Formação de multicamadas de polissacarídeos e proteína

In this work the formation of multilayers composed by carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), chitosane and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was studied by ellipsometry. First, the adsorption behavior of carboxymethylcellulose onto amino-terminated surfaces was investigated as a function of molecular weight and average degree of substitution of CMC. The influence of these parameters on the adsorbed amount of CMC onto amino-terminated substrates was absent. However, the interaction of CMC covered surfaces with chitosane and BSA was favored when the average degree of substitution of CMC was increased. The adsorption of BSA onto the polysaccharide systems was studied as a function of pH. At the isoelectric point of BSA a maximum in the adsorbed amount was found.

Determinação da concentração micelar crítica de ácidos húmicos por medidas de condutividade e espectroscopia

The aim of this study was the determination of the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant using spectroscopic and conductimetric determinations and to compare these methodologies in the determination of the CMC of different humic acids (HA). The CMC obtained by conductimetric determination was satisfactory. By spectroscopic determination two values of the CMC were obtained for HA. These values can be to due the intra and intermolecular interactions in the HA structure.

Formação de micelas mistas entre o sal biliar colato de sódio e o surfactante aniônico dodecanoato de sódio

Mixed-micelle formation between sodium chlolate (NaC) and the anionic surfactant sodium dodecanoate (SDoD) in Tris-HCl buffer solutions, pH 9.00, varying the molar fraction of the surfactants, was investigated by means of electrical conductivity and steady-state fluorescence of pyrene. The critical micelar concentration (cmc) was measured from the equivalent conductance versus the square root of the molar surfactant concentration plots and the regular solution theory (RST) was used to predict the mixing behavior. The I1/I3 pyrene ratio-surfactant concentration plots were used as an additional technique to follow the behavior and the changes in the micropolarity of the mixed micelles.

Estudo das interações entre o complexo polieletrolítico trimetilquitosana/carboximetilcelulose e Cu+2, ácido húmico e atrazina em solução aquosa

The polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) resulting from the reaction of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and N,N,N-trimethylchitosan hydrochloride (TMQ) was prepared and then characterized by infrared spectroscopy and energy dispersive X rays analysis. The interactions involving the PEC and Cu2+ ions, humic acid and atrazine in aqueous medium were studied. From the adsorption isotherms the maximum amount adsorbed (Xmax) was determined as 61 mg Cu2+/g PEC, 171 mg humic acid/g PEC and 5 mg atrazine/g PEC. The results show that the CMC/TMQ complex has a high affinity for the studied species, indicating its potential application to remove them from aqueous media.

Efecto del catión, del anión y del co-ión sobre la agregación de líquidos iónicos en solución acuosa

The aggregation behavior of thirteen 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium based ionic liquids in aqueous solution is presented, considering variations of the alkyl side chain length as well as the anionic moiety. Cation and anion molecular volumes are selected as appropriate molecular descriptors. Additionally, the existing relationship between critical micelle concentration (CMC) and electrolyte concentration in solution is established, aiming to clarify ion effects. CMC values were obtained by measuring electrical conductivity and surface tension. It was confirmed that aggregation of ionic liquids in aqueous solution and in presence of inorganic salts is affected by the factors developed in this study.

Cinética e caracterização de ramnolipídeos produzidos por Pseudomonas aeruginosa MSIC02 utilizando glicerol como fonte de carbono

Glycerol, a co-product of biodiesel production, was used as a carbon source for the kinetics studies and production of biosurfactants by P. aeruginosa MSIC02. The highest fermentative parameters (Y PX = 3.04 g g-1; Y PS = 0.189 g g-1, P B = 31.94 mg L-1 h-1 and P X = 10.5 mg L-1 h-1) were obtained at concentrations of 0.4% (w/v) NaNO3 and 2% (w/v) glycerol. The rhamnolipid exhibited 80% of emulsification on kerosene, surface tension of 32.5 mN m-1, CMC = 28.2 mg L-1, C20 (concentration of surfactant in the bulk phase that produces a reduction of 20 dyn/cm in the surface tension of the solvent) = 0.99 mg L-1, Γm (surface concentration excess) = 2.4 x 10-26 mol Å-2 and S (surface area) = 70.4 Ų molecule-1 with solutions containing 10% NaCl. A mathematical model based on logistic equation was considered to representing the process. Model parameters were estimated by non-linear regression method. This approach was able to give a good description of the process.

