Estudo morfológico e molecular da mama de ratas castradas tratadas com isoflavona ou estrogênios

OBJETIVO: avaliar os efeitos das isoflavonas e dos estrogênios sobre a morfologia, a morfometria e a expressão do fator de crescimento vascular (VEGF) na mama de ratas adultas. MÉTODOS: Quarenta e cinco ratas, após 28 dias de ooforectomia, foram divididas em três grupos: CON - controle e os grupos que receberam medicação: ISO - isoflavona (100 mg/Kg) e ECE - estrogênios conjugados eqüinos (50 µg/Kg). Após 60 dias, parte das mamas foram fixadas em formol a 10% para processamento histológico, e outra parte congelada para a análise da expressão do VEGF pela técnica da reação em cadeia da polimerase com transcrição reversa (RT-PCR). Para análise dos resultados obtidos foram utilizados inicialmente a análise de variância (ANOVA). Quando houve significância, foi complementada com o teste de comparações múltiplas de Tukey-Kramer. RESULTADOS: Nos grupos CON e ISO as mamas apresentaram glândulas mamárias atróficas, sendo mais desenvolvidas no grupo ECE, onde se notou a presença de inúmeros ductos e de alvéolos mamários. A morfometria mostrou maior número de alvéolos no grupo ECE (12,3 ± 7,1* por mm²; p< 0,05%) do que nos outros grupos (CON = 1,4 ± 2,1 e ISO = 1,6 ± 3,8), sendo o volume dessas células maior (ECE = 27,4 ± 9,7 µm³, p < 0,05%) do que nos grupos CON (14,9 ± 4,9 µm³) e ISO (11,4 ± 6,9 µm³). O mesmo ocorreu em relação ao número de vasos sanguíneos [16,4 ± 1,5 por mm²(CON), 18,4 ± 2,1 (ISO) < 37,1 ± 4,1* (ECE), p < 0,05%]. Na análise do VEGF o grupo ECE apresentou maior expressão do que os grupos CON e ISO. CONCLUSÃO: nossos dados não evidenciaram efeito proliferativo no tecido mamário de ratas ooforectomizadas tratadas com isoflavona na dose de 100 mg/Kg durante 60 dias consecutivos.

Ação da melatonina sobre a apoptose e fator de crescimento endotelial vascular no córtex da adrenal de ratas pinealectomizadas

OBJETIVO: avaliar os efeitos da melatonina na apoptose e atividade celular no córtex da adrenal de ratas pinealectomizadas. MÉTODOS: foram utilizadas 40 ratas adultas, divididas randomicamente em 4 grupos com 10 animais cada: GCont - sem intervenção cirúrgica e com ministração do veículo; GSham - sem retirar a pineal com ministração do veículo; GExpV - pinealectomizado e tratado com veículo; GExpM - pinealectomizado e tratado com melatonina (10 µg/animal, por dia) durante a noite. Após 60 dias de tratamento, todos os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia, as adrenais retiradas, fixadas em formol a 10% e processadas para inclusão em parafina. Nos cortes histológicos com 5 µm de espessura, foram realizados métodos imunoistoquímicos para detecção da apoptose (Caspase-3-clivada) e da atividade celular (fator de crescimento endotelial vascular, VEGF-A). Para avaliar a percentagem de apoptose foram contadas as células reativas em 1.000 células de cada zona da região cortical da adrenal em cada animal; já o VEGF-A foi expresso em escores. Os dados quantitativos foram analisados pela análise de variância (ANOVA) e pelo teste de comparações múltiplas de Tukey-Kramer (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: na avaliação do índice apoptótico, não foram encontradas diferenças significantes na zona glomerulosa entre os vários grupos estudados. Na zona fasciculada (GExpV=15,51±3,12*, p<0,05) e na reticulada (GExpV=8,11±1,90*, p<0,05) houve redução no índice apoptótico no grupo GExpV em relação aos demais grupos de estudo. Na reatividade ao VEGF-A, houve maior positividade, indicando maior atividade celular na zona na fasciculada do GExpV em relação aos outros grupos. CONCLUSÕES: a melatonina atua na região cortical da adrenal, em especial nas zonas fasciculada e reticulada, que estão relacionadas com a produção de esteroides sexuais.

