Fatores prognósticos relacionados à falha do tratamento não-operatório de lesões esplênicas no trauma abdominal fechado

OBJETIVO: Identificar fatores prognósticos relacionados com a falha do tratamento não-operatório (TNO) de lesões esplênicas no trauma abdominal fechado. MÉTODOS: Análise prospectiva de 56 pacientes adultos submetidos à TNO e divididos em um grupo de sucesso e outro de falha, que foi definida como necessidade de laparotomia por qualquer indicação. As lesões foram diagnosticadas por tomografia computadorizada e classificadas de acordo com os critérios da AAST (American Association for Surgery of Trauma). Os parâmetros estudados foram: na admissão - pressão arterial sistólica, frequências cardíaca e respiratória, nível de consciência (Escala de Glasgow) e RTS (Revised Trauma Score); durante a hospitalização - presença de lesões associadas, transfusão sanguínea e parâmetros hematológicos, tempo de internação e ISS (Injury Severity Score). RESULTADOS: As falhas do TNO (19,6%) foram devidas à dor abdominal (45,4%), instabilidade hemodinâmica (36,4%), queda do volume globular associada a hematoma esplênico (9,1%) e abscesso esplênico (9,1%). Não foram observadas diferenças entre os grupos de sucesso e de falha nos dados na admissão. A taxa de falha de acordo com o grau da lesão esplênica foi 0% nos graus I e II agrupados; 17,5% nos graus III e IV agrupados e 80% no grau V (p = 0,0008). O uso de hemoderivados foi maior e mais frequente no grupo de falha (p=0,05). As relação do ISS (Injury Severity Score) com as taxas de falha foram 0% nos pacientes com ISS = 8; 15,9% nos com ISS entre 9 e 25, e 50% nos com ISS = 26 (p = 0,05). Não houve mortalidade e nem lesões de vísceras ocas despercebidas. CONCLUSÃO: O Injury Severity Score e grau da lesão esplênica relacionaram-se com a falha do tratamento não-operatório.

Management of stab wounds to the anterior abdominal wall

The meeting of the Publication "Evidence Based Telemedicine - Trauma and Emergency Surgery" (TBE-CiTE), through literature review, selected three recent articles on the treatment of victims stab wounds to the abdominal wall. The first study looked at the role of computed tomography (CT) in the treatment of patients with stab wounds to the abdominal wall. The second examined the use of laparoscopy over serial physical examinations to evaluate patients in need of laparotomy. The third did a review of surgical exploration of the abdominal wound, use of diagnostic peritoneal lavage and CT for the early identification of significant lesions and the best time for intervention. There was consensus to laparotomy in the presence of hemodynamic instability or signs of peritonitis, or evisceration. The wound should be explored under local anesthesia and if there is no injury to the aponeurosis the patient can be discharged. In the presence of penetration into the abdominal cavity, serial abdominal examinations are safe without CT. Laparoscopy is well indicated when there is doubt about any intracavitary lesion, in centers experienced in this method.

Transoperative refusion: a simple and safe method in emergency surgery

The objective is to reinforce the importance of blood reinfusion as a cheap, safe and simple method, which can be used in small hospitals, especially those in which there is no blood bank. Moreover, even with the use of devices that perform the collection and filtration of blood, more recent studies show that the cost-benefit ratio is much better when autologous transfusion is compared with blood transfusions, even when there is injury to hollow viscera and blood contamination. It is known that the allogeneic blood transfusion carries a number of risks to patients, among them are the coagulation disorders mediated by excess enzymes in the conserved blood, and deficiency in clotting factors, mainly the Factor V, the proacelerin. Another factor would be the risk of contamination with still unknown pathogens or that are not investigated during screening for selection of donors, such as the West Nile Fever and Creutzfeldt-Jacob, better known as "Mad Cow" disease. Comparing both methods, we conclude that blood autotransfusion has numerous advantages over heterologous transfusion, even in large hospitals. We are not against blood transfusions, just do not agree that the patient's own blood is discarded without making sure there will be enough blood in stock to get him out of the hemorrhagic shock.