OBTENÇÃO DE COMPÓSITOS HÍBRIDOS BASEADOS EM HIDROGÉIS E CIMENTO PORTLAND

In this study, a novel hybrid composite based on biodegradable hydrogel and Portland cement with promising technological properties was reported. In the first step, a full 23 with central point factorial design was utilized to obtain the enhanced polyacrylamide-carboxymethylcellulose hydrogel compositions. A mathematical model was devised, indicating that the 3 main variables were significant and the AAm and MBAAm variables positively contributed to the mode and showing that the CMC variable had the opposite contribution. In the second step, these compositions were mixed with Portland cement to obtain the hybrid composites. The presence of cement improved the mechanical properties of polymeric matrices, and electronic microscopic micrographics revealed that the hydrogels were well adhered to the cement phase and no phase separation between hydrogel and cement was detected. Finally, using the energy dispersive X-ray technique, the elements Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, K, Ca and Fe were detected in the polymeric matrix, consistent with the hybrid composite formation.

Cytogenetics of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Glomerella cingulata f. sp. phaseoli)

Cytogenetic and morphological studies were conducted with Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Glomerella cingulata f. sp. phaseoli), the pathogen responsible for anthracnose of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). In this species, there is some evidence of genomic variation but it is unknown whether the process occurs in a manner similar to other fungal genetic models. Six isolates from bean plants were used and sexual reproduction was observed in vitro. Meiosis and ascospore formation were investigated by cytogenetical approaches and light microscopy. To study the nucleus and chromosome numbers, a mixture of carmine and orcein propionic dyes was used. Nucleus divisions as well as ascospore maturation were asynchronous. Meiosis was observed in three isolates. In the asexual form, chromosomal polymorphism in conidia was also observed microscopically and the mitosis process was described.

A fluorescence probe study of gemini surfactants in aqueous solution: a comparison between n-2-n and n-6-n series of the alkanediyl-a,w-bis (dimethylalkylammonium bromides)

Two series of alkanediyl-a,w-bis (dimethylalkylammonium bromide (n-2-n and n-6-n; n=8, 10,12, and 16) have been synthesized and their micelles properties studied in aqueous solution using pyrene, pyrenecarboxaldehyde (PCA) and 1,8 anilinonaphtalene sulfonic acid sodium salt (ANS) as fluorescent probes. The micelles from these surfactants have been characterized on the basis of the information provided by micelle-solubilized fluorescent probes. The obtained results indicated that the surfactant concentration at which a marked decrease in l max parameter of pyrenecarboxaldehyde (PCA) occurs corresponds to the CMC determined by conductimetric measurements. Changes in the emission spectra of ANS and PCA observed in the submicellar range for both surfactants series (n-2-n and n-6-n) were interpreted as formation of pre-aggregates. It was found that the dimeric surfactants with long spacer (s= 6) form more hydrated aggregates when compared with those formed by the n-2-n and CnTAB surfactants series. This was attributed to a more difficult packing of n-6-n surfactant molecules to form micelles.

Desenvolvimento de Pantoea agglomerans em diversas temperaturas, pH e concentrações de carboxi-metil-celulose e o seu impacto no controle de Rosellinia necatrix

Rosellinia necatrix Prill induz a podridão branca da raiz da macieira, doença que causa severa perda em pomares localizados no sul do Brasil. O manejo da doença é principalmente preventivo e inclui o uso de porta-enxertos resistentes e a fumigação do solo. A proteção das mudas de macieiras antes do plantio com um isolado antagonista de Pantoea agglomerans foi recentemente proposto para reduzir a incidência da doença. Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram caracterizar o relacionamento entre o patógeno e a bactéria antagonista; a produção de metabólitos biológicamente ativos pelo isolado bacteriano e a sua ação sobre o patógeno; o efeito do pH, da temperatura e de carboxi-metil-celulose (CMC) sobre o crescimento do antagonista e do patógeno, isolados ou não e no controle da doença. Os resultados demonstraram que o crescimento de P. agglomerans foi maior em pH 5,5 e 6,0 e nas temperaturas de 20 °C e 30 °C. O crescimento micelial de R. necatrix foi inibido em meio de cultura e previamente colonizado pelo antagonista e com CMC nas concentrações de 0,25 e 0,5 %. A proteção das macieiras da infecção por R. necatrix foi observada quando utilizadas as concentrações de 10(7); 10(8) e 10(9) cel/mL e nas diferentes concentrações de CMC. Maior desenvolvimento radicular das macieiras foi constatado em todas as concentrações de CMC quando usada a concentração de 10(9) cel/mL. A formulação de P. agglomerans com CMC tornará possível a incorporação desta estratégia de controle ao manejo integrado da podridão branca das raízes da macieira no Sul do Brasil.