Pré-eclâmpsia: estresse oxidativo, inflamação e disfunção endotelial

Pré-eclâmpsia é uma síndrome sistêmica caracterizada por intenso estado inflamatório e antiangiogênico. A fisiopatologia da pré-clâmpsia envolve alterações no processo de invasão trofoblástica, com consequente inadequado suprimento sanguíneo uterino e estresse oxidativo do tecido placentário. As alterações placentárias decorrentes desse processo levam à maior produção de sFlt-1, um receptor solúvel para as moléculas de VEGF e PlGF. O sFlt-1 impede com que VEGF e PlGF realizem suas funções na homeostase endotelial, culminando com disfunção dessas células. De uma maneira geral, os processos inflamatórios, de disfunção endotelial e estresse oxidativo estão interligados e agem de maneira sinérgica. Trabalhos recentes têm demonstrado que elevações nas concentrações séricas de sFlt-1 ocorrem 5 a 6 semanas antes das manifestações clínicas da pré-eclâmpsia. Concomitantemente, observa-se queda nas concentrações séricas de PlGF. Sendo assim, as dosagens séricas de sFlt-1 e PlGF têm sido sugeridas para o diagnóstico precoce de pré-eclâmpsia. Ademais, os conhecimentos adquiridos a respeito dos fatores antiangiogênicos proporcionam ainda a possibilidade de novas linhas de pesquisa sobre possíveis terapias para a pré-eclâmpsia. Neste artigo, foram revisados os aspectos inflamatórios e antiangiogênicos envolvidos na fisiopatologia da pré-eclâmpsia. Por fim, foram correlacionados esses aspectos com o risco elevado para doenças cardiovasculares apresentado por essas pacientes ao longo de suas vidas.

Polimorfismos genéticos do fator de crescimento do endotélio vascular na pré-eclâmpsia

OBJETIVO: Identificar polimorfismos genéticos do fator de crescimento do endotélio vascular (VEGF), posições +936C/T e -2578C/A, em mulheres com pré-eclâmpsia. MÉTODOS:Trata-se de um estudo transversal,constituído por 80 mulheres distribuídas em dois grupos: pré-eclâmpsia e grupo controle. A caracterização da amostra foi realizada mediante entrevista pré-estruturadae complementada por dados transcritos dos prontuários. Para identificação dos polimorfismos foi realizada extração de DNA, amplificação das sequências pela Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) com primers específicos e análise por Polimorfismos de Comprimentos de Fragmentos de Restrição (RFLP). A análise estatística dos resultados foi realizada de forma descritiva e pelo teste do . O modelo de regressão logística múltipla foi utilizado para determinar o efeito dos polimorfismos na pré-eclampsia. RESULTADOS: Evidenciou-se uma maior frequência do alelo T do polimorfismo VEGF +936C/T nas pacientes com pré-eclâmpsia, embora com diferença não significativa.A presença do alelo A do VEGF -2578C/A foi maior no grupo controle, com diferença significativa. CONCLUSÕES: Não foi observada associação significativa do polimorfismo VEGF +936C/T com a pré-eclâmpsia. Para o polimorfismo VEGF -2578C/A observa-se diferença significativa entre os grupos, sendo o alelo A mais frequente no controle, sugerindo a possibilidade da portadora do alelo A apresentar menor suscetibilidade para o desenvolvimento de pré-eclâmpsia.

Morphological and immunohistochemical characterization of angiogenic and apoptotic factors and the expression of thyroid receptors in the ovary of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus in captivity

Morphological and immunohistochemical characterization of angiogenic and apoptotic factors and the expression of thyroid receptors in the ovary of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus in captivity were studied. The morphological evaluation of the ovaries was performed by histological paraffin embedded and stained with HE. The immunohistochemical expressions of CDC47, VEGF, Flk-1, angiopoietin, Tie-2 and thyroid receptor (TRα) were performed by the technique of streptavidein-biotin-peroxidase. Apoptosis was assessed using the TUNEL kit. The relative expression of thyroid hormone receptors (TRα and TRβ) was assessed by RT-PCR real time. The nuclear expression of CDC47 increased with the stage of maturation of the oocyte and was observed in the follicle cells. Apoptotic bodies were observed in the follicular cells of atretic follicles and postovulatory follicles from the ovaries of 150g and 350g fish. Expression of VEGF and its receptor Flk-1 was also observed in the follicular cells, and the expression of both increased with the maturity of the oocyte, with a higher intensity observed in the full-grown follicle. The expression of angiopoietin and of its receptor (Tie 2) was discrete and moderate respectively. TRα expression was independent of follicular development. However, the 350 g tilapia exhibited higher expression of TRβ compared with the 50 g tilapia. We conclude that the proliferative activity and the expression of VEGF and its receptor increase with follicular maturation and that the TRs expression increases with ovarian maturity in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

