Flower scent analysis of Encyclia Vespa (vell.) Dressler & G. E. Pollard and E. Fragrans (Sw.) Lemée

The volatile constituents obtained from the pentane extract, using simultaneous distillation-extraction of the flowers of Encyclia vespa and E. fragrans were analysed by GC/ MS. The main volatile components identified in the flowers of E. vespa were terpinen-4-ol (20.3%), verbenone (14.8%), trans-verbenol (13.6%) and x-pinene (11.8%). The major volatiles of the flowers of E. fragrans were terpinen-4-ol (18.3%), (2Z,6E)-farnesol (15.4%) and trans-verbenol (10.2%).

Comparison between Adventitial and Intimal Inflammation of Ruptured and Nonruptured Atherosclerotic Plaques in Human Coronary Arteries

OBJECTIVE: To verify the possible role of adventitial inflammation in atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability and coronary artery remodelling. METHODS: We compared the mean numbers of lymphocytes in the adventitia and in the plaque of ruptured thrombosed and stable equi-stenotic coronary segments of 34 patients who died due to acute myocardial infarction. We also analysed adventitial microvessels, adventitial fibrosis and the external elastic membrane. RESULTS: In the adventitia, the numbers of lymphocytes and microvessels/mm² were 69.5±88.3 and 60.9± 32.1 in culprit lesions and 16.4 ± 21.1 and 44.3±16.1 in stable lesions (p<0.05); within the plaques, the mean number of lymphocytes was 24±40.8 in culprit lesions and 10.9±13.2 in stable ones (p=0.17). The mean percent area of adventitial fibrosis/cross-sectional area of the vessel was significantly lower in unstable plaques (p<0.001). The confocal images showed holes in the external elastic membrane. CONCLUSION: Unstable plaques exhibit chronic pan-arteritis, accompanied by enlargement, medial thinning, and less fibrosis than in stable lesions, which is compatible with vessel aneurysm. Adventitial inflammation may contribute significantly to atheroma instability.

Prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular em trabalhadores de uma indústria brasileira

FUNDAMENTO: Determinar os fatores de risco cardiovascular é essencial para a prevenção primária e secundária das doenças do aparelho circulatório. OBJETIVO: Obter a prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular em uma população de industriários no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal em uma coorte com entrevista sociodemográfica para identificação de fatores de risco cardiovascular, medidas antropométricas e de pressão arterial e coleta de sangue capilar para dosagem de glicose, colesterol e triglicérides em funcionários de ambos os sexos de indústria alimentícia. RESULTADOS: Avaliaram-se 1.047 funcionários, sendo 913 (87%) do sexo masculino, com idade média de 36 ± 8 anos. A freqüência de sedentarismo foi de 83% e de sobrepeso de 63%. Hipertensão arterial foi identificada em 28% dos indivíduos e 45% estavam na faixa de pré-hipertensão. Alteração de glicose capilar foi detectada em 49% dos participantes, colesterol elevado em 7% e triglicérides em 11% da população. Os valores de índice de massa corpórea não se associaram à renda, mas houve relação inversa com nível de escolaridade. CONCLUSÃO: Sobrepeso e sedentarismo são os principais fatores de risco cardiovascular em população de industriários.

Efeitos do levosimendan sobre TNF-alfa, PNB e MMP-1 em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca com anemia

FUNDAMENTO: O levosimendan é conhecido pelo seu efeito bilateral de fortalecimento contração das miofibrilas sem aumentar a demanda de oxigênio no miocárdio. A anemia é uma deterioração que causa aumento da dosagem de fármacos em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca. OBJETIVO: No presente estudo comparamos a eficácia do tratamento com levosimendan em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca descompensada com ou sem anemia. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos no estudo 23 pacientes anêmicos com insuficiência cardíaca classe 3 ou 4, segundo a New York Heart Association (NYHA) e fração de ejeção abaixo de 35%. Outros 23 pacientes com o mesmo diagnóstico cardíaco, mas sem anemia, serviu como grupo controle. Ao tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca tradicional desses pacientes foi acrescido um tratamento de 24 horas de levosimendan. Amostras foram tomadas para dosar os níveis séricos do fator de necrose tumoral alfa sérico (TNF-alfa), peptídeo natriurético cerebral aminoterminal (NT-proPNB) e metaloproteinase da matriz 1 (MMP-1), antes e após a administração. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença significativa entre os níveis séricos de TNF-alfa e MMP-1, antes e depois do tratamento (p > 0,05). Embora o nível de NT-proBNP tenha diminuído em ambos os grupos após o tratamento, não foi estatisticamente significativo (p = 0,531 e p = 0,913 para os grupos de anemia e de controle, respectivamente). Uma restauração significativa da capacidade funcional foi observada em ambos os grupos avaliados, de acordo com a NYHA (p < 0,001 e p = 0,001 para os grupos de anemia e controle, respectivamente). CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento com levosimendan apresenta efeitos semelhantes em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca, com anemia e sem anemia. No entanto, o efeito precoce desse tratamento sobre os níveis de TNF-alfa, NT-proPNB e MMP-1 não é evidente. Ele oferece uma melhora significativa na capacidade funcional, sem a influência da anemia.

Interobserver variability of ultrasound parameters in portal hypertension

The aim of this study was to assess interobserver agreement of ultrasound parameters for portal hypertension in hepatosplenic mansonic schistosomiasis. Spleen size, diameter of the portal, splenic and superior mesenteric veins and presence of thrombosis and cavernous transformation were determined by three radiologists in blinded and independent fashion in 30 patients. Interobserver agreement was measured by the kappa index and intraclass correlation coefficient. Interobserver agreement was considered substantial (κ = 0.714-0.795) for portal vein thrombosis and perfect (κ = 1) for cavernous transformation. Interobserver agreement measured by the intraclass correlation coefficient was excellent for longitudinal diameter of the spleen (r = 0.828-0.869) and splenic index (r = 0.816-0.905) and varied from fair to almost perfect for diameter of the portal (r = 0.622-0.675), splenic (r = 0.573-0.913) and superior mesenteric (r = 0.525-0.607) veins. According to the results, ultrasound is a highly reproducible method for the main morphological parameters of portal hypertension in schistosomiasis patients.

