses of leaf nitrogen content were used to make comparisons with data obtained by the remote sensing system. Data was acquired in two phases, in different climatic conditions. At the end of each phase, dry matter production was measured. Three vegetation indices were used to evaluate the detection of different nutritional status. The three indices were able to detect the effects of N doses. The indices constructed with the Green spectral band showed to be more efficient.

Geostatistics and remote sensing methods in the classification of images of areas cultivated with citrus

This study compares the precision of three image classification methods, two of remote sensing and one of geostatistics applied to areas cultivated with citrus. The 5,296.52ha area of study is located in the city of Araraquara - central region of the state of São Paulo (SP), Brazil. The multispectral image from the CCD/CBERS-2B satellite was acquired in 2009 and processed through the Geographic Information System (GIS) SPRING. Three classification methods were used, one unsupervised (Cluster), and two supervised (Indicator Kriging/IK and Maximum Likelihood/Maxver), in addition to the screen classification taken as field checking.. Reliability of classifications was evaluated by Kappa index. In accordance with the Kappa index, the Indicator kriging method obtained the highest degree of reliability for bands 2 and 4. Moreover the Cluster method applied to band 2 (green) was the best quality classification between all the methods. Indicator Kriging was the classifier that presented the citrus total area closest to the field check estimated by -3.01%, whereas Maxver overestimated the total citrus area by 42.94%.

Quantificação do erro na determinação da perda contínua de carga em tubos elásticos

A indústria de plásticos e derivados, com o auxílio da engenharia, tem aprimorado a qualidade do material destinado à fabricação de tubos, principalmente os de polietileno. A elasticidade desses tubos permite que ocorra aumento do diâmetro interno com o aumento da pressão, o que não é levado em consideração pelos equacionamentos matemáticos utilizados para a determinação da perda de carga. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar os erros na determinação da perda de carga em tubos elásticos, em função da pressão de entrada na linha lateral, comparando valores observados e estimados pelas equações recomendadas na literatura técnica. Avaliaram-se 3 amostras de tubo de polietileno sob 9 pressões de entrada e 3 vazões, sendo estas correspondentes às velocidades de 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 m s-1. Efetuou-se a medição do diâmetro externo dos tubos nas pressões entre 0 a 588,4 kPa, com incrementos de 49,05 kPa. Para todas as condições avaliadas, foi possível constatar que a pressão afeta a perda contínua de carga em tubos elásticos, sendo esta superestimada pelas equações de Darcy-Weisbach, Hazen-Williams e Flamant.

Interrupções e distrações na sala de cirurgia do trauma: entendendo a ameaça do erro humano

OBJETIVO: Compreender o fator humano como ameaça à segurança do paciente vítima de trauma no centro cirúrgico, traduzindo para a sala de operação algumas regras importantes já aplicadas no campo da aviação. MÉTODOS: A amostra incluiu 50 casos de cirurgia de trauma coletados prospectivamente por observadores em plantões de 12 horas, ,durante seis meses, em um centro de trauma nível I nos Estados Unidos da América. Informações quanto ao tipo de trauma, escore de gravidade e mortalidade foram coletadas, assim como, determinantes de distrações/interrupções e o volume de ruídos na sala de cirurgia durante o ato cirúrgico. RESULTADOS: Ocorreram, em média, 60 interrupções ou distrações durante o ato cirúrgico, na maioria das vezes desencadeado pelo movimento de pessoas na sala. Em pacientes mais graves (ISS > 45), submetidos ao controle de danos, a incidência de distrações foi ainda maior. A média de ruídos na sala de cirurgia do trauma foi muito elevada, com barulho próximo ao de um secador de cabelos. CONCLUSÃO: Interrupções e distrações são frequentes e devem ser estudadas pelo cirurgião do trauma a fim de desenvolver estratégias de prevenção e linhas de defesa para minimizá-las e reduzir seus efeitos.

Extracellular calcium-sensing receptor: structural and functional features and association with diseases

The recently cloned extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) is a G protein-coupled receptor that plays an essential role in the regulation of extracellular calcium homeostasis. This receptor is expressed in all tissues related to this control (parathyroid glands, thyroid C-cells, kidneys, intestine and bones) and also in tissues with apparently no role in the maintenance of extracellular calcium levels, such as brain, skin and pancreas. The CaR amino acid sequence is compatible with three major domains: a long and hydrophilic aminoterminal extracellular domain, where most of the activating and inactivating mutations described to date are located and where the dimerization process occurs, and the agonist-binding site is located, a hydrophobic transmembrane domain involved in the signal transduction mechanism from the extracellular domain to its respective G protein, and a carboxyterminal intracellular tail, with a well-established role for cell surface CaR expression and for signal transduction. CaR cloning was immediately followed by the association of genetic human diseases with inactivating and activating CaR mutations: familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia and neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism are caused by CaR-inactivating mutations, whereas autosomal dominant hypoparathyroidism is secondary to CaR-activating mutations. Finally, we will comment on the development of drugs that modulate CaR function by either activating (calcimimetic drugs) or antagonizing it (calcilytic drugs), and on their potential therapeutic implications, such as medical control of specific cases of primary and uremic hyperparathyroidism with calcimimetic drugs and a potential treatment for osteoporosis with a calcilytic drug.

An acid-sensing ion channel that detects ischemic pain

Ischemic pain occurs when there is insufficient blood flow for the metabolic needs of an organ. The pain of a heart attack is the prototypical example. Multiple compounds released from ischemic muscle likely contribute to this pain by acting on sensory neurons that innervate muscle. One such compound is lactic acid. Here, we show that ASIC3 (acid-sensing ion channel #3) has the appropriate expression pattern and physical properties to be the detector of this lactic acid. In rats, it is expressed only in sensory neurons and then only on a minority (~40%) of these. Nevertheless, it is expressed at extremely high levels on virtually all dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons that innervate the heart. It is extraordinarily sensitive to protons (Hill slope 4, half-activating pH 6.7), allowing it to readily respond to the small changes in extracellular pH (from 7.4 to 7.0) that occur during muscle ischemia. Moreover, both extracellular lactate and extracellular ATP increase the sensitivity of ASIC3 to protons. This final property makes ASIC3 a "coincidence detector" of three molecules that appear during ischemia, thereby allowing it to better detect acidosis caused by ischemia than other forms of systemic acidosis such as hypercapnia.

Anti-quorum sensing activity of phenolic extract from Eugenia brasiliensis (Brazilian cherry)

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the anti-quorum sensing activity of phenolic extracts from grumixama (Eugenia brasiliensis), also known as Brazilian cherry, in concentrations that did not interfere with bacterial growth. The pulp phenolic compounds were extracted by using solid phage extraction in a mini-collumn C18 and quantified by spectrophotometry. The anti-quorum sensing activity was evaluated by testing the inhibition of violacein production in Chromobacterium violaceum and by evaluating the swarming motility in Aeromonas hydrophila and Serratia marcescens, both phenotypes regulated by quorum sensing. The phenolic extract strongly inhibited the production of violacein in C. violaceum, reducing its production in comparison with a control with no extract. No inhibition of growth was observed at the concentrations tested for quorum sensing inhibition. Confirming the quorum sensing inhibition phenotype, the extract was also able to inhibit swarming motility in S. marcescens and in A. hydrophila, although in the later the effect was marginal. Overall, these results indicate that phenolic extract from E. brasiliensis presents quorum sensing inhibitory activity most likely due to the presence of fruit phenolics which have been implicated as quorum sensing inhibitors in Gram negative bacteria.