Saúde e meio ambiente: uma análise de diferenciais intra-urbanos enfocando o Município de São Paulo, Brasil

Apresenta-se projeto na área de diferenciais intra-urbanos de saúde no Município de São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Focalizam-se alguns aspectos do problema urbano na cidade, seguindo-se uma revisão bibliográfica de trabalhos que abordam a questão dos diferenciais geográficos na literatura paulista. São outras temáticas: a desagregação geográfica do território a ser estudado e a metodologia de construção do índice de carência para definição de zonas homogêneas no Município de São Paulo, Brasil. Aponta-se qual seria a aplicação dos resultados finais obtidos pelo projeto.

Saúde e meio ambiente: análise de diferenciais intra-urbanos, Município de São Paulo, Brasil

Objetivou-se preencher as lacunas no tipo de informação necessária sobre mortalidade para estabelecimento de correlações entre saúde, urbanização e meio ambiente. As estatísticas produzidas baseiam-se na análise de dados de registros contínuos, dados de pesquisas, relatórios e censos populacionais. Dados socioeconômicos foram utilizados para construir um indicador composto para cada distrito e subdistrito fornecendo a base para a construção de quatro zonas socioeconômicas. São apresentados diferenciais de mortalidade entre essas zonas, distribuídos por quatro grupos de causas e cinco grandes grupos etários. O zoneamento urbano mostrou que 43,8% da população da cidade de São Paulo vive em áreas com as piores condições socioeconômicas. Os dados de saúde demonstraram que pessoas vivendo nessas áreas tinham padrão de mortalidade mais elevado que aquelas vivendo em áreas com melhores condições socioeconômicas. Analisa-se a sobremortalidade entre as zonas socioeconômicas e sugere-se este enfoque como instrumento útil para a definição de prioridades na alocação de recursos de saúde.

Occurrence of suicide and seasonal variation

OBJECTIVE: To review the estimated suicide rates for the Region Metropolitan, the main socio-political center in Chile, for the period 1979-1994, and to determine whether they follow a seasonal pattern. METHOD: Data available for the period 1979-94 at the Forensic Services in Chile was analyzed using ANOVA. RESULTS: It was register 5.386 suicides. While the "warm" months (October, November, December & January) concentrated 39.0% of cases, the so called "cold" months reported 28,7%. This contrast is made even clearer by the month-to-month analysis, showing the highest suicide rate in December (10.9%) against the lowest rate in June (7.0%). Further statistical analysis revealed these differences to be significant. CONCLUSION: The study shows that in Chile, representing as it does the Southern Hemisphere, the suicide rates tend to present a seasonal variation as has elsewhere been determined for in the North Hemisphere.

Comparação entre a colpocitologia oncológica de encaminhamento e a da gravidade das lesões cervicais intra-epiteliais

OBJETIVO: Comparar o resultado da colpocitologia oncológica (CO) de encaminhamento com o resultado da CO coletada no serviço de referência, e avaliar as alterações da colposcopia e o resultado da biópsia. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionadas 213 mulheres atendidas de janeiro de 1989 a abril de 1991 de um centro especializado de atenção à saúde da mulher, com seguimento até julho de 1998. Noventa foram encaminhadas por CO sugestiva de lesão induzida pelo vírus do papiloma humano (HPV) ou neoplasia intra-epitelial cervical (NIC) grau 1 e 123 por CO sugestiva de NIC 2 ou 3. RESULTADOS: Das mulheres encaminhadas por CO HPV/NIC 1, 49% apresentavam NIC 2 ou 3 na CO do serviço. Na colposcopia, 16 não apresentavam lesões suspeitas e em 10 não se via a junção escamo-colunar. Ao diagnóstico histológico, 42 (46%) apresentavam NIC 2 ou 3. Das 123 mulheres encaminhadas com CO NIC 2 ou 3, 54% apresentaram NIC 2 ou 3 na CO do serviço. Na colposcopia, 24 mulheres não apresentavam lesões suspeitas e em 12 não se via a junção escamo-colunar. Na histologia, 61 (49%) apresentavam NIC 2 ou 3. CONCLUSÕES: A conduta expectante nos casos de CO HPV/NIC 1 deve ser criteriosa, envolvendo profissionais capacitados na coleta do exame, e conscientizar a população para retornos periódicos de controle.

