Comportamento de espécies herbáceas em misturas de solo com diferentes graus de contaminação com metais pesados

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, em casa de vegetação, o comportamento de espécies herbáceas em relação ao excesso de Cd e Zn no solo. O gradiente de contaminação foi estabelecido a partir de mistura de solo contaminado com solo sem contaminação em diferentes proporções. As sementes foram semeadas em tubetes contendo 250 mL de solo, e após 90 dias as plantas foram colhidas e avaliadas. A maioria das espécies apresentou redução no crescimento com aumento da contaminação do solo e elevadas concentrações de Cd e Zn na matéria seca da parte aérea (MSPA), na mistura com 15% de solo contaminado. A espécie Pffafia sp. mostrou-se tolerante à contaminação, crescendo em misturas de solo contendo até 90 mg kg-1 de Cd e 1.450 mg kg-1 de zinco. Além disso, apresentou concentração superior a 100 mg kg-1 de Cd na MSPA, sendo considerada hiperacumuladora desse metal. Sida glaziovii, Bidens pilosa, Rhynchelytrum repens, Cenchrus echinatus e Nicandra physaloides, por sua vez, foram severamente afetadas pela contaminação, ao contrário de Trifolium repens, Euchlaena mexicana, Cynodon dactylon, Avena strigosa, Cenchrus ciliares e Cyperus sp. que apresentaram crescimento satisfatório. As espécies avaliadas mostram-se promissoras para estudos adicionais sobre a reabilitação de áreas contaminadas com metais pesados.

Phosphate solubilization and synergism between P-solubilizing and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

The objective of this work was to evaluate the ability of several P-solubilizing fungi to solubilize aluminum phosphate and Araxá apatite as well as the synergism between the P-solubilizing fungus, PSF 7, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to promote clover growth amended with aluminum phosphate. Two experiments were carried out, the first under laboratory conditions and the second in a controlled environmental chamber. In the first experiment, PSF 7, PSF 9, PSF 21 and PSF 22 isolates plus control were incubated in liquid medium at 28ºC for eight days. On the 2nd, 4th and 8th day of incubation, pH and soluble P were determined. In the second experiment, clover was sowed in plastic pots containing 300 g of sterilized substrate amended with aluminum phosphate, 3 g L-1, in presence and absence of PSF 7 isolate and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. A completely randomized design, in factorial outline 2x2 (presence and absence of PSF 7 and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) and five replicates were used. In the first experiment, higher P content was detected in the medium containing aluminum phosphate. PSF 7 is the best fungi isolate which increases aluminum solubilization with major tolerance to Al3+. Clover growth was stimulated by presence of PSF 7 and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. There is synergism between microorganisms utilized to improve plant nutrition.

Desempenho de novilhas leiteiras em pastagens anuais de inverno sob sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade da recria de novilhas leiteiras em pastagens de inverno puras ou consorciadas, sob sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária. O experimento foi realizado no Município de Castro, PR. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial, com duas categorias de animais - leves, com 192±40,9 kg, e pesados, com 278±41,2 kg -, e dois tipos de pastagem: consorciada, composta de azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum), aveia-preta (Avena strigosa), trevo branco (Trifolium repens) e trevo vermelho (Trifolium pratense); e pastagem pura de azevém anual. Foi utilizado o método de pastoreio contínuo com lotação variável, com altura de manejo de 20 cm. A pastagem com azevém anual proporcionou ganho de peso médio diário significativamente superior (0,93±0,032 kg por dia por animal) ao da pastagem consorciada (0,79±0,032 kg por dia por animal). Os animais leves apresentaram maior ganho de peso por hectare (3,54±0,163 kg ha-1 por dia) do que os pesados (2,99±0,163 kg ha-1 por dia), o que foi influenciado pelo tipo de pastagem: animais leves apresentaram melhor desempenho em pastagem pura, e animais pesados em pastagem consorciada. A recria de novilhas leiteiras é viável durante a fase de pastagens de sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária.

Foraging behavior and ruminal fermentation of dairy cows grazing ryegrass pasture alone or with white clover

The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of pasture composition and regrowth age on the relationship between feeding behavior and ruminal fermentation in dairy cows grazing perennial ryegrass with or without white clover. The experiment was carried out in a 2x2 factorial arrangement, with two sward types and two ages of regrowth. Swards of perennial ryegrass sown alone (PRG) and of perennial ryegrass mixed with white clover (GC) were evaluated. Twelve late-lactation Holstein cows, fistulated at the rumen, were distributed in a 4x4 latin square experimental design with four 12-day periods. Daily distribution of grazing was similar in the PRG and the GC swards, but the concentration of rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) was higher and the proportion of propionate was lower on mixed swards during the day. Daily distribution of grazing was similar in pastures of different ages. However, in the oldest swards, rumen fluid pH increased and VFA concentration decreased after evening milking. Time spent grazing does not influence ruminal fermentation, which depends on the changes that occur as different sward layers are grazed.

Biological and molecular characterization of an isolate of Tobacco streak virus obtained from soybeans in Brazil

A virus was isolated from soybean (Glycine max) plants with symptoms of dwarfing and bud blight in Wenceslau Braz County, Paraná, Brazil. The host range and properties resembled those of Tobacco streak virus (TSV). The purified virus showed three peaks in a frozen sucrose gradient. Antiserum was produced and the virus was serologically related to TSV. Electron microscopy detected 28 nm spherical particles. Coat protein (CP) had a Mr of 29.880 Da. A fragment of 1028 nt was amplified, cloned and sequenced. One open reading frame with 717 nt was identified and associated to the CP. The CP gene shared 83% identity with the sequence of TSV CP from white clover (Trifolium repens) (GenBank CAA25133). This is the first report of the biological and molecular characterization of TSV isolated from soybeans. It is proposed that this isolate be considered a strain of TSV named TSV-BR.

