The effect of isolation on the life-history traits of Pseudosuccinea columella (Pulmonata: Lymnaeidae)

A population of Pseudosuccinea columella was raised under laboratory conditions and its life tables were determined in isolated and paired snails. Isolated snails were significantly larger in shell size than paired snails from five weeks of age onward. Also, statistically significant differences were found for the number of eggs per mass per individual from week 5 to 9, isolated snails exhibiting the highest values. The intrinsic and finite rates of increase were greater in isolated than in paired snails. Either an inhibition of the reproductive output between individuals or the advantage of selfing may be the cause of the differences in this species, acting as a possible mechanism that increase the fitness of isolated snails.

Use of a saline gradient for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis

The development of novel methods for parasitological diagnosis that are both highly sensitive and low in cost has been strongly recommended by the World Health Organization. In this study, a new technique for diagnosis of schistosomiasis mansoni is proposed based on the differential sedimentation of eggs when subjected to a slow continuous flux of 3% saline solution through a porous plaque. This influx suspends low-density faecal material, effectively cleaning the sample. The remaining sediment covering the porous plaque surface is then transferred to a glass slide and examined under a bright field microscope. Twelve Kato-Katz slides were used for comparison in the present study. Our results suggest that the saline gradient method detects a signifi-cantly higher number of eggs than the 12 Kato-Katz slides (p < 0.0001). We also found microscopic inspection to be quicker and easier with our newly described method. After cleaning the sample, the obtained sediment can also be conserved in a 10% formaldehyde solution and examined for at least 45 days later without statistically significant egg count differences.

Tire-breeding mosquitoes of public health importance along an urbanisation gradient in Buenos Aires, Argentina

Used vehicle tires are a source of mosquito vectors and a means of their introduction and expansion. With the aim of assessing the effects of urbanisation on the main mosquito vectors in temperate Argentina, the infestation levels of Aedes aegypti (L.) and Culex pipiens L. were studied in used tires from highly urbanised cities to low-urbanised small towns in Buenos Aires. Immatures of both species accounted for 96% of the 9,722 individuals collected; the total individuals collected represented seven species. The percentage of water-filled tires containing mosquitoes [container index (CI)] was 33% and the percentage of infested sites [site index (SI)] was 65.2%. These indexes decreased significantly from low to high urbanisation levels for both mosquito species. The relative abundance (RA) of Ae. aegypti immatures was slightly higher toward large cities, but showed no difference for Cx. pipiens. The CI of shaded tires was significantly higher than the CI of exposed tires for both mosquito species. There was no difference in RA values between shaded and sunlit tires. The CI and the SI were highest during the summer across the urbanisation levels, except for Cx. pipiens, which continued to increase during the autumn in small towns. Results related to urbanisation gradient, sunlit exposure and seasonality are discussed.

Distribution of phlebotomine fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae) across an urban-rural gradient in an area of endemic visceral leishmaniasis in northern Brazil

The number of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases has increased over the past 10 years in Brazil, especially in the North and Northeast regions of the country. The aim of this study was to evaluate the urbanisation of VL vectors in Barcarena, Pará, an area in northern Brazil where VL is endemic. Sandflies were captured using Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps along an urban-rural gradient. The CDC traps were installed inside hen houses at a height of 150 cm. A total of 5,089 sandflies were collected and 11 species were identified. The predominant species was Lutzomyia longipalpis (rate of 95.15%), which suggests its participation in the transmission of VL. A total of 1,451 Lu. longipalpis females were dissected and no Leishmania infections were detected. Most of the sandflies were captured at the border of a forest (88.25%) and no flies were captured in the urban area, which suggests that transmission is still restricted to rural sites. However, the fact that a specimen was collected in an intermediate area indicates that urbanisation is a real possibility and that vector monitoring is important.