Fecundidade e diferenciais intra-urbanos de desenvolvimento humano, São Paulo, Brasil, 1997

OBJETIVO: Avaliar possíveis divergências no padrão reprodutivo de mulheres residentes em áreas de diferentes níveis de desenvolvimento humano, pela análise de suas taxas de fecundidade total e taxas específicas de fecundidade por idade. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados os 96 distritos do Município de São Paulo, agrupados em cinco áreas segundo ordem crescente dos valores assumidos pelo Indicador de Desenvolvimento Humano. O estudo compreendeu a população feminina de 15 a 49 anos e os nascimentos vivos ocorridos durante o ano de 1997. As fontes de obtenção dos dados foram as declarações de nascidos vivos e a contagem da população 1996. Foram trabalhadas as seguintes variáveis: IDH, distrito de residência e idade da mulher. RESULTADOS: As mulheres residentes na área de menor desenvolvimento humano apresentaram taxa de fecundidade total de 2,62, sendo que a cúspide (151/1.000 filhos por mulheres) situou-se no grupo etário de 20 a 24 anos. Na área de maior indicador de desenvolvimento humano, observou-se menor número médio de filhos por mulher (1,67), e a cúspide (93/1.000 filhos por mulheres) se situou no grupo etário de 25 a 29 anos. CONCLUSÕES: As mulheres residentes nas áreas de maior desenvolvimento humano apresentaram menor número médio de filhos e tendência a tê-los em idades mais avançadas, o que sugere a coexistência de distintos padrões reprodutivos no Município de São Paulo.

Intra-familial physical violence among Mexican and Egyptian youth

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of experiencing intra-familial violence among Mexican and Egyptian youth and to describe its associated risk factors. METHODS: Data from questionnaires applied to 12,862 Mexican and 5,662 Egyptian youth, aged 10 to 19, who attended public schools were analyzed. Biviarate and logistic regression analysis were used to determine the relationship between socio-demographics, the experience of intra-familial violence and violence perpetration. RESULTS: The prevalence of having experienced intra-familial violence was comparable across the Mexican and Egyptian populations (14% and 17%, respectively). In Mexico, young men were more likely to have experienced such violence (OR=2.36) than women, whereas in Egypt, young women were at slightly greater risk than young men (OR=1.25). Older age, male gender and urban residence were independent correlates of experiencing intra-familial violence among Mexican youth. For Egyptian adolescents, in contrast, younger age, female gender and having non-married parents were independent correlates of victimization. Intra-familial violence victims were also more likely than non-victims to perpetrate violence (Mexico: OR=13.13; Egypt: OR=6.58). CONCLUSIONS: Mexican and Egyptian youth experienced intra-familial violence at a relatively low prevalence when compared with youth of other countries. A strong association was found between experiencing intra-familial violence and perpetrating violence.

Diferenciais intra-urbanos de peso ao nascer no município de São Paulo

OBJETIVO: Identificar diferenciais intra-urbanos e fatores de risco na prevalência de baixo peso ao nascer. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizadas as informações das declarações de nascido vivo de mães residentes no município de São Paulo, obtidos do Sistema de Informação de Nascidos Vivos e Fundação Seade, para o período de 2002 e 2003, totalizando 368.980 nascidos vivos. Os endereços foram geo-referenciados em setores censitários e classificados em seis grupos de vulnerabilidade segundo o Índice Paulista de Vulnerabilidade Social. Para identificação dos possíveis fatores de risco empregou-se análise de regressão logística. RESULTADOS: Observou-se tendência de crescimento da prevalência de baixo peso ao nascer com aumento da vulnerabilidade (de 6,8% a 8,1%). Houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos quanto às características maternas, assistência pré-natal e da proporção de nascimentos de não pré-termo de baixo peso. No grupo de baixo peso não pré-termo, proxy da presença de retardo do crescimento intra-uterino, residir em áreas vulneráveis (1,29;1,17-1,43) e características socioeconômicas maternas desaforáveis, como mães adolescentes (1,13;1,04-1,22), baixa escolaridade (1,26;1,17-1,35) e elevada paridade (1,10;1,01-1,20) foram fatores de risco, assim como mães idosas (1,38;1,30-1,47), e sem companheiro (1,15;1,11-1,20). A ausência de pré-natal apresentou o maior risco de baixo peso para nascimentos de pré-termo (3,39;2,86-4,02) e não pré-termo (2,12;1,87-2,41). Houve redução de risco de baixo peso com o aumento de consultas de pré-natal para nascimentos de pré-termo e não pré-termo. CONCLUSÕES: Há diferenças de prevalência de baixo peso ao nascer segundo grupos de vulnerabilidade. A assistência pré-natal mostrou-se desigual segundo grupos de vulnerabilidade e seu elevado risco para o baixo peso ao nascer indica a importância de ampliar o acesso e qualidade dos serviços de saúde.

