Developing novel one-step processes for obtaining food-grade O/W emulsions from pressurized fluid extracts: processes description, state of the art and perspectives

Abstract In this work, a novel on-line process for production of food-grade emulsions containing oily extracts, i.e. oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions, in only one step is presented. This process has been called ESFE, Emulsions from Supercritical Fluid Extraction. With this process, emulsions containing supercritical fluid extracts can be obtained directly from plant materials. The aim in the conception of this process is to propose a new rapid way to obtain emulsions from supercritical fluid extracts. Nowadays the conventional emulsion formulation method is a two-step procedure, i.e. first supercritical fluid extraction for obtaining an extract; secondly emulsion formulation using another device. Other variation of the process was tested and successfully validated originating a new acronymed process: EPFE (Emulsions from Pressurized Fluid Extractions). Both processes exploit the supercritical CO2-essential oils miscibility, in addition, EPFE process exploits the emulsification properties of saponin-rich pressurized aqueous plant extracts. The feasibility of this latter process was demonstrated using Pfaffia glomerata roots as source of saponin-rich extract, water as extracting solvent and clove essential oil, directly extracted using supercritical CO2, as a model dispersed phase. In addition, examples of pressurized fluid-based coupled processes applied for adding value to food bioactive compounds developed in the past five years are reviewed.

Quebra de dormência de sementes da videira cv. niágara rosada sem estratificação

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito de três fatores na germinação de sementes de uva cv. niágara rosada: tratamentos físicos, tratamentos químicos e ambientes de germinação. Os tratamentos físicos consistiram de sementes com corte transversal na região mediana e de sementes com corte na micrópila. Os tratamentos químicos foram aplicados mediante imersão das sementes inteiras em solução aquosa de ácido giberélico (GA3) nas concentrações de 0 e 4000 mg L-1. Os ambientes avaliados foram in vitro e ex vitro. O experimento foi um fatorial do tipo 2 x 2 x 2 no delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, sendo a parcela experimental constituída de um Gerbox®, contendo 25 sementes ou uma grade com 25 tubos de ensaio. Os parâmetros avaliados foram porcentagem e velocidade de germinação das sementes. Os resultados indicaram que o corte das sementes é imprescindível à germinação de sementes não estratificadas. A combinação entre cortes na micrópila, 4000 mg L-1 de GA3 e ambiente in vitro, proporcionou a germinação de 77% das sementes, sendo o ambiente in vitro significativamente superior ao ex vitro.

A resiliência de profissionais angolanos

Este artigo focaliza o atual esforço de profissionais de Angola, do continente africano, para superar os efeitos devastadores da colonização do país, seguida de uma brutal guerra civil. Em indivíduos e comunidades, há capacidade de regeneração quando cessam eventos que propiciam pressões desgastantes. A teoria da resiliência explica essa propriedade. Inserida na esfera da subjetividade, tal teoria contribuiu para alcançar o objetivo do estudo: descobrir que forças ligadas a sentimentos impulsionaram ou facilitaram as ações de angolanos, profissionais de organizações públicas e privadas, para a superação de dificuldades. A amostra de 46 profissionais foi obtida por acessibilidade. O método escolhido para coletar os dados no campo e tratá-los foi a análise de conteúdo. A literatura e as respostas dos sujeitos da investigação permitiram a formação de uma grade mista que redundou em quatro categorias: amor à pátria; solidariedade; esperança; recursos intangíveis. Essas categorias agregam as forças ligadas a afetos explicitadas pelos pesquisados e, portanto, as bases resilientes dos sujeitos da investigação.

Plano de amostragem utilizado no estudo de reprodução humana no distrito de São Paulo

Apresentação do processo de amostragem empregado para a seleção da amostra na qual se baseou o estudo da «Reprodução humana no Distrito de São Paulo», realizado pelo Departamento de Estatística Aplicada da Faculdade de Higiene e Saúde Pública da USP. O processo procurou resolver a situação criada com as limitações de verba, de tempo e carência de um sistema de referência que permitisse, no prazo estipulado e com a verba disponível, a seleção de uma amostra seguindo os procedimentos usuais de amostragem probabilística. Consistiu em aplicar amostragem em duas etapas, na qual a unidade primária foi domicílio e a unidade secundária foi mulher. Na primeira etapa empregou-se amostragem estratificada em que os estratos eram subdistritos. Para a seleção de unidades primárias sortearam-se pontos («pontos de partida») nos mapas dos subdistritos por um processo que se assemelha àquele chamado «grade quadrada», mas que difere deste quanto a vários aspectos. A cada «ponto de partida» selecionado corresponderam, por regras prefixadas, três domicílios com pelo menos uma mulher da população em estado residindo em cada um deles. Na segunda etapa, nos domicílios onde residia mais de uma mulher da população em estudo, procedeu-se a uma subamostragem na qual cada uma delas teve igual probabilidade de seleção. São também apresentados diferentes casos de ausência de resposta e as respectivas instruções às entrevistadoras.

Cross-cultural differences in children's concepts of health and illness

INTRODUCTION: In spite of general agreement that cross-cultural research is needed in the health area, most existing investigations of children's development of health and illness-related concepts have involved samples from developed countries. The study examined the development of the concepts of health and illness as a function of subject's age, socio-economic status (SES), gender and grade level in a Brazilian sample of 96 elementary and junior high school students. METHODS: Subjects were interviewed individually and their ideas of health and illness were assessed through open-ended questions. Participants' answers were transcribed verbatim and subjected to content analysis. RESULTS: Chi-square analyses revealed significant age, school grade and SES-related differences in participants' concepts of health and illness. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The themes employed by subjects to define both health and illness were broadly consistent with those found by previous research. The study showed a predictable relationship between subject's age and school grade level and increasingly more highly differentiated and multidimensional concepts of health and illness. This investigation suggests that, for the most part, cross-cultural similarities in children's concepts of health and illness may be more striking than the differences.