First record of Coprophanaeus bellicosus (Olivier) (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) in a "Brejo de Altitude" forest in northeastern Brazil: a historical biogeographical approach

First record of Coprophanaeus bellicosus (Olivier) (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) in a "Brejo de Altitude" forest in northeastern Brazil: a historical biogeographical approach. This note presents the first record for a species of dung beetle of the genus Coprophanaeus, subgenus Megaphanaeus, in a "Brejo de Altitude" forest. Besides the new record, the paper discusses biogeographic aspects of the species and subgenus, as well as of the natural history of the "Brejos de Altitude", unique ecosystems in the northeast region of Brazil.

Latitudinal gradient effect on the wing geometry of Auca coctei (Guérin)(Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)

Latitudinal gradient effect on the wing geometry of Auca coctei (Guérin) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). When the environmental conditions change locally, the organisms and populations may also change in response to the selection pressure, so that the development of individuals may become affected in different degrees. There have been only a few studies in which the patterns of wing morphology variation have been looked into along a latitudinal gradient by means of geometric morphometrics. The aim of this work was to assess the morphologic differentiation of wing among butterfly populations of the species Auca coctei. For this purpose, 9 sampling locations were used which are representative of the distribution range of the butterfly and cover a wide latitudinal range in Chile. The wing morphology was studied in a total of 202 specimens of A. coctei (150 males and 52 females), based on digitization of 17 morphologic landmarks. The results show variation of wing shape in both sexes; however, for the centroid size there was significant variation only in females. Females show smaller centroid size at higher latitudes, therefore in this study the Bergmann reverse rule is confirmed for females of A. coctei. Our study extends morphologic projections with latitude, suggesting that wing variation is an environmental response from diverse origins and may influence different characteristics of the life history of a butterfly.

No impact of Bt soybean that express Cry1Ac protein on biological traits of Euschistus heros (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) and its egg parasitoid Telenomus podisi (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae)

No impact of Bt soybean that express Cry1Ac protein on biological traits of Euschistus heros (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) and its egg parasitoid Telenomus podisi (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae). Biological traits of the stink bug Euschistus heros and its main biological control agent Telenomus podisi were evaluated under controlled environmental conditions (25 ± 2ºC; 60 ± 10% RH; and 14/10 h photoperiod) by placing first instar nymphs into Petri dishes with pods originating from two soybean isolines (Bt-soybean MON 87701 × MON 89788, which expresses the Cry1Ac protein, and its near non-Bt isoline A5547) where they remained until the adult stage. Due to gregarious behavior exhibited by first instar nymphs, they were individualized only when at the second instar. Adults were separated by sex and weighed, and pronotum width of each individual was subsequently measured. They were placed into plastic boxes containing soybean grains of the same soybean isoline as food source. Egg viability and female fecundity were assessed in adult individuals. Adult females of T. podisi (up to 24h old) were placed with eggs of E. heros from mothers reared on both soybean isolines. Nymphal development time, insect weight, pronotum width, sex ratio, female fecundity, and egg viability (% emergence) of Euschistus heros did not differ between treatments. Eggto-adult development time, female longevity, sex ratio, and percentage of parasitized eggs were not impacted by the Bt-soybean (expressing Cry1Ac protein). Results indicate that the Bt-soybean, MON 87701 × MON 89788, has no direct significant impact on the two studied species.

Caracterização da matéria orgânica e micromorfologia de solos sob Campos de Altitude no parque estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro (MG)

