Effects of forest conversion on the assemblages' structure of aquatic insects in subtropical regions

The effects of forest conversion to agricultural land uses on assemblages of aquatic insects were analyzed in subtropical streams. Organisms and environmental variables were collected in six low-order streams: three streams located in a forested area, and three in areas converted to agricultural land uses. We expected that the aquatic insects' assemblage attributes would be significantly affected by forest conversion, as well as by environmental variables. Streams in converted areas presented lower species richness, abundance and proportion of sensitive insect taxa. The ANOSIM test evidenced strong difference in EPT assemblage structure between streams of forested and converted areas. The ISA test evidenced several EPT genera with high specificity to streams in forested areas and only one genus related to streams in converted areas. Thus, the impacts of the conversion of forested area to agricultural land uses have significantly affected the EPT assemblages, while environmental variables were not affected. We suggest that the effects detected can be influenced by two processes related to vegetation cover: i) lower input of allochthonous material, and ii) increased input of fine sediments in streams draining converted areas.

Influência de diferentes sistemas de uso e manejo do solo sobre a flutuação populacional do Oligochaeta edáfico Amynthas spp.

Avaliou-se, mensalmente, a influência dos sistemas plantio direto (PD) e convencional (PC), mata nativa (MN) e campo nativo (CN) sobre a densidade populacional e biomassa do Oligochaeta gênero Amynthas spp., na região dos Campos Gerais (PR), no período de fevereiro de 1993 a janeiro de 1994. No PC e PD, as áreas foram cultivadas com milho, triticale e soja, enquanto, no campo nativo, a vegetação era composta de estepes de gramíneas baixas e de matas de galerias subtropicais para a mata nativa. A densidade populacional foi determinada pelo método do formol a 0,22% e a biomassa pela pesagem direta em balança analítica. A densidade populacional e a biomassa foram superiores no plantio direto e mata nativa, comparadas às do plantio convencional, enquanto, no campo nativo, não ocorreu a presença do gênero estudado. Os valores mais expressivos de densidade populacional e biomassa nos ecossistemas plantio direto e mata nativa foram observados no verão e primavera.

Caracterização química e atividade microbiana de coprólitos de Chibui bari (Oligochaeta) e do solo adjacente

Chibui bari é um oligochaeta edáfico nativo da região amazônica, considerado como minhocuçu em razão do seu grande tamanho (até 60 cm de comprimento). Seus excrementos ou coprólitos são liberados em montículos com formato de torre, com altura de até 30 cm e com matéria seca de até 2,0 kg. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi comparar a disponibilidade de nutrientes, o teor de C orgânico e a atividade microbiana dos coprólitos de Chibui bari com o solo adjacente de áreas de floresta secundária, seringal de cultivo e pastagem, localizadas na Universidade Federal do Acre - UFAC, em Rio Branco, Acre. As coletas foram realizadas considerando o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com três tratamentos, constituídos por: a) coprólitos de Chibui bari e por amostras compostas de solos retiradas no raio de 10 cm de cada coprólito coletado, nas profundidades de b) 0-10 cm e c) 10-20 cm. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância, e as médias dos tratamentos, comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5 %. Além disso, efetuou-se análise de correlação simples entre as variáveis. Os coprólitos apresentaram maiores valores de pH, P disponível, bases trocáveis (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+), C orgânico e atividade microbiana. O teor de Al3+ foi menor nos coprólitos do que no solo na camada de 0-20 cm em 55 % (pastagem), 62 % (seringal) e 70 % (floresta). Verificaram-se, ainda, correlações positivas dos valores de C orgânico total (COT) com os de pH, P, K+, Ca2+ e Mg2+ e correlações negativas de Al3+ com COT, pH, P, K+, Ca2+ e Mg2+ nas três áreas avaliadas.

Crescimento do milho em solo sob atividade de Chibui bari (Oligochaeta: Glossoscolecidae)

Chibui bari (Righi & Guerra, 1985) é um minhocuçu geófago, com tamanho até 60 cm, que tem como habitat vários solos no Acre. A atividade dessa espécie resulta na produção de grande quantidade de coprólitos ricos em nutrientes. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o crescimento do milho em solo com presença da minhoca Chibui bari. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação da Universidade Federal do Acre, no município de Rio Branco, Acre, em 2009. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 animais/tubo). O milho da variedade Bandeirante foi semeado em tubos de PVC com capacidade de 15,7 L, contendo solo de textura média. As variáveis avaliadas foram o diâmetro do colmo, as massas da matéria seca da parte aérea, da raiz e total das plantas, o teor de nutrientes no solo e a atividade microbiana. A presença de C. bari resultou em maiores diâmetro do colmo (13,29 %) e massas da matéria seca da parte aérea (28,73 %) e total (33 %) do milho. Contudo, não foi verificada mudança significativa na condição química e na atividade microbiana do solo, resultado que pode estar relacionado à maior exportação de nutrientes do solo, exigida pelo aumento do crescimento das plantas nos tratamentos com presença de minhocas.