Temporary abdominal closure with zipper-mesh device for management of intra-abdominal sepsis

OBJECTIVE: to present our experience with scheduled reoperations in 15 patients with intra-abdominal sepsis. METHODS: we have applied a more effective technique consisting of temporary abdominal closure with a nylon mesh sheet containing a zipper. We performed reoperations in the operating room under general anesthesia at an average interval of 84 hours. The revision consisted of debridement of necrotic material and vigorous lavage of the involved peritoneal area. The mean age of patients was 38.7 years (range, 15 to 72 years); 11 patients were male, and four were female. RESULTS: forty percent of infections were due to necrotizing pancreatitis. Sixty percent were due to perforation of the intestinal viscus secondary to inflammation, vascular occlusion or trauma. We performed a total of 48 reoperations, an average of 3.2 surgeries per patient. The mesh-zipper device was left in place for an average of 13 days. An intestinal ostomy was present adjacent to the zipper in four patients and did not present a problem for patient management. Mortality was 26.6%. No fistulas resulted from this technique. When intra-abdominal disease was under control, the mesh-zipper device was removed, and the fascia was closed in all patients. In three patients, the wound was closed primarily, and in 12 it was allowed to close by secondary intent. Two patients developed hernia; one was incisional and one was in the drain incision. CONCLUSION: the planned reoperation for manual lavage and debridement of the abdomen through a nylon mesh-zipper combination was rapid, simple, and well-tolerated. It permitted effective management of severe septic peritonitis, easy wound care and primary closure of the abdominal wall.

Risk factors for mortality in blunt abdominal trauma with surgical approach

ABSTRACTObjective:identify risk factors for mortality in patients who underwent laparotomy after blunt abdominal trauma.Methods:retrospective study, case-control, which were reviewed medical records of blunt trauma victims patients undergoing laparotomy, from March 2013 to January 2015, and compared the result of the deaths group with the group healed.Results:of 86 patients, 63% were healed, 36% died, and one patient was excluded from the study. Both groups had similar epidemiology and trauma mechanism, predominantly young adults males, automobilistic accident. Most cases that evolved to death had hemodynamic instability as laparotomy indication - 61% against 38% in the other group (p=0.02). The presence of solid organ injury was larger in the group of deaths - 80% versus 48% (p=0.001) and 61% of them had other associated abdominal injury compared to 25% in the other group (p=0.01). Of the patients who died 96% had other serious injuries associated (p=0.0003). Patients requiring damage control surgery had a higher mortality rate (p=0.0099). Only one of 18 patients with isolated hollow organ lesion evolved to death (p=0.0001). The mean injury score of TRISS of cured (91.70%) was significantly higher than that of deaths (46.3%) (p=0.002).Conclusion:the risk factors for mortality were hemodynamic instability as an indication for laparotomy, presence of solid organ injury, multiple intra-abdominal injuries, need for damage control surgery, serious injury association and low index of trauma score.

Use of surgical mesh of different compositions in the correction of the abdominal wall defect in rats

Objective: To analyze the performance of two surgical meshes of different compositions during the defect healing process of the abdominal wall of rats. Methods: thirty-three adult Wistar rats were anesthetized and subjected to removal of an area of 1.5 cm x 2 cm of the anterior abdominal wall, except for the skin; 17 animals had the defect corrected by edge-to-edge surgical suture of a mesh made of polypropylene + poliglecaprone (Group U - UltraproTM); 16 animals had the defect corrected with a surgical mesh made of polypropylene + polidioxanone + cellulose (Group P - ProceedTM). Each group was divided into two subgroups, according to the euthanasia moment (seven days or 28 days after the operation). Parameters analyzed were macroscopic (adherence), microscopic (quantification of mature and immature collagen) and tensiometric (maximum tension and maximum rupture strength). Results : there was an increase in collagen type I in the ProceedTM group from seven to 28 days, p = 0.047. Also, there was an increase in the rupture tension on both groups when comparing the two periods. There was a lower rupture tension and tissue deformity with ProceedTM mesh in seven days, becoming equal at day 28. Conclusion : the meshes retain similarities in the final result and more studies with larger numbers of animals must be carried for better assessment.