O Parque Estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro (MG) engloba uma área de Mata Atlântica em uma parte da Serra da Mantiqueira. Nas porções mais elevadas da serra (acima de 1.600 m), encontram-se os Campos de Altitude, caracterizados por uma composição florística ímpar, elevado grau de endemismo e pela presença de várias espécies ameaçadas de extinção. Foram amostrados, na área do Campos de Altitude, um Neossolo Litólico, um Espodossolo Ferrocárbico, um Cambissolo Húmico e, na área de Mata Atlântica, um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo. Todos os solos estudados apresentaram-se álicos, com baixo pH e baixa capacidade de troca catiônica efetiva, além de acúmulo de matéria orgânica humificada. Os solos estão estreitamente relacionados com a cobertura vegetal, observando-se uma vegetação de menor biomassa sobre materiais mais oligotróficos. Análises micromorfológicas indicaram feições relacionadas com processos de podzolização. A interpretação das formas identificadas nas lâminas de solo permitiu inferências sobre os processos de gênese dos solos, não identificados pelas análises químicas. As substâncias húmicas foram fracionadas, indicando elevado teor de ácidos fúlvicos. Os teores dessa fração orgânica estiveram associados a formas pouco cristalinas de Fe e Al, extraídas pelo oxalato, indicando o papel da matéria orgânica na mobilidade desses elementos. Análises espectroscópicas das substâncias húmicas, como espectrometria no infravermelho e de ressonância paramagnética eletrônica, indicaram alta aromaticidade das substâncias húmicas produzidas sob vegetação de Campos de Altitude, em relação às substâncias húmicas produzidas sob vegetação florestal. Esta maior aromaticidade pode estar relacionada com o efeito do fogo ou com a própria constituição fisiológica da cobertura vegetal. A associação entre os solos em processo de podzolização e a vegetação de Campos de Altitude revela maior eficiência da matéria orgânica formada nesses ambientes nos processos de queluviação e intemperismo da fração mineral. Esta hipótese é sustentada pela caracterização das substâncias húmicas extraídas deste pedoambiente.

Estudo comparativo da matéria orgânica de diferentes classes de solos de altitude do sul do Brasil por técnicas convencionais e espectroscópicas

A região dos Campos de Cima da Serra, RS, apresenta solos com elevados teores de matéria orgânica (MOS), sendo freqüente teores altos de Al trocável. A proposta deste trabalho foi investigar a qualidade da MOS de amostras de camadas superficiais (0 a 10 cm) de oito solos representativos da região (dois Neossolos, dois Gleissolos, três Cambissolos e um Latossolo) sob pastagem nativa, com os seguintes objetivos: avaliar seu comportamento diante da desmineralização da amostra com solução de HF; determinar a sua composição química; e investigar a influência do Al trocável e dos óxidos de Fe na qualidade da MOS. A matéria orgânica foi concentrada com solução de HF 10 cL L-1 e posteriormente avaliada por análise elementar e espectroscopias de FTIR e de RMN 13C CP/MAS. A fração da massa recuperada (5,8 a 10 %) após tratamento com HF correlacionou-se com teor de C original do solo, enquanto a proporção de C recuperado (47 a 86 %) correlacionouse inversamente com o teor de óxidos de Fe. Esse resultado indica que parte da MOS encontra-se associada a esses minerais nesses ambientes. Os teores de estruturas C O-alquil totais (52 a 59 %) foram elevados e os valores de índice I1630/I2920(FTIR) foram baixos, evidenciando baixo grau de decomposição e de humificação da MOS desses solos.

Occurrence of plant growth-promoting traits in clover-nodulating rhizobia strains isolated from different soils in Rio Grande do Sul state

In the last decades, the use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria has become an alternative to improve crop production. Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii is one of the most promising rhizobacteria and is even used with non-legume plants. This study investigated in vitro the occurrence of plant growth-promoting characteristics in several indigenous R. leguminosarum biovar trifolii isolated from soils in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Isolates were obtained at 11 locations and evaluated for indoleacetic acid and siderophore production and inorganic phosphate solubilization. Ten isolates were also molecularly characterized and tested for antagonism against a phytopathogenic fungus and for plant growth promotion of rice seedlings. Of a total of 252 isolates, 59 produced indoleacetic acid, 20 produced siderophores and 107 solubilized phosphate. Some degree of antagonism against Verticillium sp. was observed in all tested isolates, reducing mycelial growth in culture broth. Isolate AGR-3 stood out for increasing root length of rice seedlings, while isolate ELD-18, besides increasing root length in comparison to the uninoculated control, also increased the germination speed index, shoot length, and seedling dry weight. These results confirm the potential of some strains of R. leguminosarum biovar trifolii as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria.