Bioaccumulation of metals in aquatic insects of streams located in areas with sugar cane cultivation

Streams located in areas of sugar cane cultivation receive elevated concentrations of metal ions from soils of adjacent areas. The accumulation of metals in the sediments results in environmental problems and leads to bioaccumulation of metal ions by the aquatic organisms. In the present study, bioaccumulation of the metals ions Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn and Zn in aquatic insects in streams impacted by the sugar cane was evaluated. The results pointed out that the insects were contaminated by the sediment and that the collector organisms as Chironomus species accumulated higher concentration of metals than the predator organisms.

Lability of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn and Pb complexed by aquatic humic substances

The lability of Cd(II), Cr(III), Cu(II), Mn(II) and Pb(II) complexed by humic substances (HSs) was investigated by means of ion exchange on cellulose modified with p-aminobenzoic groups (Cell-PAB), using a batch procedure. The HSs were extracted from water samples using adsorption in a column packed with XAD 8 resin. The metal-HS complexes were prepared by adding solutions containing all the aforementioned metal ions ( Cd(II), Cr(III), Cu(II), Mn(II) and Pb(II) ). The results indicated that the distribution coefficients (Kd) of Cell-PAB decreased with the presence of HSs, and that the lability of metal fractions complexed by HSs decreases in pH values > 4.0, complexation time > 10 h and HS concentration > 500 mg L-1. The metal exchange between HSs and Cell-PAB exhibited the following order of metal ion lability: Cd < Pb < Mn @ Cr < Cu.

Aquatic plant community in porto primavera reservoir

Aiming to identify the populations of aquatic plants present in the Porto Primavera reservoir and evaluate the behavior of Hydrilla verticillata colonization of this water body a survey was carried out in 2007. The data was based on presence or absence, only were assessed the presence or absence of the species and the data were subjected to cluster analysis to establish differences in distribution and occurrence of populations. The community of aquatic plants showed 24 species distributed in 16 botanical families. Cyperaceae and Pontederiaceae were the most representative in terms of species richness. The submerged macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata showed the highest frequency of occurrence in the water body, showing a different behavior from the other populations of the water body. Species like Eichhornia crassipes, Eichhornia azurea, Typha dominguensis and Oxycaryum cubense also showed different behavior in relation to other populations within the community, forming large populations in lagoons and backwater areas.

Use of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) as a biological control agent for submerged aquatic macrophytes

This study aimed to evaluate feed preference and control efficacy of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) on the aquatic macrophytes Ceratophyllum demersum, Egeria densa and Egeria najas. An experiment was carried out at mesocosms conditions with 2,000 liters capacity and water residence time of 2.8 days. C. demersum, E. densa e E. najas biomasses were offered individually with sixty g and coupled in similar quantities of 30 g of each species, evaluated during 81 days, envolving 6 treatments. (1 - C. demersum, 2 - E. najas, 3 -E. densa, 4 - C. demersum + E. najas, 5 - C. demersum + E. densa and 6 - E. najas + E. densa). When offered individually, E. najas and C. demersum presented the same predation rate by grass carp, which was higher than E. densa predation rate. When plants were tested in pairs, the order of feed preference was C. demersum > E. najas > E. densa. E. najas and C. demersum percentage control ranged from 73 to 83%. No relation between biomass consumption and grass carp body weight gain was observed, probably due to differences in nutritional quality among macrophyte species according to fish necessities. Therefore, it is concluded that the use of grass carp is one excellent technique to control submersed macrophytes in Brazil.