Epidemiological evaluation of hepatic trauma victims undergoing surgery

Objective : to evaluate the epidemiological variables and diagnostic and therapeutic modalities related to hepatic trauma patients undergoing laparotomy in a public referral hospital in the metropolitan region of Vitória-ES. Methods : we conducted a retrospective study, reviewing charts of trauma patients with liver injuries, whether isolated or in association with other organs, who underwent exploratory laparotomy, from January 2011 to December 2013. Results : We studied 392 patients, 107 of these with liver injury. The male: female ratio was 6.6 : 1 and the mean age was 30.12 years. Penetrating liver trauma occurred in 78.5% of patients, mostly with firearms. Associated injuries occurred in 86% of cases and intra-abdominal injuries were more common in penetrating trauma (p <0.01). The most commonly used operative technique was hepatorrhaphy and damage control surgery was applied in 6.5% of patients. The average amounts of blood products used were 6.07 units of packed red blood cells and 3.01 units of fresh frozen plasma. The incidence of postoperative complications was 29.9%, the most frequent being infectious, including pneumonia, peritonitis and intra-abdominal abscess. The survival rate of patients suffering from blunt trauma was 60%, and penetrating trauma, 87.5% (p <0.05). Conclusion : despite technological advances in diagnosis and treatment, mortality rates in liver trauma remain high, especially in patients suffering from blunt trauma in relation to penetrating one.

Fatores associados à obesidade abdominal em mulheres em idade reprodutiva

OBJETIVO: Investigar variáveis potencialmente associadas à obesidade abdominal em mulheres em idade reprodutiva. MÉTODOS: Foram investigadas 781 mulheres a partir de informações coletadas pela Pesquisa Nutrição e Saúde realizada em 1996 no Município do Rio de Janeiro. A obesidade abdominal foi definida como circunferência da cintura (CC) > 80 cm ou como Razão Cintura Quadril (RCQ) > 0,85. A análise estatística envolveu o cálculo de medidas de tendência central. A associação entre obesidade abdominal e Índice de Massa Corporal, idade, paridade e uso de tabaco foi testada por meio do cálculo do "Odds Ratio" (OR), usando a técnica de regressão logística multivariada. RESULTADOS: As maiores freqüências de obesidade abdominal foram observadas em mulheres acima de 35 anos e com dois ou mais filhos (50,7%). Os valores de OR demonstram o efeito da interação entre paridade e idade para CC>80 cm quando controlado apenas o efeito dessas duas variáveis. A partir dos modelos de regressão logística, verificou-se que quando a população foi estratificada em mulheres com e sem sobrepeso, apenas a escolaridade esteve associada à RCQ, enquanto a associação com idade e paridade desapareceu para a CC>80 cm. CONCLUSÕES: A obesidade abdominal nesse grupo populacional independe da idade e da paridade quando ajustado pelo peso relativo, sendo suas maiores determinantes a adiposidade geral e a escolaridade. Ter maior escolaridade significou possuir uma RCQ menor. É fundamental implementar estratégias de prevenção para o desenvolvimento da obesidade, cujo enfoque sejam mulheres em idade reprodutiva.

Excesso de peso e gordura abdominal para a síndrome metabólica em nipo-brasileiros

OBJETIVO: A obesidade, especialmente de distribuição abdominal, associa-se a fatores de risco cardiovasculares como a dislipidemia, a hipertensão arterial (HA) e o diabetes mellitus (DM). A importância desses fatores em nipo-brasileiros foi previamente demonstrada, apesar de a obesidade não ser característica marcante dos migrantes japoneses. Realizou-se estudo com o objetivo de avaliar a prevalência de excesso de peso e a adiposidade central (AC) em nipo-brasileiros e suas relações com distúrbios metabólicos. MÉTODOS: A amostra incluiu 530 nipo-brasileiros (40-79 anos) de primeira e segunda gerações, submetidos a medidas antropométricas de pressão arterial, perfil lipídico e teste oral de tolerância à glicose. A prevalência (por ponto e intervalo de confiança) de excesso de peso foi calculada pelo valor de corte >26,4 kg/m². O diagnóstico de AC foi baseado na razão entre as circunferências da cintura e do quadril (RCQ), sendo que valores > ou = 0,85 e > ou = 0,95, para mulheres e homens, respectivamente, firmavam esse diagnóstico. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de excesso de peso foi de 22,4% (IC95%-- 20,6-28,1), e a de AC, de 67,0% (IC95% -- 63,1-70,9). Além de maiores prevalências de DM, HA e dislipidemia, estratificando-se pelo índice de massa corporal (IMC) e RCQ, indivíduos com excesso de peso e adiposidade central apresentaram pior perfil metabólico: a pressão arterial foi significantemente maior naqueles com excesso de peso, sem e com AC; indivíduos com AC apresentaram maiores índices de glicemia, triglicerídeos, colesterol total e LDL e menor HDL quando comparados aos sem excesso de peso e sem AC; a insulinemia de jejum foi significantemente maior em indivíduos com excesso de peso (sem e com AC) do que naqueles sem excesso de peso e sem AC. CONCLUSÃO: A comparação de subgrupos com e sem adiposidade central foi compatível com a hipótese de que a deposição abdominal de gordura representa fator de risco para doenças interligadas pela resistência à insulina, inclusive em população de origem oriental. A alta prevalência de síndrome metabólica nos migrantes japoneses pode ser decorrente da deposição visceral de gordura, implicada na gênese da resistência à insulina.