Prevalence of vascular-endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in primary breast cancer

Our objective was to determine the presence of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 and specific tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2) in tumor samples obtained from patients with primary breast cancer. We attempted to correlate these findings with the status of the sentinel lymph node (SLN) and clinical-pathological characteristics such as age, tumor size, histological type, histological grade, and vascular invasion. Tumor samples from 88 patients with primary breast cancer were analyzed. The immunoreactivity of VEGF, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 in tumors was correlated with clinical and pathological features, as well as SLN status. Nonparametric, Mann-Whittney, Kruskal-Wallis, and Spearmann tests were used. Categorical variables were analyzed by the Pearson test. No statistically significant correlation was found between the amount of VEGF, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 and the presence of tumor cells in the SLN. However, larger tumor diameter (P < 0.01) and the presence of vascular invasion (P < 0.01) were correlated positively with a positive SLN. A significant correlation of higher VEGF levels (P = 0.04) and lower TIMP-1 levels (P = 0.04) with ductal histology was also observed. Furthermore, lower TIMP-2 levels showed a statistically significant correlation with younger age (<50 years) and larger tumor diameter (2.0-5.0 cm). A positive SLN correlated significantly with a larger tumor diameter and the presence of vascular invasion. Higher VEGF and lower TIMP-1 levels were observed in patients with ductal tumors, while higher TIMP-1 levels were observed in lobular tumors.

Genetic variability of vascular endothelial growth factor and prognosis of head and neck cancer in a Brazilian population

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the most potent endothelial cell mitogens and plays a critical role in angiogenesis. Polymorphisms in this gene have been evaluated in patients with several types of cancer. The objectives of this study were to determine if there was an association of the -1154G/A polymorphism of the VEGF gene with head and neck cancer and the interaction of this polymorphism with lifestyle and demographic factors. Additionally, the distribution of the VEGF genotype was investigated with respect to the clinicopathological features of head and neck cancer patients. The study included 100 patients with histopathological diagnosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Patients with treated tumors were excluded. A total of 176 individuals 40 years or older were included in the control group and individuals with a family history of neoplasias were excluded. Analysis was performed after extraction of genomic DNA using the real-time PCR technique. No statistically significant differences between allelic and genotype frequencies of -1154G/A VEGF polymorphism were identified between healthy individuals and patients. The real-time PCR analyses showed a G allele frequency of 0.72 and 0.74 for patients and the control group, respectively. The A allele showed a frequency of 0.28 for head and neck cancer patients and 0.26 for the control group. However, analysis of the clinicopathological features showed a decreased frequency of the A allele polymorphism in patients with advanced (T3 and T4) tumors (OR = 0.36; 95%CI = 0.14-0.93; P = 0.0345). The -1154A allele of the VEGF gene may decrease the risk of tumor growth and be a possible biomarker for head and neck cancer. This polymorphism is associated with increased VEGF production and may have a prognostic importance.

Advances in biliary atresia: from patient care to research

Biliary atresia, the most common cause of liver transplantation in children, remains a challenge for clinicians and investigators. The development of new therapeutic options, besides the typical hepatoportoenterostomy, depends on a greater understanding of its pathogenesis and how it relates to the clinical phenotypes at diagnosis and the rate of disease progression. In this review, we present a perspective of how recent research has advanced the understanding of the disease and has improved clinical care protocols. Molecular and morphological analyses at diagnosis point to the potential contributions of polymorphism in the CFC1 and VEGF genes to the pathogenesis of the disease, and to an association between the degree of bile duct proliferation and long-term outcome. In experimental models, cholangiocytes do not appear to have antigen-presenting properties despite a substantial innate and adaptive immune response that targets the biliary epithelium and produces duct obstruction. Initial clinical trials assessing the efficacy of corticosteroids in decreasing the inflammation and improving outcome do not show a superior effect of corticosteroids as an adjuvant treatment following hepatoportoenterostomy. The best outcome still remains linked to an early diagnosis and surgical treatment. In this regard, the Yellow Alert campaign by the Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria and the inclusion of the Stool Color Card in the health booklet given to every neonate in Brazil have the potential to decrease the age of diagnosis, shorten the time between diagnosis and surgical treatment, and improve the long-term outcome of children with this devastating disease.

