Câncer anal e doenças sexualmente transmissíveis: qual a correlação?

OBJETIVO: O Câncer Anal é um tumor raro, cuja incidência é influenciada pelo comportamento sexual. O objetivo do trabalho é verificar a correlação entre o Câncer Anal e as Doenças Sexualmente Transmissíveis, como HPV, HIV, Infecção Gonocócica, Infecção por Clamídia, Sífilis e outras. MÉTODOS: Foram pesquisadas no site do Datasus as internações por Câncer Anal, HPV, HIV, Infecção Gonocócica, Infecção por Clamídia, Sífilis e outras DSTs, no SUS no Brasil, entre 1998 e 2007. O teste de correlação de Pearson foi aplicado. RESULTADOS: Há uma correlação positiva muito alta entre as internações por Câncer Anal e HPV (r = 0,98, p<0,001). Há uma correlação negativa entre as internações por Câncer Anal e as internações por Infecção Gonocócica (r = -0,81, p=0,005) e Infecção por Clamídia (r = -0,74, p=0,014). Não houve correlação estatisticamente significante entre Câncer Anal e as internações por HIV (r = 0,40, p=0,245), outras DSTs (r = 0,55, p=0,1) e Sífilis (r = -0,61, p=0,059). CONCLUSÃO: Há uma correlação positiva muito alta entre as internações por Câncer Anal e HPV no Brasil. Há uma correlação negativa entre as internações por Câncer Anal, Infecção Gonocócica e Infecção por Clamídia.

Ansiedade no puerpério: prevalência e fatores de risco

OBJETIVOS: estimar a prevalência de ansiedade puerperal (AP) e fatores de risco associados, em amostra de mulheres de clínica privada. MÉTODOS: foi realizado estudo de corte transversal com 299 mulheres, atendidas em consulta ginecológica de rotina, durante o período de agosto de 2000 a maio de 2003. Foram utilizados o STAIT (Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), para avaliação de ansiedade puerperal, e um questionário com dados sociodemográficos e obstétricos. Os critérios de inclusão foram: puérperas sem história atual ou passada de depressão ou tratamento psiquiátrico, alcoolismo ou abuso de drogas e cujos filhos estavam vivos. As prevalências de AP-traço e AP-estado que avaliam, respectivamente, características de personalidade e ansiedade transitória, segundo o STAIT, foram estimadas, conjuntamente com o intervalo de confiança (IC) 95%. Estimaram-se os odds ratios (OR) e os intervalos de confiança de 95%, na avaliação da associação entre AP e as variáveis explicativas. Utilizou-se o teste do chi2 ou chi2 de tendência, quando as categorias foram ordenadas para análise estatística. Valor de p<0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. RESULTADOS: a prevalência de AP foi de 44,8 (IC 95%: 39,1 - 50,7), para AP-estado, e 46,1% (IC 95%: 40,4 - 52,0), para AP-traço. A concordância formal entre as escalas foi moderada (kappa = 0,55, p<0,001). Na análise multivariada, AP-traço e AP-estado se associaram com maior renda da mulher (OR:0,39; IC 95%: 0,21 - 0,74, p=0,005); (OR: 0,46; IC 95%: 0,24 - 0,87, p=0,02) e com presença de intercorrências com o recém-nascido (OR:2,15; IC 95%: 1,02 - 4,54, p=0,04; OR:2,47; IC 95%: 1,16 - 5,25, p=0,02), respectivamente. AP-traço se associou com maior faixa etária (OR: 0,34; IC 95%: 0,13 - 0,88, p=0,008), ao passo que AP-estado se associou com maior número de filhos vivos (OR:1,82; IC 95: 1,01 - 3,29, p=0,04). CONCLUSÕES: AP foi muito prevalente nesta amostra de mulheres atendidas em clínica privada. Maior renda e maior faixa etária da mulher diminuem o risco, ao passo que a presença de intercorrências com o recém-nascido e maior número de filhos vivos aumentam o risco de AP.

Anxiety and depression symptoms in recurrent painful renal lithiasis colic

Several studies have reported that symptoms of anxiety and depression are significantly associated with diseases characterized by painful crises. However, there is little information about the psychological aspects of recurrent painful episodes of renal stone disease. Our objective was to evaluate the association of symptoms of anxiety, depression and recurrent painful renal colic in a case-control study involving 64 subjects (32 cases/32 controls) matched for age and sex. Cases were outpatients with a confirmed diagnosis of nephrolithiasis as per their case history, physical examination, image examination and other laboratory exams. Patients had a history of at least two episodes within a 3-year period, and were currently in an intercrisis interval. The control group consisted of subjects seen at the Ophthalmology Outpatient Clinic of this University Hospital with only eye refraction symptoms, and no other associated disease. Symptoms of anxiety were evaluated by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and symptoms of depression by the Beck Depression Inventory. Statistically significant differences were observed between patients with nephrolithiasis and controls for anxiety state (P = 0.001), anxiety trait (P = 0.005) and symptoms of depression (odds ratio = 3.74; 95%CI = 1.31-10.62). The Beck Depression Inventory showed 34.5% of respondents with moderate and 6% with severe levels of depression. There was a significant linear correlation between symptoms of anxiety (P = 0.002) and depression (P < 0.001) and the number of recurrent colic episodes (anxiety-state: P = 0.016 and anxiety-trait: P < 0.001). These data suggest an association between recurrent renal colic and symptoms of both anxiety and depression.