An in-house real-time polymerase chain reaction: standardisation and comparison with the Cobas Amplicor HBV monitor and Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HBV tests for the quantification of hepatitis B virus DNA

This study aimed to standardise an in-house real-time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR) to allow quantification of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in serum or plasma samples, and to compare this method with two commercial assays, the Cobas Amplicor HBV monitor and the Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HBV test. Samples from 397 patients from the state of São Paulo were analysed by all three methods. Fifty-two samples were from patients who were human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus positive, but HBV negative. Genotypes were characterised, and the viral load was measure in each sample. The in-house rtPCR showed an excellent success rate compared with commercial tests; inter-assay and intra-assay coefficients correlated with commercial tests (r = 0.96 and r = 0.913, p < 0.001) and the in-house test showed no genotype-dependent differences in detection and quantification rates. The in-house assay tested in this study could be used for screening and quantifying HBV DNA in order to monitor patients during therapy.

Avaliação da função ventricular esquerda pela sequência de ressonância magnética sem apneia e com múltiplas excitações

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia da sequência de ressonância magnética com três excitações, para obtenção de volumes e massas ventriculares, em indivíduos com respiração livre, sem apneia. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Em 32 voluntários sadios, foram comparados os volumes e massas do ventrículo esquerdo, obtidos por meio de duas sequências de ressonância magnética em modo cine. A primeira, tradicionalmente utilizada e considerada padrão, em apneia e com excitação única, e a segunda, em respiração livre e com três excitações. Três leitores, com diferentes níveis de experiência, testaram a concordância e a reprodutibilidade. Para a análise estatística foram utilizados o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse, o teste t-pareado, os gráficos de Bland-Altman e o teste do sinal. RESULTADOS: Para os dois observadores mais experientes, os coeficientes de correlação intraclasse foram superiores a 0,913, assim como os níveis descritivos do teste t-pareado acima de 0,05, os gráficos de Bland-Altman com as diferenças distribuídas aleatoriamente em torno do zero e o teste do sinal com seu nível descritivo superior a 0,05. CONCLUSÃO: A sequência testada apresenta ótima concordância e reprodutibilidade em relação à sequência padrão, podendo ser aplicada em indivíduos com limitações respiratórias.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND POLLEN FLOW IN PROGENIES OF Qualea grandiflora Mart., A TYPICAL SPECIES OF THE BRAZILIAN CERRADO

This study analyzed the reproductive system and the pollen dispersion pattern of Qualea grandiflora progenies. This is a typical species from the Brazilian Cerrado about which there are not too many studies from the genetics point of view. The study was conducted in an area of 2.2 hectares located in the Conservation Unit managed by the Forest Institute of the state of São Paulo, Brazil (Assis State Forest). Total genomic DNA of 300 seeds from 25 plants (12 seeds from each plant) was extracted and amplified using specific primers to obtain microsatellite markers. Results showed that selfing is frequent among adults and progenies, and the species reproduces by outcrossing between related and unrelated individuals (0.913). The single-locus outcrossing rate was 0.632, which indicates that mating between unrelated individuals is more frequent than between related plants. The selfing rate was low (0.087), that is, the species is allogamous and self-fertilization is reduced. About 35% of the plants in the progenies were full-sibs, and about 57%, half-sibs. Besides, about 8% of the progenies were selfing siblings. The genetic differentiation coefficient within progenies was 0.139, whereas the fixation rate was about 27%. The estimate of the effective size revealed that the genetic representativeness of descent was lower than expected in random mating progenies: The analyzed samples corresponded to only 13.2 individuals of an ideal panmictic population. In environmental recovery programs, seeds, preferably from different fruits, should be collected from 95 trees to preserve the genetic diversity of the species.

WATER USE EFFICIENCY, GROWTH AND YIELD OF WHEAT CULTIVATED UNDER COMPETITION WITH Setaria

ABSTRACT Understanding the critical period of weed competition is indispensable in the development of an effective weed management program in field crops. Current experiment was planned to evaluate the critical growth period ofSetaria and level of yield losses associated with delay in weeding in rain-fed drip irrigated wheat production system of Saudi Arabia. Field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of weeding interval (07-21, 14-28, 21-35, 28-42 and 35-49 days after sowing) and drought stress (75% and 50% of field capacity) on Setaria growth, wheat yield and water use efficiency. Season long weedy check and wellwatered (100% FC) plots were also maintained for comparison. Weeding interval and drought stress significantly (p ≤ 0.05) affected the growth and yield of Setaria and wheat. Drought stress from 75% to 50% FC resulted in reductions of 29-40% in Setaria height, 14-27% in Setaria density and 11-26% in Setaria dry biomass. All weeding intervals except 35-49 DAS significantly suppressedSetaria growth as compared with control. Delay in weeding increased weed-crop competition interval and reduced wheat yield and yield contributors. Therefore, the lowest yield of 1836 kg ha-1 was attained for weeding interval of 35-49 DAS at 50% FC. Water use efficiency and harvest index increased with decreasing FC levels but reduced with delay in weeding. Correlation analysis predicted negative association ofSetariadensity with wheat yield and yield contributors and the highest negative association was for harvest index (-0.913) and water use efficiency (-0.614). Early management of Setaria is imperative for successful wheat production otherwise yield losses are beyond economical limits.