Matéria orgânica em Neossolo de altitude: influência do manejo da pastagem na sua composição e teor

A queima da pastagem após o inverno é uma prática antiga em solos de altitude, que visa principalmente ao rebrote da vegetação. Entretanto, o impacto do manejo da pastagem na matéria orgânica do solo de Neossolo de altitude ainda é pouco conhecido. O presente trabalho propôs-se a investigar a composição e o teor de matéria orgânica em perfis de Neossolo da região de São José dos Ausentes, RS, e relacionar os resultados com a ocorrência de queimadas e com o pastejo, empregando como comparação solo sob mata nativa. Os ambientes estudados foram: campo nativo pastejado (2 animais ha-1) sem queima há 22 anos, campo nativo pastejado sujeito à queima bienal (0,5 animal ha-1) e mata nativa adjacente à área de pastagem. Foram coletadas amostras compostas nas camadas de 0-5, 5-10, 10-15 e 15-30 cm, sendo determinados os teores de óxidos de Fe (Fe d e Fe o), de C e de N e realizadas análises de espectroscopia de infravermelho e de termogravimetria. O ambiente alterado periodicamente pelo fogo apresentou maior teor de matéria orgânica em camadas subsuperficiais e, em geral, maior proporção de estruturas quimicamente mais lábeis, comparativamente à pastagem sem queima. Nesse ambiente, o menor teor de C foi atribuído ao pastejo mais intensivo do que o da pastagem alterada pelo fogo. A distribuição de C no ambiente de mata nativa assemelhou-se à de pastagem sem queima. No entanto, na mata a proporção de matéria orgânica de baixo peso molecular extraível com solução de HCl 0,1 mol L-1, relacionada principalmente à atividade microbiana, superou aquela encontrada sob pastagem nativa.

Atributos físicos relacionados à compactação de solos sob vegetação nativa em região de altitude no Sul do Brasil

A compactação causada por atividades antrópicas altera os atributos físicos do solo, causando redução na produtividade e impactos ao ambiente. Muitos estudos sobre esse tema têm sido realizados em solos agrícolas, porém poucas são as informações em áreas com vegetação nativa, nas quais, geralmente, os teores de matéria orgânica são mais elevados. Assim, é oportuno avaliar a relação entre os atributos físicos relacionados à compactação, nessas condições, a fim de estabelecer valores de referência para projetos de recuperação de áreas degradadas em campos naturais ou matas ciliares. Objetivou-se relacionar densidade máxima (DsMáx), umidade ótima de compactação (UOC) e densidade relativa (DR) com os limites de consistência, granulometria e teor de matéria orgânica de solos predominantes do Planalto Sul do Estado de Santa Catarina sob vegetação nativa de clima temperado. Amostras do horizonte A foram coletadas em dois Nitossolos, dois Neossolos e dois Cambissolos. Foram avaliados: a granulometria, a densidade de partícula, o teor de carbono orgânico total, os limites de liquidez, de plasticidade e de pegajosidade, o índice de plasticidade, a densidade máxima, a umidade ótima de compactação, a densidade do solo e a densidade relativa. A DsMáx aumenta com o teor de areia total e areia fina e reduz com os teores de argila e com os limites de liquidez e de pegajosidade. A UOC diminui nos solos arenosos, especialmente naqueles com predominância de areia fina, e aumenta nos argilosos ou com maior teor de carbono orgânico total e dos limites de Atterberg. A UOC variou entre 0,76 e 1,05 vezes o limite de plasticidade, tendo relação direta com o teor de silte, indicando que a umidade ótima de compactação não pode ser avaliada apenas com a determinação do limite de plasticidade de um solo. Os solos de altitude do Planalto Sul de SC têm relação UOC/LP diferente da de solos de outros locais, como consequência dos elevados teores de matéria orgânica desses solos.