Causal attributions in Brazilian children's reasoning about health and illness

INTRODUCTION: At a time when a great number of diseases can be prevented by changing one's habits and life style, investigations have focused on understanding what adults and children believe to be desirable health practices and uncovering the factors associated with successful adherence to such practices. For these, causal attributions for health and illness were investigated among 96 Brazilian elementary school students. METHODS: Ninety six subjects, aged 6 to 14, were interviewed individually and their causal attributions were assessed through 14 true-false items (e.g. people stay well [healthy] because they are lucky). The relationship between the children's causal attributions and demographic characteristics were also examined. RESULTS: Overall, the results were consistent with previous researches. "Taking care of oneself" was considered the most important cause of good health. "Viruses and germs" and "lack of self-care" were the most selected causes of illness. Analyses revealed significant relationship between subjects' causal attribution and their age, school grade level, socioeconomic status and gender. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings suggest that there may be more cross-cultural similarities than differences in children's causal attributions for health and illness. Finding ways to help individuals engage in appropriate preventive-maintenance health practices without developing an exaggerated notion that the individuals can control their own health and illness is a challenge which remains to be addressed by further research.

Pediculus capitis infestation according to sex and social factors in Argentina

OBJECTIVE: To determine the intensity of Pediculus capitis infestation (abundance) among Argentinean schoolchildren. Children's sex and social stratum were analyzed as modifiers of the general prevalence and degree of parasitism. METHODS: The study included 1,370 schoolchildren (692 girls, 678 boys) from 26 schools of the province of La Rioja (21 public schools, five private schools). Classic prevalence was obtained as the percentage of children with nits and/or lice. Moreover, five degrees of parasitism were classified: 0) children with no signs of pediculosis; 0+) children with evidence of past infestation; 1) children with a recent infestation and low probability of active parasitism; 2) children with a recent infestation and high probability of active parasitism; 3) children with mobile lice (active pediculosis). RESULTS: The general prevalence was 61.4% (girls: 79%; boys: 44%, p<0.001). Private schools showed lower prevalence than public schools (p=0.02), especially due to the low prevalence in boys. Fifty percent of children were classified in classes 0 and 0+, 22% in class 1; and 28% in grades 2 and 3. The proportion of children in grade 3 was higher in public schools than in private schools. There were significant sexual differences in the intensity of parasitism for grades 2 and 3, where girls' rates exceeded twice those of boys'. CONCLUSIONS: Sex and social stratum are important modifiers of P. capitis general prevalence and degree of infestation. The classification of children by intensity of infestation allowed a more precise delimitation of this condition, which is especially important for disease surveillance and application of control measures.

Plano de amostragem utilizado no estudo de reprodução humana no distrito de São Paulo

Apresentação do processo de amostragem empregado para a seleção da amostra na qual se baseou o estudo da «Reprodução humana no Distrito de São Paulo», realizado pelo Departamento de Estatística Aplicada da Faculdade de Higiene e Saúde Pública da USP. O processo procurou resolver a situação criada com as limitações de verba, de tempo e carência de um sistema de referência que permitisse, no prazo estipulado e com a verba disponível, a seleção de uma amostra seguindo os procedimentos usuais de amostragem probabilística. Consistiu em aplicar amostragem em duas etapas, na qual a unidade primária foi domicílio e a unidade secundária foi mulher. Na primeira etapa empregou-se amostragem estratificada em que os estratos eram subdistritos. Para a seleção de unidades primárias sortearam-se pontos («pontos de partida») nos mapas dos subdistritos por um processo que se assemelha àquele chamado «grade quadrada», mas que difere deste quanto a vários aspectos. A cada «ponto de partida» selecionado corresponderam, por regras prefixadas, três domicílios com pelo menos uma mulher da população em estado residindo em cada um deles. Na segunda etapa, nos domicílios onde residia mais de uma mulher da população em estudo, procedeu-se a uma subamostragem na qual cada uma delas teve igual probabilidade de seleção. São também apresentados diferentes casos de ausência de resposta e as respectivas instruções às entrevistadoras.

Effectiveness of see-and-treat for approaching pre-invasive lesions of uterine cervix

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness between the see-and-treat (S&T) approach and the conventional one (with prior biopsy) for squamous intraepithelial lesions of uterine cervix. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 900 nonpregnant women with cytology suggestive of high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil, between 1998 and 2004. The S&T approach consists of a large loop excision of the transformation zone procedure and is recommended when cytology is suggestive of high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, satisfactory colposcopy with abnormalities compatible with the suspected cytological results, and the lesion is limited to the ectocervix or extends up to one centimeter of the endocervical canal. A subgroup of 336 patients whose colposcopy was considered satisfactory was analyzed, and they were divided into two groups for comparison: patients treated without prior biopsy (n = 288) and patients treated after a biopsy showing high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (n = 48). Patients who were not treated or only treated more than a year later after recruitment at the colposcopy unit were considered dropouts. RESULTS: Of patients recruited during the study period, 71 were not treated or were only treated for at least a year. The overall dropout rate was 7.9% (95% CI: 6.1;9.7). Mean time elapsed between patient recruitment and treatment was 17.5 days in the S&T group and 102.5 days in the prior biopsy group. Dropout rates were 1.4% (95% CI: 0.04;2.7) and 5.% (95% CI: 0;12.3), respectively (p=0.07). The proportion of overtreated cases (negative histology) in the S&T group was 2.0% (95% CI: 0.4;3.6). CONCLUSIONS: The difference in the mean time elapsed between patient recruitment and treatment indicates that S&T is a time-saving approach The proportion of negative cases from using the S&T approach can be regarded as low.