Cylindrocladium spathiphylli de espatifilo (Spathiphyllum wallisii Rengel): detecção de enzimas extracelulares em isolados normais e alterados por temperatura

O fungo Cylindrocladium spathiphylli causa podridão no colo e nas raízes de espatifilo, induzindo amarelecimento e murcha nas folhas da parte aérea. Há poucos estudos com o fungo quanto às enzimas extracelulares. Assim, delineou-se ensaio inteiramente casualizado in vitro, com três tratamentos (dois isolados normais: LFEEI016 - EPAGRI/SC e MMBF 01/01 - IB/SP; mais testemunha) e seis repetições, visando a detecção de enzimas. A amilase (AM), lipase (LP), carboximetilcelulase (CMC) e lacase (LC) foram mensuradas pelo cálculo da área da coroa circular, local de atividade das enzimas. A catalase (CT) e gelatinase (GL) foram mensuradas por símbolos, depois transformados em notas (1 a 4, de ausência à intensa produção). O isolado MMBF 01/01 produziu as maiores áreas e com mais intensidade as enzimas. Das enzimas, a maior área foi a da LC e depois a LP. LFEEI016 e MMBF 01/01 não apresentaram área para AM e CMC e exibiram intensidade fraca e igual para CT. A intensidade de GT foi moderada no MMBF 01/01 (nota média 3,0) e ausente para o LFEEI016 (nota média 1,0). Após a produção das enzimas extracelulares, os isolados foram alterados vegetativamente por temperatura. Instalou-se ensaio inteiramente ao acaso, em fatorial contendo disco de micélio dos isolados do fungo versus três temperaturas [23ºC (T1); 33ºC (T2) e de 33ºC para 23ºC (T3)] versus quatro períodos (3; 6; 9 e 12 dias), com oito repetições, em placa de Petri com BDA mantida em BOD. O diâmetro das colônias foi medido diariamente (mm) em dois sentidos. As alterações de temperatura vistas foram: inócuo, fungistático (FS) e fungicida (FC). Aplicou-se estatística nas temperaturas T1 e T3 dos isolados para checar efeito FS e escolher aqueles com maior e menor efeito. O isolado LFEEIO16 mostrou efeito FS com três dias às temperaturas 33ºC e de 33ºC para 23ºC. Nos demais períodos, o isolado sofreu efeito FC. O MMBF 01/01 mostrou efeito FS em todos os períodos. Ambos isolados sofreram, estatisticamente, efeito FS. O MMBF 01/01 mostrou maior efeito FS aos nove dias, nas temperaturas referidas e menor com três dias. Após a constatação de alteração na taxa de crescimento micelial dos isolados, procurou-se verificar, novamente, a produção de enzimas extracelulares. Os isolados alterados e utilizados foram o MMBF 01/01 com três e nove dias e o LFEEIO16 com três dias. A produção e a avaliação das enzimas foram realizadas da mesma maneira para os isolados normais. O isolado MMBF 01/01 - três dias produziu as maiores áreas e com mais intensidade as enzimas. Das enzimas, a maior área foi a da LC. Após LC, a área da LP foi maior que a da CMC nos isolados. Não se detectou área de AM nos isolados. A intensidade de GL foi maior que a da CT nos isolados MMBF 01/01 com três e nove dias. Para LFEEI016 - três dias, a intensidade média de CT foi nota 2,0 e ausência de GL (nota média 1,3). Sugere-se investigar a severidade da doença na planta entre os isolados e em condições naturais investigar a evolução da LC em comparação as demais enzimas na patogênese do fungo na cultura.

Influência de aderências peritoneais e fio cirúrgico na tensão de ruptura da parede abdominal em ratos

O resultado de operações na cavidade abdominal pode ser influenciado por aderências. Existem muitos conceitos ainda não comprovados sobre os efeitos das aderências na resistência de suturas tanto de vísceras intracavitárias quanto da parede abdominal. O presente trabalho visa a avaliar a influência das aderências peritoneais e vários tipos de fios cirúrgicos na tensão de ruptura da parede abdominal. Em 60 ratos Wistar, realizou-se laparotomia de 5cm de comprimento. A parede muscular e o peritônio foram fechados em plano único, com pontos simples, usando aleatoriamente os fios de náilon monofilamentar, ácido poliglicólico, categute simples e categute cromado, todos 4-0. Os animais foram divididos em três grupos: 1- Controle; 2- INTRODUÇÃO de 0,3g de talco dentro da cavidade abdominal; 3- Acréscimo de carboximetilcelulose sódica (CMC) juntamente com o talco. Houve a análise dos grupos com sete e 21 dias. Avaliou-se o grau de aderências e a tensão de ruptura da ferida cirúrgica. A CMC reduziu a formação de aderências provocadas pelo talco (p<0,01). Houve diferença na tensão de ruptura quando comparados os grupos de sete e 21 dias (p<0,05). As aderências proporcionaram uma maior força tênsil à ferida (p<0,01). O tipo de fio utilizado não influenciou na tensão de ruptura a longo prazo. Portanto, as aderências aumentaram a força tênsil dos tecidos e o tipo de fio cirúrgico não influenciou nesse processo.