Importância relativa do Índice de Massa Corporal e da circunferência abdominal na predição da hipertensão arterial

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a importância relativa do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) e da circunferência abdominal na determinação da hipertensão arterial em adultos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com amostra de funcionários (N=1.584), entre 18 e 64 anos de idade, de hospital geral privado do município de São Paulo. A coleta de dados envolveu questionário estruturado, medida da pressão arterial, peso, altura e circunferência abdominal. A hipertensão foi diagnosticada com pressão arterial > 140/90 mmHg ou uso de medicação anti-hipertensiva. A importância relativa do IMC e da circunferência abdominal foi calculada pela fração atribuível de hipertensão correspondente a cada indicador antropométrico, empregando-se níveis de cortes usuais e baseados na distribuição observada na população estudada. Adicionalmente, foi desenvolvido um indicador que combinou simultaneamente valores de IMC e circunferência abdominal. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de hipertensão foi de 18,9% (26,9% em homens e 12,5% em mulheres). Em homens, a fração de hipertensão atribuível ao IMC superou aquela atribuível à circunferência abdominal segundo níveis de corte usuais (56% x 48%, respectivamente) e quartis da distribuição observada (73% x 69%, respectivamente). Para mulheres, a fração de hipertensão atribuível à circunferência abdominal superou ligeiramente aquela atribuível ao IMC nos níveis de corte usuais (44% x 41%, respectivamente); mas se observou situação inversa empregando a classificação em quartis (41% x 57%, respectivamente). Somente em mulheres a fração de hipertensão atribuível ao indicador que combinou IMC e circunferência abdominal (64%) superou a fração atribuível a cada medida isolada. CONCLUSÕES: Tanto o IMC quanto a circunferência abdominal se associaram positiva e independentemente com a ocorrência de hipertensão arterial, sendo superior a influência exercida pelo IMC em homens.

Consumo de bebida alcoólica e adiposidade abdominal em doadores de sangue

OBJETIVO: Analisar a associação entre o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas e adiposidade abdominal. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com uma amostra de homens doadores de sangue (N=1.235), de 20 a 59 anos, em Cuiabá (MT), realizado de agosto/1999 a janeiro/2000. Os indicadores de adiposidade abdominal foram circunferência da cintura e relação cintura/quadril, ajustados pela adiposidade total. As medidas aferidas foram: peso, estatura, circunferências da cintura e do quadril. O consumo de álcool foi avaliado utilizando-se um questionário sobre tipo, freqüência e quantidade da bebida consumida. A associação entre o consumo de álcool e adiposidade abdominal foi analisada por regressão linear múltipla, com os modelos ajustados para idade, atividade física, tabagismo e adiposidade total. RESULTADOS: Após ajuste, a circunferência da cintura e a relação cintura quadril mantiveram-se associadas positivamente ao consumo de cerveja (p=0,02) e ao total de álcool consumido (p=0,01 e 0,03, respectivamente). O consumo de aguardente mostrou associação somente com a circunferência da cintura (p=0,04). CONCLUSÕES: O consumo de álcool, particularmente de cerveja, associou-se com a localização abdominal de gordura.