FOOD PREFERENCE AND CONSUMPTION OF AQUATIC MACROPHYTES SUBMERGED BY SNAIL Pomacea canaliculata

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to evaluate the consumption potential, food preference and use of snail Pomacea canaliculata as a biocontrol agent of four submerged aquatic macrophytes (Ceratophyllumdemersum, Egeriadensa, Egerianajas and Hydrilla verticillata). Two experiments were performed. In the first experiment, the introduction of a snail took place and 10 grams of each macrophyte in plastic containers with 1 liter of water. The assessments of consumption by the snail were performed at each 48 hours, during 12 days. The second experiment was performed in 600 liters microcosms containing five snails in each experimental unit. Fifty grams of each macrophyte were offered the snails at the same time, adding the same amounts after seven, 14, 21 and 30 days. On both trials, the most consumed macrophyte by the P.canaliculata was H.verticillata (7.64 ± 1.0 g 48 h and 50 ± 0.18 g) respectively, significantly differing from the others. However, in the absence of H.verticilata, E.najas and E.densa were consumed. The preference of P.canaliculata for H.verticillata is very interesting, because this plant is exotic and problematic in Brazil, and the snail is one more tool for biological management of submerged aquatic macrophyte H.verticillata.

Interaction between the mineral content and the occurrence number of aquatic fungi in leaves submerged in a stream in the Atlantic rainforest, São Paulo, Brazil

Leaves of Ficus microcarpa L. f., Quercus robur L., and Alchornea triplinervia (Spreng.) Muell. Arg., submerged in a stream of the Atlantic rainforest in the "Reserva Biológica do Alto da Serra de Paranapiacaba", State of São Paulo, Brazil, were collected monthly, from April to November 1990, in order to determine the number of fungal occurrences (zoosporic fungi and aquatic Hyphomycetes), and the content of total N (%), total P (%), K+ (%), Ca+2 (%), Mg+2 (%), S+3 (%), Fe+3 (ppm), Cu+3 (ppm), Mn+2 (ppm), Zn+2 (ppm), Bo (ppm), Na+2 (ppm) and Al+3 (ppm). According to the tests of Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon, the means of the mineral content of the three types of leaves were significantly different, except for Mg+2 (%), Mn+2 (ppm), Zn+2 (ppm) and Na+2 (ppm). On comparing the mineral content with the number of fungal occurrence, an independence test showed a positive correlation between the presence of zoosporic fungi on the leaves of A. triplinervia and the total nitrogen, phosphorus and S+3 content, whereas the aquatic Hyphomycetes depended on the amount of Ca+2 available. Regarding leaves of F. microcarpa, the occurrence of zoosporic fungi was linked to the S+3 level, and the presence of aquatic Hyphomycetes, to the content of K+, Ca+2, S+3 and Bo. On Q. robur leaves, zoosporic fungi showed a positive correlation with the Ca+2 content, but a negative one with Fe+3 and Al+3 levels, while the occurrence of aquatic Hyphomycetes was influenced by the content of Ca+2, Mg+2, Fe+3, Al+3, Mn+2, Zn+2 and Na+2. The correlation between the occurrence number of aquatic Hyphomycetes and a high mineral content indicates that their nutritional requirements may be more complex than those of zoosporic fungi. Further studies are still required to understand the implications of this tendency on the diversity of aquatic native mycota.

Aquatic Hyphomycetes in the Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga - PEFI, São Paulo, Brazil

In the State Park Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga - PEFI, located in the city of São Paulo, samples of submerged mixed leaf litter were collected monthly from 10 sites with different levels of eutrophication, from October 2003 to April 2005. Some abiotic factors, such as pH, temperature, conductivity and dissolved oxygen were simultaneously measured in 20 cm deep water at each site. The leaf litter samples were washed in laboratory, cut into 1 cm² pieces and incubated in Petri dishes containing distilled sterile water for five to seven days at 15 °C to 20 °C. Twenty-four aquatic Hyphomycete species were identified, with predominance of Anguillospora crassa Ingold, Lunulospora curvula Ingold, Tetrachaetum elegans Ingold and Camposporium pellucidum (Grove) Hughes. First reports for South America are: Anguillospora filiformis Greathead, Dendrospora erecta Ingold and Pyramidospora casuarinae Nilsson. These species, as well as Tetracladium setigerum (Grove) Ingold, Tricladium splendens Ingold and Varicosporium elodeae Kegel, are reported for the first time in Brazil. According to the multivariate analysis, the occurrence of the aquatic Hyphomycetes was mainly influenced by the trophic level of the aquatic environments.