Variability of root traits in common bean genotypes at different levels of phosphorus supply and ontogenetic stages

Selection of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars with enhanced root growth would be a strategy for increasing P uptake and grain yield in tropical soils, but the strong plasticity of root traits may compromise their inclusion in breeding programs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the magnitude of the genotypic variability of root traits in common bean plants at two ontogenetic stages and two soil P levels. Twenty-four common bean genotypes, comprising the four growth habits that exist in the species and two wild genotypes, were grown in 4 kg pots at two levels of applied P (20 and 80 mg kg-1) and harvested at the stages of pod setting and early pod filling. Root area and root length were measured by digital image analysis. Significant genotype × P level and genotype × harvest interactions in analysis of variance indicate that the genotypic variation of root traits depended on soil nutrient availability and the stage at which evaluation was made. Genotypes differed for taproot mass, basal and lateral root mass, root area and root length at both P levels and growth stages; differences in specific root area and length were small. Genotypes with growth habits II (upright indeterminate) and III (prostrate indeterminate) showed better adaptation to limited P supply than genotypes of groups I (determinate) and IV (indeterminate climbing). Between the two harvests, genotypes of groups II and III increased the mass of basal and lateral roots by 40 and 50 %, respectively, whereas genotypes of groups I and IV by only 7 and 19 %. Values of the genotypic coefficient of determination, which estimates the proportion of phenotypic variance resulting from genetic effects, were higher at early pod filling than at pod setting. Correlations between shoot mass and root mass, which could indicate indirect selection of root systems via aboveground biomass, were higher at early pod filling than at pod setting. The results indicate that selection for root traits in common bean genotypes should preferentially be performed at the early pod-filling stage.

Humic Haplustox under different land uses in a high altitude environment in the Agreste region of Pernambuco, Brazil

The Garanhuns Plateau in the Agreste region of the State of Pernambuco, Brazil is characterized by humid climatic conditions due to orographic rains, unlike the surrounding semiarid region. These soils are subjected to intense agricultural use and are extremely important for the regional economy. This study was carried out in the municipality of Brejão in the Agreste region with the aim of assessing changes in humic Haplustox soils subjected to different land uses. Four plots with different vegetation covers (native forest, secondary shrubby vegetation (capoeira), traditional cropping system, and planted pasture) were selected, and samples were taken from a soil profile and four small pits surrounding it at each site. Physical and chemical properties were assessed, including aggregate stability, humic organic fractions, and a microbiological evaluation through determination of basal respiration, microbial biomass carbon, and metabolic quotient. The soils under study showed physical and chemical properties typical of a Haplustox, such as low nutrient content, low cation exchange capacity, and high levels of acidity and Al saturation. The total organic carbon (TOC) contents were high regardless of the type of land use. Aggregates < 2 mm were dominant in all the conditions under study. The TOC content was higher in the soil under capoeira, 43.91 g kg-1 on the surface, while 34.36 and 33.43 g kg-1 of TOC were observed in the first layer of forest and pasture soils, respectively. While the microbial biomass C (MBC) was greater than 700 mg kg-1 in the forest and pasture areas (in the 0-5 cm layer), and 588 mg kg-1 in the soil under capoeira, these numbers were not statistically different. In the cultivated soil area, there was a reduction of around 28 % in TOC and MBC contents. Agricultural activity contributed to degradation of the humic horizon, as can be seen from a significant decrease in the TOC and changes in the relative distribution of the humic fractions. In contrast, aggregate stability was not altered as a function of the different land uses; the soil under planted pasture and capoeira were similar to the soil under native forest. Humin was the most important humified fraction for C reserves, contributing over 40 % of the TOC in these soils.

Características de frutos de genótipos de aceroleira cultivados sob elevada altitude

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características físicas, físico-químicas e químicas de frutos de nove genótipos de acerola (Malpighia sp.) cultivados no Município de Anápolis, GO, localizado a 1.000 m de altitude. Os resultados mostraram que nessa região se consegue produção de frutos com elevados teores de vitamina C (acima de 1.000 mg/100 mL de suco). Há, entretanto, uma considerável variabilidade entre os genótipos estudados. Os genótiposde número2, 6, 3, 1 e 7 destacaram-se, atendendo àsprincipais exigências da indústria de suco.