The inflammatory stimulus of a natural latex biomembrane improves healing in mice

The aim of the present study was to compare healing obtained with biomembranes with the natural healing process (sham) using biochemical and immunohistological assays. C57BL/6 mice were divided into 4 groups of 15 mice each and received different subcutaneous implants: natural latex biomembrane (NLB), denatured latex (DL), expanded polytetrafluorethylene (ePTFE), or sham. On the 2nd, 7th, and 14th days post-treatment, 5 mice per group were sacrificed and biopsied for the following measurements: oxidative stress based on malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and hydrogen peroxide by the method of ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange (FOX), as well as glutathione and total proteins; histological evaluation to enumerate inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, blood vessels, and collagen, and immunohistochemical staining for inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin-1β, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). On day 2 post-treatment, NLB stimulated a dense inflammatory infiltrate mainly consisting of polymorphonuclear cells, as indicated by increased MPO (P < 0.05), but oxidative stress due to MDA was not observed until the 7th day (P < 0.05). The number of blood vessels was greater in NLB (P < 0.05) and DL (P < 0.05) mice compared to sham animals on day 14. NLB induced fibroplasia by day 14 (P < 0.05) with low expression of TGF-β1 and collagenesis. Thus, NLB significantly induced the inflammatory phase of healing mediated by oxidative stress, which appeared to influence the subsequent phases such as angiogenesis (with low expression of VEGF) and fibroplasia (independent of TGF-β1) without influencing collagenesis.

The use of genes for performance enhancement: doping or therapy?

Recent biotechnological advances have permitted the manipulation of genetic sequences to treat several diseases in a process called gene therapy. However, the advance of gene therapy has opened the door to the possibility of using genetic manipulation (GM) to enhance athletic performance. In such ‘gene doping’, exogenous genetic sequences are inserted into a specific tissue, altering cellular gene activity or leading to the expression of a protein product. The exogenous genes most likely to be utilized for gene doping include erythropoietin (EPO), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF-1), myostatin antagonists, and endorphin. However, many other genes could also be used, such as those involved in glucose metabolic pathways. Because gene doping would be very difficult to detect, it is inherently very attractive for those involved in sports who are prepared to cheat. Moreover, the field of gene therapy is constantly and rapidly progressing, and this is likely to generate many new possibilities for gene doping. Thus, as part of the general fight against all forms of doping, it will be necessary to develop and continually improve means of detecting exogenous gene sequences (or their products) in athletes. Nevertheless, some bioethicists have argued for a liberal approach to gene doping.

Prostate-specific membrane antigen can promote in vivo osseous metastasis of prostate cancer cells in mice

Reports remain insufficient on whether and how prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) can influence in vivo osseous metastasis of prostate cancer (PCa). In the present study, the authors induced stable expression of PSMA in mouse PCa cell line RM-1. In vivo osseous metastasis was induced in 37 6-week-old female C57BL/6 mice weighing 22.45 ± 0.456 g. RM-1 cells were actively injected into the femoral bone cavity, leading to bilateral dissymmetry of bone density in the femoral bone. Tumor cells were also detected in bone tissue by pathological examination. The impact on bone density was demonstrated by the significant difference between animals injected with RM-PSMA cells (0.0738 ± 0.0185 g/cm²) and animals injected with RM-empty plasmid cells (0.0895 ± 0.0241 g/cm²). The lytic bone lesion of the RM-PSMA group (68.4%) was higher than that of the control group (27.8%). Immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of both vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) was distinctly higher in the RM-PSMA group than in the control group, while ELISA and Western blot assay indicated that VEGF and MMP-9 were higher in the RM-PSMA group compared to the control group (in vitro). Thus, the present study proposed and then confirmed for the first time that PSMA can promote in vivo osseous metastasis of PCa by increasing sclerotic destruction of PCa cells. Further analyses also suggested that PSMA functions positively on the invasive ability of RM-1 by increasing the expression of MMP-9 and VEGF by osseous metastases in vivo

Silencing HIF-1α reduces the adhesion and secretion functions of acute leukemia hBMSCs

Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is an important transcription factor, which plays a critical role in the formation of solid tumor and its microenviroment. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the expression and function of HIF-1α in human leukemia bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and to identify the downstream targets of HIF-1α. HIF-1α expression was detected at both the RNA and protein levels using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) were detected in stromal cells by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. HIF-1α was blocked by constructing the lentiviral RNAi vector system and infecting the BMSCs. The Jurkat cell/BMSC co-cultured system was constructed by putting the two cells into the same suitable cultured media and conditions. Cell adhesion and secretion functions of stromal cells were evaluated after transfection with the lentiviral RNAi vector of HIF-1α. Increased HIF-1α mRNA and protein was detected in the nucleus of the acute myeloblastic and acute lymphoblastic leukemia compared with normal BMSCs. The lentiviral RANi vector for HIF-1α was successfully constructed and was applied to block the expression of HIF-1α. When HIF-1α of BMSCs was blocked, the expression of VEGF and SDF-1 secreted by stromal cells were decreased. When HIF-1α was blocked, the co-cultured Jurkat cell’s adhesion and migration functions were also decreased. Taken together, these results suggest that HIF-1α acts as an important transcription factor and can significantly affect the secretion and adhesion functions of leukemia BMSCs.

