Geometric nonlinear dynamic analysis of plates and shells using eight-node hexahedral finite elements with reduced integration

This work presents a geometric nonlinear dynamic analysis of plates and shells using eight-node hexahedral isoparametric elements. The main features of the present formulation are: (a) the element matrices are obtained using reduced integrations with hourglass control; (b) an explicit Taylor-Galerkin scheme is used to carry out the dynamic analysis, solving the corresponding equations of motion in terms of velocity components; (c) the Truesdell stress rate tensor is used; (d) the vector processor facilities existing in modern supercomputers were used. The results obtained are comparable with previous solutions in terms of accuracy and computational performance.

Effect of ryanodine on sinus node recovery time determined in vitro

Evidence has indicated that the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) might be involved in the generation of spontaneous electrical activity in atrial pacemaker cells. We report the effect of disabling the SR with ryanodine (0.1 µM) on the sinus node recovery time (SNRT) measured in isolated right atria from 4-6-month-old male Wistar rats. Electrogram and isometric force were recorded at 36.5oC. Two methods for sinus node resetting were used: a) pulse: a single stimulus pulse interpolated at coupling intervals of 50, 65 or 80% of the regular spontaneous cycle length (RCL), and b) train: a 2-min train of pulses at intervals of 50, 65 or 80% of RCL. Corrected SNRT (cSNRT) was calculated as the difference between SNRT (first spontaneous cycle length after stimulation interruption) and RCL. Ryanodine only slightly increased RCL (<10%), but decreased developed force by 90%. When the pulse method was used, cSNRT (~40 ms), which represents intranodal/atrial conduction time, was independent of the coupling interval and unaffected by ryanodine. However, cSNRT obtained by the train method was significantly higher for shorter intervals between pulses, indicating the occurrence of overdrive suppression. In this case, ryanodine prolonged cSNRT in a rate-dependent fashion, with a greater effect at shorter intervals. These results indicate that: a) a functional SR, albeit important for force development, does not seem to play a major role in atrial automaticity in the rat; b) disruption of cell Ca2+ homeostasis by inhibition of SR function does not appear to affect conduction; however, it enhances overdrive-induced depression of sinusal automaticity.

Vertical growth phase and positive sentinel node in thin melanoma

Sentinel node (SN) status is the most important prognostic factor for localized melanoma. Usually, patients with Breslow thickness of less than 1.0 mm are not included in SN protocols. However, the literature presents a rate ranging from 3 to 7% of nodal recurrence in thin melanoma. Ulceration, regression and high mitotic rate have been considered to be indications for an SN biopsy. The metastatic potential of the vertical growth phase is uncertain. To correlate pathological features in thin melanoma with SN metastasis, we reviewed 358 patients submitted to SN biopsy. Seventy-seven patients with lesions of 1 mm or smaller were included in the study group. Histological evaluation of the primary tumor included thickness, Clark level, mitotic rate, ulceration, regression, and growth phase. Lymphoscintigraphy was performed on all patients. Lymphatic mapping and gamma probe detection were both used for SN biopsy. Histological examination of SN consisted of hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemical staining. Median follow-up was 37 months. Six patients had micrometastases. Statistical analysis by the Fisher test showed that ulceration (P = 0.019), high mitotic rate (P = 0.008) and vertical growth phase (P = 0.002) were positively correlated with micrometastases. If other studies confirm these results, more melanoma patients must be submitted to SN biopsy.

An improved in vivo method for atrioventricular node ablation via thoracotomy

The atrioventricular (AV) node is permanently damaged in approximately 3% of congenital heart surgery operations, requiring implantation of a permanent pacemaker. Improvements in pacemaker design and in alternative treatment modalities require an effective in vivo model of complete heart block (CHB) before testing can be performed in humans. Such a model should enable accurate, reliable, and detectable induction of the surgical pathology. Through our laboratory’s efforts in developing a tissue engineering therapy for CHB, we describe here an improved in vivo model for inducing chronic AV block. The method employs a right thoracotomy in the adult rabbit, from which the right atrial appendage may be retracted to expose an access channel for the AV node. A novel injection device was designed, which both physically restricts needle depth and provides electrical information via electrocardiogram interface. This combination of features provides real-time guidance to the researcher for confirming contact with the AV node, and documents its ablation upon formalin injection. While all animals tested could be induced to acute AV block, those with ECG guidance were more likely to maintain chronic heart block >12 h. Our model enables the researcher to reproduce both CHB and the associated peripheral fibrosis that would be present in an open congenital heart surgery, and which would inevitably impact the design and utility of a tissue engineered AV node replacement.

Sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer: results in a large series

Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is an appropriate method for the evaluation of axillary status in cases of early breast cancer. We report our experience in treating cases evaluated using SLNB. We analyzed a total of 1192 cases assessed by means of SLNB from July 1999 to December 2007. SLNB processing was successfully completed in 1154 cases with the use of blue dye or radiolabeled 99mTc-Dextran-500, or both. Of these 1154 patients, 857 were N0(i-) (no regional lymph node metastasis, negative immunohistochemistry, IHC), 96 were N0(i+) (no regional lymph node metastasis histologically, positive IHC, no IHC cluster greater than 0.2 mm) and 201 were N1mi (greater than 0.2 mm, none greater than 2.0 mm). Most of the tumors (70%) were invasive ductal carcinomas and tumors were staged as T1 in 770 patients (65%). A total of 274 patients underwent SLNB and axillary dissections up to April 2003. The inclusion criteria were tumor size equal to or less than 3 cm in diameter, no clinically palpable axillary lymph nodes, no neoadjuvant therapy. In 19 cases, the SLN could not be identified intraoperatively. A false-negative rate of 11% and a negative predictive value of 88.2% were obtained for the 255 assessable patients. The overall concordance between SLNB and axillary lymph node status was 92%. SLNB sensitivity for nodes was 81% and specificity was 100%. The higher sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and lower false-negative rates of SLNB suggest that this method may be an appropriate alternative to total axillary dissection in early breast cancer patients.

Atividade amilolítica e qualidade fisiológica de sementes armazenadas de milho super doce tratadas com ácido giberélico

O uso de reguladores de crescimento na fase de germinação melhora o desempenho das plântulas, acelerando a velocidade de emergência e realçando o potencial das sementes de várias espécies, mesmo sob condições adversas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência do ácido giberélico na atividade amilolítica e no vigor de sementes armazenadas de milho super doce. O experimento foi conduzido nos Laboratórios de Análise de Sementes do Departamento de Produção Vegetal/FCA e no Laboratório de Bioquímica de Plantas do Departamento de Química e Bioquímica/IB da Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP/Botucatu), entre os meses de julho e setembro de 2001, onde foram feitas as avaliações da qualidade fisiológica, através dos testes de germinação, vigor e bioquímicos. Sementes de milho super doce da cultivar DO-04, foram acondicionadas em sacos de papel e armazenadas por oito meses em câmara seca (40% UR). Após este período, foram colocadas para germinar em rolos de papel toalha, embebidos com GA3 nas concentrações zero; 50; 100; 150 e 200mg.L-1. Foram avaliadas a germinação, vigor e atividade amilolítica das sementes. As sementes submetidas à pré-embebição em solução de 50mg.L-1 de ácido giberélico, apresentaram maior germinação e vigor, menor teor de proteínas totais e maior atividade amilolítica.

Maturação de sementes de milho-doce: grupo Super Doce

O experimento teve como objetivo estudar o processo de maturação de sementes de milho doce da cultivar BR 400 (Super Doce). A primeira colheita das sementes foi realizada 27 dias após a floração (DAF), a qual foi considerada quando aproximadamente 50% das plantas apresentavam florescimento feminino. As demais colheitas foram realizadas em intervalos de sete dias, até 90 DAF. Imediatamente após a colheita, procedeu-se à debulha manual das sementes, determinando-se o grau de umidade e o peso da matéria seca; avaliou se também, visualmente, a presença da camada negra. Após a última colheita, foi determinada a qualidade fisiológica das sementes por meio dos testes de germinação, frio modificado, envelhecimento acelerado e condutividade elétrica. As sementes de milho-doce atingiram o máximo de matéria seca (maturidade de massa) aproximadamente aos 41 DAF, sendo que o máximo de germinação e vigor (maturidade fisiológica) ocorreu no período compreendido entre 48 e 76 DAF. Todas as sementes apresentaram camada negra aos 55 DAF, sendo esta uma característica visual eficiente para a identificação da maturidade fisiológica das sementes.

Tratamento fungicida em semente de milho super-doce

Neste trabalho, procurou-se avaliar a influência do tratamento fungicida no potencial fisiológico e na sanidade de sementes de milho híbrido super-doce DO-04, separadas por diferenças quanto ao formato. Foi utilizado delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 x 4, compreendendo dois formatos de semente (retidas em peneira 15 x ¾", representando as sementes arredondadas, e em peneira 20, representando as achatadas), três lotes e quatro tratamentos fungicidas (testemunha, Fludioxonil, Captan TS + Thiabendazol e Captan TS + Thiram PS). Avaliaram-se a germinação, o vigor (velocidade de germinação, teste de frio e envelhecimento acelerado) e a sanidade de semente. Foi verificado que as sementes arredondadas de milho híbrido super-doce DO-04 apresentam germinação e vigor mais elevados, em comparação às achatadas; os tratamentos fungicidas favorecem o vigor, sendo as combinações Captan + Thiabendazol e Captan + Thiram eficientes para o controle de F. moniliforme, Cephalosporium sp. e Penicillium sp..