Seasonal variation in hospitalizations due to heart failure in Niterói city, Southeastern Brazil

The objective of the study was to describe seasonality of hospitalizations for heart failure in tropical climate as it has been described in cold climates. Seasonal Auto-regressive Integrated Moving-Average model was applied to time-series data of heart failure hospitalizations between 1996 and 2004 in Niteroi (Southeastern Brazil), collected from the Brazilian National Health Service Database. The standard seasonal variation was obtained by means of moving-average filtering and averaging data. The lowest and the highest annual hospital admissions were 507 (1997) and 849 (2002), respectively; the lowest and the highest monthly rates were 419 (December) and 681 (October), respectively. Peak admission rates were seen during the fall and winter. Although weak, the seasonality observed indicates that slight variations result in increased hospitalizations for heart failure.

Intra-hospital organ and tissue donation coordination project: cost-effectiveness and social benefits

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the viability of a professional specialist in intra-hospital committees of organ and tissue donation for transplantation. METHODS Epidemiological, retrospective and cross-sectional study (2003-2011 and 2008-2012), which was performed using organ donation for transplants data in the state of Sao Paulo, Southeastern Brazil. Nine hospitals were evaluated (hospitals 1 to 9). Logistic regression was used to evaluate the differences in the number of brain death referrals and actual donors (dependent variables) after the professional specialist started work (independent variable) at the intra-hospital committee of organ and tissue donation for transplantation. To evaluate the hospital invoicing, the hourly wage of the doctor and registered nurse, according to the legislation of the Consolidation of Labor Laws, were calculated, as were the investment return and the time elapsed to do so. RESULTS Following the nursing specialist commencement on the committee, brain death referrals and the number of actual donors increased at hospital 2 (4.17 and 1.52, respectively). At hospital 7, the number of actual donors also increased from 0.005 to 1.54. In addition, after the nurse started working, hospital revenues increased by 190.0% (ranging 40.0% to 1.955%). The monthly cost for the nurse working 20 hours was US$397.97 while the doctor would cost US$3,526.67. The return on investment was 275% over the short term (0.36 years). CONCLUSIONS This paper showed that including a professional specialist in intra-hospital committees for organ and tissue donation for transplantation proved to be cost-effective. Further economic research in the area could contribute to the efficient public policy implementation of this organ and tissue harvesting model.

Variation in response of Schistosoma mansoni strains to schistosomicides

The BH strain of Schistosoma mansoni was found to be highly susceptible, to hy cant hone (1 x 80 mg/kg), oxamniquine (1 x 100 mg/kg) niridazole (5 x 100 mg/kg), praziquantel (1 x 100 mg/kg), oltipraz (5 x 125 mg/kg) and amoscanate (1 x 300 mg/kg) and is therefore a good reference strain for chemotherapeutic trials. By contrast, the MPR-1 strain was shown to have developed resistance to oxamniquine without ever having been dosed with oxamniquine. Other oxamniquine/hycanthone resistant strains were shown to have maintained their resistance and a strain believed to be partially resistant to oltipraz was evaluated.