Educational inequality in the occurrence of abdominal obesity:Pró-Saúde Study

OBJECTIVE To estimate the degree of educational inequality in the occurrence of abdominal obesity in a population of non-faculty civil servants at university campi.METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we used data from 3,117 subjects of both genders aged 24 to 65-years old, regarding the baseline ofPró-Saúde Study, 1999-2001. Abdominal obesity was defined according to abdominal circumference thresholds of 88 cm for women and 102 cm for men. A multi-dimensional, self-administered questionnaire was used to evaluate education levels and demographic variables. Slope and relative indices of inequality, and Chi-squared test for linear trend were used in the data analysis. All analyses were stratified by genders, and the indices of inequality were standardized by age.RESULTS Abdominal obesity was the most prevalent among women (43.5%; 95%CI 41.2;45.9), as compared to men (24.3%; 95%CI 22.1;26.7), in all educational strata and age ranges. The association between education levels and abdominal obesity was an inverse one among women (p < 0.001); it was not statistically significant among men (p = 0.436). The educational inequality regarding abdominal obesity in the female population, in absolute terms (slope index of inequality), was 24.0% (95%CI 15.5;32.6). In relative terms (relative index of inequality), it was 2.8 (95%CI 1.9;4.1), after the age adjustment.CONCLUSIONS Gender inequality in the prevalence of abdominal obesity increases with older age and lower education. The slope and relative indices of inequality summarize the strictly monotonous trend between education levels and abdominal obesity, and it described educational inequality regarding abdominal obesity among women. Such indices provide relevant quantitative estimates for monitoring abdominal obesity and dealing with health inequalities.

Immunodiagnostic confirmation of hydatid disease in patients with a presumptive diagnosis of infection

Information obtained from the routine application of hydatid immunodiagnostic techniques in different clinical situations over a seven-year period is presented. The Immunoelectrophoresis test was used until it was replaced by the simpler, more sensitive and equally specific arc 5 double diffusion (DD5) test. Examination of sera from 1,888 patients with signs and/or symptoms compatible with hydatid disease revealed that the presurgical confirmation of Echinococcus granulosus infection is only obtained by detection of anti-antigen 5 antibodies. The latter were not found in 1,539 presumptive hydatidosis patients whose definitive diagnoses corresponded to other disease conditions. However, false positive latex agglutination test results were obtained in two cases. In all patients whose preoperative serum showed three or more uncharacteristic bands in the absence of anti-antigen 5 antibodies, hydatid cysts were found sur gically. DD5 testing of a fluid sample collected by puncture established its hydatid etiology. Post-operative monitoring of hydatidosis patients demonstrated that persistence of DD5-positivity two years after surgery established the presence of other cysts. Further evidence was obtained in patients with hydatid cysts in intrathoracic, abdominal or other locations associating cyst membrane integrity, antigen release and immunodiagnostic test positivity.

Clinical and epidemiological aspects of abdominal angiostrongyliasis in Southern Brazil

Most of the cases of abdominal angiostrongyliasis in Brazil were reported from the southern States of São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul (RS). A study in 27 cases from RS revealed a distinct local epidemiology. Peasants were usually affected, either adults or children, from the mountainous areas in the north of the Suite. There was a seasonal increase in the number of cases, from late spring to autumn, that does not coincide with the rainy season. Besides the most common clinical features of abdominal pain, fever and cosinophilia in the leucogram, painful relapsing episodes were detected in some patients. The abdominal pain could be either localized or diffuse during the rapid evolution to a surgical abdominal condition, with a letality of 7.4%. The use of a serological test and the greater awareness of physicians working in endemic areas is expected to improve the recognition of uncomplicated and benign courses of the disease. This study confirms the known clinical manifestations of abdominal angiostrongyliasis and demonstrates the diversity of its epidemiology.

Massive infestation by Ascaris lumbricoides of the biliary tract: report of a successfully treated case

This is a report of a 25 years old black woman from the city of São Paulo, Brazil, who developed acute obstructive cholangitis of Ascaris lumbricoides with septicemia and multiple hepatic abscesses. The patient had sickle cell trait and normal delivery 3 months ago. Massive infestation of the biliary tract by Ascaris lumbricoides was diagnosed by abdominal ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. Sixty worms were removed from the common bile duct and hepatic abscesses were drained by surgery. The infectious process was polymicrobial. The patient's recovery was complete after a long evolution with a wide spectrum antibiotic therapy. New surgeries were needed to remove residual worms in the biliary tract. The diagnostic methods, clinical-biochemical features and also the clinical and surgical management are presented. The biliary ascariasis pathophysiology is commented.