Viscosity of gums in vitro and their ability to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia in normal subjects

Experiments were carried out in vitro with three viscous polysaccharides (guar gum, pectin, and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)) of similar initial viscosity submitted to conditions that mimic events occurring in the stomach and duodenum, and their viscosity in these situations was compared to their actions on postprandial hyperglycemia in normal human subjects. Guar gum showed greater viscosity than the other gums during acidification and/or alkalinization and also showed larger effects on plasma glucose levels (35% reduction in maximum rise in plasma glucose) and on the total area under the curve of plasma glucose (control: 20,314 ± 1007 mg dl-1 180 min-1 vs guar gum: 18,277 ± 699 mg dl-1 180 min-1, P<0.01). Pectin, which showed a marked reduction in viscosity at 37oC and after events mimicking those that occur in the stomach and duodenum, did not have a significant effect on postprandial hyperglycemia. The performance of viscosity and the glycemia response to CMC were at an intermediate level between guar gum and pectin. In conclusion, these data suggest that temperature, the process of acidification, alkalinization and exposure to intestinal ions induce different viscosity changes in gums having similar initial viscosity, establishing a direct relationship between a minor decrease of gum viscosity in vitro and a reduction of postprandial hyperglycemia

Somaclonal variation: a morphogenetic and biochemical analysis of Mandevilla velutina cultured cells

Cell cultures of Mandevilla velutina have proved to be an interesting production system for biomass and secondary metabolites able to inhibit the hypotensive activity of bradykinin, a nonapeptide generated in plasma during tissue trauma. The crude ethyl acetate extract of cultured cells contains about 31- to 79-fold more potent anti-bradykinin compounds (e.g., velutinol A) than that obtained with equivalent extracts of tubers. Somaclonal variation may be an explanation for the wide range of inhibitor activity found in the cell cultures. The heterogeneity concerning morphology, differentiation, carbon dissimilation, and velutinol A production in M. velutina cell cultures is reported. Cell cultures showed an asynchronous growth and cells in distinct developmental stages. Meristematic cells were found as the major type, with several morphological variations. Cell aggregates consisting only of meristematic cells, differentiated cells containing specialized cell structures such as functional chloroplasts (cytodifferentiation) and cells with embryogenetic characteristics were observed. The time course for sucrose metabolism indicated cell populations with significant differences in growth and metabolic rates, with the highest biomass-producing cell line showing a cell cycle 60% shorter and a metabolic rate 33.6% higher than the control (F2 cell population). MALDI-TOF mass spectrometric analysis of velutinol A in selected cell lines demonstrated the existence of velutinol A producing and nonproducing somaclones. These results point to a high genetic heterogeneity in general and also in terms of secondary metabolite content.

Clonal dissemination of VanA-type glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecalis between hospitals of two cities located 100 km apart

Nosocomial dissemination of glycopeptide-resistant enterococci represents a major problem in hospitals worldwide. In Brazil, the dissemination among hospitals in the city of São Paulo of polyclonal DNA profiles was previously described for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. We describe here the dissemination of VanA phenotype E. faecalis between two hospitals located in different cities in the State of São Paulo. The index outbreak occurred in a tertiary care university hospital (HCUSP) in the city of São Paulo and three years later a cluster caused by the same strain was recognized in two patients hospitalized in a private tertiary care hospital (CMC) located 100 km away in the interior of the state. From May to July 1999, 10 strains of vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis were isolated from 10 patients hospitalized in the HCUSP. The DNA genotyping using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) showed that all isolates were originated from the same clone, suggesting nosocomial dissemination. From May to July 2002, three strains of vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis were isolated from two patients hospitalized in CMC and both patients were colonized by the vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus in skin lesions. All isolates from CMC and HCUSP were highly resistant to vancomycin and teicoplanin. The three strains from CMC had minimum inhibitory concentration >256 µg/ml for vancomycin, and 64 (CMC 1 and CMC 2) and 96 µg/ml (CMC 3) for teicoplanin, characterizing a profile of VanA resistance to glycopeptides. All strains had the presence of the transposon Tn1546 detected by PCR and were closely related when typed by PFGE. The dissemination of the E. faecalis VanA phenotype among hospitals located in different cities is of great concern because E. faecalis commonly colonizes the gastrointestinal tract of patients and healthy persons for periods varying from weeks to years, which, together with the persistence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus in hospital rooms after standard cleaning procedures, increases the risk of the dissemination and reservoir of the bacteria.