Mechanical cardiac remodeling and new-onset atrial fibrillation in long-term follow-up of subjects with chronic Chagas' disease

Atrial fibrillation (AF) affects subjects with Chagas' disease and is an indicator of poor prognosis. We investigated clinical, echocardiographic and electrocardiographic variables of Chagas' disease in a long-term longitudinal study as predictors of a new-onset AF episode lasting >24 h, nonfatal embolic stroke and cardiac death. Fifty adult outpatients (34 to 74 years old, 62% females) staged according to the Los Andes classification were enrolled. During a follow-up of (mean ± SD) 84.2 ± 39.0 months, 9 subjects developed AF (incidence: 3.3 ± 1.0%/year), 5 had nonfatal stroke (incidence: 1.3 ± 1.0%/year), and nine died (mortality rate: 2.3 ± 0.8%/year). The progression rate of left ventricular mass and left ventricular ejection fraction was significantly greater in subjects who experienced AF (16.4 ± 20.0 g/year and -8.6 ± 7.6%/year, respectively) than in those who did not (8.2 ± 8.4 g/year; P = 0.03, and -3.0 ± 2.5%/year; P = 0.04, respectively). In univariate analysis, left atrial diameter ≥3.2 cm (P = 0.002), pulmonary arterial hypertension (P = 0.035), frequent premature supraventricular and ventricular contraction counts/24 h (P = 0.005 and P = 0.007, respectively), ventricular couplets/24 h (P = 0.002), and ventricular tachycardia (P = 0.004) were long-term predictors of AF. P-wave signal-averaged ECG revealed a limited long-term predictive value for AF. In chronic Chagas' disease, large left atrial diameter, pulmonary arterial hypertension, frequent supraventricular and ventricular premature beats, and ventricular tachycardia are long-term predictors of AF. The rate of left ventricular mass enlargement and systolic function deterioration impact AF incidence in this population.

A high-carbohydrate diet enhances the adverse effect of the S2 allele of APOC3 SstI polymorphism on the TG/HDL-C ratio only in young Chinese females

Both genetic background and diet have profound effects on plasma lipid profiles. We hypothesized that a high-carbohydrate (high-CHO) diet may affect the ratios of serum lipids and apolipoproteins (apo) differently in subjects with different genotypes of the SstI polymorphism in the apoCIII gene (APOC3). Fifty-six healthy university students (27 males and 29 females, 22.89 ± 1.80 years) were given a washout diet of 54% carbohydrate for 7 days, followed by a high-CHO diet of 70% carbohydrate for 6 days without total energy restriction. Serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apoB100, apoAI, and the APOC3 SstI polymorphism were analyzed. The ratios of serum lipids and apoB100/apoAI were calculated. At baseline, the TG/HDL-C ratio was significantly higher in females, but not in males, with the S2 allele. The differences in the TG/HDL-C ratio between genotypes remained the same after the washout and the high-CHO diet in females. When compared with those before the high-CHO diet, the TC/HDL-C (male S2 carriers: 3.13 ± 1.00 vs 2.36 ± 0.65, P = 0.000; male subjects with the S1S1 genotype: 2.97 ± 0.74 vs 2.09 ± 0.55, P = 0.000; female S2 carriers: 2.68 ± 0.36 vs 2.24 ± 0.37, P = 0.004; female subjects with the S1S1 genotype: 2.69 ± 0.41 vs 2.09 ± 0.31, P = 0.000) and LDL-C/HDL-C (male S2 carriers: 1.44 ± 0.71 vs 1.06 ± 0.26, P = 0.012; male subjects with the S1S1 genotype: 1.35 ± 0.61 vs 1.01 ± 0.29, P = 0.005; female S2 carriers: 1.18 ± 0.33 vs 1.00 ± 0.18, P = 0.049; female subjects with the S1S1 genotype: 1.18 ± 0.35 vs 1.04 ± 0.19, P = 0.026) ratios were significantly decreased after the high-CHO diet regardless of gender and of genotype of the APOC3 SstI polymorphism. However, in female S2 carriers, the TG/HDL-C (1.38 ± 0.46 vs 1.63 ± 0.70, P = 0.039) ratio was significantly increased after the high-CHO diet. In conclusion, the high-CHO diet has favorable effects on the TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios regardless of gender and of genotype of the APOC3 SstI polymorphism. Somehow, it enhanced the adverse effect of the S2 allele on the TG/HDL-C ratio only in females.

In-house method validation and occurrence of alpha-, beta-endosulfan, endosulfan sulphate, lambda-cyhalothrin, procymidone and trifluralin residues in strawberry

A method for determination of organohalogen pesticides in strawberry by gas chromatography with electron capture detection was validated and applied in a monitoring program. Linearity, matrix effects, and day effect were evaluated for the analytes alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan, endosulfan sulphate, lambda-cyhalothrin, procymidone, and trifluralin. The linear range varied according to the chromatographic response of the analyte. Significant matrix effects were observed. The mean recoveries ranged from 74.6 to 115.4%, with repeatability standard deviations between 1.6 and 21.0% and intermediate precision between 5.9 and 21.0%. Detection, quantification and decision limit, and detection capacity ranged from 0.003 to 0.007 mg/kg, 0.005 to 0.013 mg/kg; 0.003 to 3.128 mg/kg; and 0.005 to 3.266 mg/kg, respectively. The method was fit for the purpose of monitoring organohalogen residues in strawberries. Residues of these pesticides were detected in 124 of the 186 samples analyzed between 2009 and 2011 in the state of Minas Gerais. Nine of them did not comply with the current legislation requirements; among them, seven (3.8%) had residues of unauthorized pesticide for the culture of strawberry, one (0.5%) had residues above the maximum residue limit, and another one (0.5%) exhibited both non-conformities.