Floristic surveys of aquatic macrophytes in reservoirs in the Agreste zone of Pernambuco State, Brazil

We surveyed the aquatic macrophytes in reservoirs in Camocim de São Félix in the Agreste zone of Pernambuco State, Brazil. Plants were collected on a bimonthly schedule from November/2008 to May/2009 in four reservoirs, and 33 taxa distributed among 23 families were encountered. The family Cyperaceae had the greatest number of species, followed by Lemnaceae. The predominant biologic form was emergent (33.3%) reflecting the extensive shorelines around the reservoirs analyzed.

Cyanobacterial toxins in Portugal: effects on aquatic animals and risk for human health

Toxic cyanobacteria are common in Portuguese freshwaters and the most common toxins are microcystins. The occurrence of microcystin-LR (MCYST-LR) has been reported since 1990 and a significant number of water reservoirs that are used for drinking water attain high levels of this toxin. Aquatic animals that live in eutrophic freshwater ecosystems may be killed by microcystins but in many cases the toxicity is sublethal and so the animals can survive long enough to accumulate the toxins and transfer them along the food chain. Among these, edible mollusks, fish and crayfish are especially important because they are harvested and sold for human consumption. Mussels that live in estuarine waters and rivers where toxic blooms occur may accumulate toxins without many significant acute toxic effects. In this study data are presented in order to understand the dynamics of the accumulation and depuration of MCYST-LR in mussels. The toxin is readily accumulated and persists in the shellfish for several days after contact. In the crayfish the toxin is accumulated mainly in the gut but is also cleared very slowly. In carps, although the levels of the toxins found in naturally caught specimens were not very high, some toxin was found in the muscle and not only in the viscera. This raises the problem of the toxin accumulation by fish and possible transfer through the food chain. The data gathered from these experiments and from naturally caught specimens are analyzed in terms of risk for human consumption. The occurrence of microcystins in tap water and the incidence of toxic cyanobacteria in fresh water beaches in Portugal are reported. The Portuguese National Monitoring Program of cyanobacteria is mentioned and its implications are discussed.

Histological alterations in liver and testis of Astyanax aff. bimaculatus caused by acute exposition to zinc

This study investigated the effect of acute exposition to zinc (Zn) on histology of the liver and testes of yellow tail lambari (Astyanax aff. bimaculatus). The exposure consisted of six concentrations of Zn (0, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/L) for 96 hours of exposure. Fragments of liver and testis were routinely processed and embedded in plastic resin based on glycol methacrylate. Fragments of bones, muscles, liver and testis were dehydrated and digested to quantify the absorption levels of Zn in the tissue. Acute exposure to concentrations above 10mg/L has produced structural changes in the liver and gonads. The changes found in the liver were vascular congestion; decrease of cellular volume; displacement of the hepatocyte nucleus; necrosis; disarrangement of cordon structure; leukocyte infiltrate and vacuolization. The changes found in the gonads were ruptured cyst, delayed development of germ cells, pyknotic nucleus, cell cluster, displacement of cyst wall and vacuolization. The histological changes observed were compatible with the increasing concentration of zinc in environment, compromising liver and reproductive functions, because there was an increase in relative frequency of hepatocytes and reduced sperm production

Resistance of Aedes aegypti to temephos and adaptive disadvantages

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the resistance of Aedes aegypti to temephos Fersol 1G (temephos 1% w/w) associated with the adaptive disadvantage of insect populations in the absence of selection pressure. METHODS A diagnostic dose of 0.28 mg a.i./L and doses between 0.28 mg a.i./L and 1.40 mg a.i./L were used. Vector populations collected between 2007 and 2008 in the city of Campina Grande, state of Paraíba, were evaluated. To evaluate competition in the absence of selection pressure, insect populations with initial frequencies of 20.0%, 40.0%, 60.0%, and 80.0% resistant individuals were produced and subjected to the diagnostic dose for two months. Evaluation of the development of aquatic and adult stages allowed comparison of the life cycles in susceptible and resistant populations and construction of fertility life tables. RESULTS No mortality was observed in Ae. aegypti populations subjected to the diagnostic dose of 0.28 mg a.i./L. The decreased mortality observed in populations containing 20.0%, 40.0%, 60.0%, and 80.0% resistant insects indicates that temephos resistance is unstable in the absence of selection pressure. A comparison of the life cycles indicated differences in the duration and viability of the larval phase, but no differences were observed in embryo development, sex ratio, adult longevity, and number of eggs per female. CONCLUSIONS The fertility life table results indicated that some populations had reproductive disadvantages compared with the susceptible population in the absence of selection pressure, indicating the presence of a fitness cost in populations resistant to temephos.