Early responses of the STAT3 pathway to platinum drugs are associated with cisplatin resistance in epithelial ovarian cancer

Cisplatin resistance remains one of the major obstacles when treating epithelial ovarian cancer. Because oxaliplatin and nedaplatin are effective against cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer in clinical trials and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is associated with cisplatin resistance, we investigated whether overcoming cisplatin resistance by oxaliplatin and nedaplatin was associated with the STAT3 pathway in ovarian cancer. Alamar blue, clonogenic, and wound healing assays, and Western blot analysis were used to compare the effects of platinum drugs in SKOV-3 cells. At an equitoxic dose, oxaliplatin and nedaplatin exhibited similar inhibitory effects on colony-forming ability and greater inhibition on cell motility than cisplatin in ovarian cancer. Early in the time course of drug administration, cisplatin increased the expression of pSTAT3 (Tyr705), STAT3α, VEGF, survivin, and Bcl-XL, while oxaliplatin and nedaplatin exhibited the opposite effects, and upregulated pSTAT3 (Ser727) and STAT3β. The STAT3 pathway responded early to platinum drugs associated with cisplatin resistance in epithelial ovarian cancer and provided a rationale for new therapeutic strategies to reverse cisplatin resistance.

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing human basic fibroblast growth factor increase vasculogenesis in ischemic rats

Administration or expression of growth factors, as well as implantation of autologous bone marrow cells, promote in vivo angiogenesis. This study investigated the angiogenic potential of combining both approaches through the allogenic transplantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) expressing human basic fibroblast growth factor (hbFGF). After establishing a hind limb ischemia model in Sprague Dawley rats, the animals were randomly divided into four treatment groups: MSCs expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP-MSC), MSCs expressing hbFGF (hbFGF-MSC), MSC controls, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) controls. After 2 weeks, MSC survival and differentiation, hbFGF and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, and microvessel density of ischemic muscles were determined. Stable hbFGF expression was observed in the hbFGF-MSC group after 2 weeks. More hbFGF-MSCs than GFP-MSCs survived and differentiated into vascular endothelial cells (P<0.001); however, their differentiation rates were similar. Moreover, allogenic transplantation of hbFGF-MSCs increased VEGF expression (P=0.008) and microvessel density (P<0.001). Transplantation of hbFGF-expressing MSCs promoted angiogenesis in an in vivo hind limb ischemia model by increasing the survival of transplanted cells that subsequently differentiated into vascular endothelial cells. This study showed the therapeutic potential of combining cell-based therapy with gene therapy to treat ischemic disease.

Activation of endogenous angiotensin converting enzyme 2 prevents early injuries induced by hyperglycemia in rat retina

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus that may result in blindness. We evaluated the effects of activation of endogenous angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 2 on the early stages of DR. Rats were administered an intravenous injection of streptozotocin to induce hyperglycemia. The ACE2 activator 1-[[2-(dimethylamino) ethyl] amino]-4-(hydroxymethyl)-7-[[(4-methylphenyl) sulfonyl] oxy]-9H-xanthone 9 (XNT) was administered by daily gavage. The death of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) was evaluated in histological sections, and retinal ACE2, caspase-3, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expressions were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. XNT treatment increased ACE2 expression in retinas of hyperglycemic (HG) rats (control: 13.81±2.71 area%; HG: 14.29±4.30 area%; HG+XNT: 26.87±1.86 area%; P<0.05). Importantly, ACE2 activation significantly increased the RCG number in comparison with HG animals (control: 553.5±14.29; HG: 530.8±10.3 cells; HG+XNT: 575.3±16.5 cells; P<0.05). This effect was accompanied by a reduction in the expression of caspase-3 in RGC of the HG+XNT group when compared with untreated HG rats (control: 18.74±1.59; HG: 38.39±3.39 area%; HG+XNT: 27.83±2.80 area%; P<0.05). Treatment with XNT did not alter the VEGF expression in HG animals (P>0.05). Altogether, these findings indicate that activation of ACE2 reduced the death of retinal ganglion cells by apoptosis in HG rats.