Strain variation in the infectivity of Schistosoma mansoni for Biomphalaria glabrata

Five strains of Schistosoma mansoni resistant and susceptible to schistosomicides were studied for infectivity of 2 strains of Biomphalaria glabrata one of Puerto Rican origin and the other of Brazilian origin. Puerto Rican strains of S. Mansoni developed more slowly and had a lower infectivity in Brazilian B. glabrata than did the Brazilian S. mansoni. However, Brazilian S. Mansoni developed as well in Puerto Rican snails as in Brazilian snails, indicating that drug resistant strains could easily be moved by travel of infected persons from one area to another.

Clonal variation within a mucosal isolate derived from a patient with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infection

Three isolates over 5 years from a patient with persistent relapsing mucosal leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and 7 clones from one of these isolates were studied by zymodemes and scrodemes analysis. Results showed evidences of clonal phenotypic variation. Eight isoenzymes markers demonstrated clear differences on Cellulose Acetate (CA) and thin starch gel electrophoresis. Also a panel of specific monoclonal antibodies showed such differences. Our observations provide additional evidence that Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is composed by subpopulations of parasites with peculiar biochemical and antigenic characteristics.

Regional variation in toxoplasmosis seronegativity in the São Paulo metropolitan region

Toxoplasmosis is a highly prevalent zoonotic human infection caused by the Apicomplexa protozoon Toxoplasma gondii. The acute disease is usually mild or asymptomatic, except for foetal infection transmitted by acutely infected pregnant women, which courses as a devastating disease. In order to determine possible regional variations in risk factors, we studied the frequency of seronegativity in areas of the São Paulo Metropolitan Region, comparing liters and age groups. The prevalence of seronegativity was determined retrospectively in 1286 pregnant women receiving prenatal care at public health services in four selected areas of the São Paulo Metropolitan Region of similar socioeconomic background. The São Paulo City area had the higher frequency of seronegativity (41.1%), followed by the Northwest (31.5%) and Southwest (29.9%) areas, with similar intermediate levels, and by the Northeast (22.5%) area with the lowest frequency (p<0.001). A rough estimate disclosed about 280 infected infants/year in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region. Serological titers analyzed by age group suggested a decline in antibody levels with age, as shown by a lower frequency of higher titers in older groups. Our study emphasizes the importance of determining the regional prevalence of toxoplasmosis for proper planning of public health prenatal care.

Seasonal variation of anti-resa/Pf155 Plasmodium falciparum antibodies in three localities from the state of Amapá, Brazil

Anti-RESA/Pf155 antibodies were assayed in sera of individuals from three localities (Laranjal do Jari, Vila Padaria and Vila Paraíso) in the State of Amapá, Brazil, during the long-rains and short-rains seasons. All of these had negative blood smears for malaria. Most of the sera collected were positive in Indirect Fluorescent Antibody (IFA) with P. falciparum parasites, with no seasonal variation. A high percentage of these sera (62% to 100%) was RESA positive by Modified Indirect Fluorescent Antibody (MIFA), with a significant (p < 0.05) increase of geometric mean titers during the short-rains season, when the transmission of the disease is highest. ELISA with three repetitive RESA peptides (EENV)3 (4x3), (EENVEHDA)2 (8x2) and (DDEHVEEPTVA)2(11x2) did not reveal statistically significant seasonal variations, although a small enhancement of positivity was observed in V. Padaria (15.3 to 38.8%) in the short-rains season with the 8x2 peptides, and with 4x3 and 8x2 peptides in V. Paraíso, with a decrease in 11x2. MIFA titers appeared to be correlated mainly to the peptide 4x3 and it was the immunodominant in the three localities.

Genetic variation between susceptible and non-susceptible snails to Schistosoma infection using random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis (RAPDs)

Susceptibility of snails to infection by certain trematodes and their suitability as hosts for continued development has been a bewildering problem in host-parasite relationships. The present work emphasizes our interest in snail genetics to determine what genes or gene products are specifically responsible for susceptibility of snails to infection. High molecular weight DNA was extracted from both susceptible and non-susceptible snails within the same species Biomphalaria tenagophila. RAPD was undertaken to distinguish between the two types of snails. Random primers (10 mers) were used to amplify the extracted DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and silver staining. The results suggest that RAPD represents an efficient means of genome comparison, since many molecular markers were detected as genetic variations between susceptible and non-susceptible snails.