Manejo de plantas de cobertura no controle de plantas daninhas na cultura do milho

O sistema de semeadura direta na cultura do milho tem apresentado expansão na região Sul do Brasil. A escolha adequada de espécies de cobertura, associada ao manejo em pré-semeadura da cobertura, pode intensificar o efeito alelopático sobre plantas daninhas. Foi avaliada a adaptabilidade de espécies vegetais e os efeitos alelopáticos, associados às práticas de manejo da cobertura e ao uso de herbicida pós-emergente, no controle de plantas daninhas na cultura do milho. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: espécies de cobertura, manejo das coberturas e aplicação ou não de herbicida em pós-emergência. As variáveis avaliadas foram: porcentagem de cobertura, matéria seca da cobertura, número de plantas daninhas, além de estatura, área foliar, matéria seca de plantas de milho e produtividade de grãos. As espécies nabo forrageiro e azevém apresentaram maior cobertura do solo. A cobertura de azevém proporciona maior redução de plantas daninhas e maior crescimento de plantas de milho. A dessecação das culturas de cobertura com glyphosate e paraquat, em geral, reduz o número de plantas daninhas e favorece o crescimento da cultura do milho. A influência do manejo da cobertura de solo na produtividade de grãos depende da espécie utilizada. A aplicação do herbicida nicosulfuron aumentou a produtividade do milho, independentemente da cultura de cobertura ou do manejo adotado.

Efecto de la dosis de glifosato sobre la biomasa de malezas de barbecho al estado vegetativo y reproductivo

Los experimentos se condujeron en el campo experimental de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias ubicado en Zavalla (Argentina) durante 2005 y 2006. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la eficacia de glifosato aplicado al estado vegetativo y reproductivo de Convolvulus arvensis, Oenothera indecora, Iresine diffusa, Parietaria debilis, Rumex paraguayensis y Trifolium repens. El diseño del experimento fue completamente al azar con un arreglo factorial: año, especies, estado reproductivo y vegetativo y dosis de glifosato 48% (4X, 2X, 1X, 1/2X, 1/4X, 0X) siendo X la dosis recomendada 1200 g i.a. ha-1. Se estableció la relación entre la dosis de glifosato y el control de la biomasa de las malezas a través de curvas de dosis respuesta con un modelo log-logístico. Se comparó el grado de tolerancia por medio de la DL50. En ambos estados de las malezas, la mayor DL50 obtenida para I. diffusa indica que de las especies estudiadas ésta es la más tolerante a glifosato. El número de especies tolerantes al glifosato es menor al estado vegetativo que al reproductivo.

Effects of Corynespora cassiicola on Lantana camara

The present study combines the examination of toxins produced by C. cassiicola and the effects of the fungus colonization on L. camara. C. cassiicola was cultivated on solid media and the crude extracts CAE and CE were produced. Both extracts were submitted to a seed germination and growth assay utilizing Physalis ixocarpa, Trifolium alexandrinum, Lolium multiflorum and Amaranthus hypochodriacus. The effect of the extracts on the ATP-synthesis in isolated spinach chloroplasts was also tested. Bioassay guided chromatographic fractionation identified the most active extract (CAE). From this extract ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one (C1) and fatty acids were isolated. The C1 compound reduce ATP synthesis in isolated spinach chloroplasts. The interference of fatty acids with ATP synthesis and also with weed growth provides one explanation of the phytogrowth-inhibitory properties of such fungal extracts. Histological observations involving fungus-plant interaction were made on L. camara plants inoculated with C. cassiicola conidia suspension. After inoculations, fragments of the leaf blades were prepared for observation by light and scanning electron microscopy. Fungal colonization of Lantana camara was typical of a necrotroph and penetration initiated a hypersensitive response. L. camara reacted to the pathogen penetration through thickening of the epidermis walls, cytoplasm granulation and a cicatrisation tissue.

Alelopatia de plantas de cobertura na superfície ou incorporadas ao solo no controle de Digitaria spp.

Os aleloquímicos podem sofrer modificações em diversos tipos de substrato, tanto incorporados quanto na superfície do solo. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de palha de culturas de cobertura, quando incorporadas ou mantidas na superfície do solo, sobre a emergência e o desenvolvimento inicial de Digitaria spp. (milhã, capim-colchão e capim-de-roça). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em bloco ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial com os seguintes fatores: (A) - manejo das coberturas (incorporado e na superfície do solo); (B) culturas de cobertura de solo (canola, nabo forrageiro, trevo-vesiculoso e azevém); e (C) níveis de palha (0, 1, 2, 4, 6 e 10 t ha-1). Com o aumento dos níveis de palha de canola e nabo forrageiro incorporados ao solo, há em geral aumento na redução das variáveis IVE e porcentagem de emergência de milhã. A presença de palha de azevém na superfície do solo reduz o crescimento de milhã, comparativamente à incorporação, sendo necessário ao menos 6 t ha-1 de palha.

Allelopathic effect of black mustard tissues and root exudates on some crops and weeds

Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the phytotoxic effect of black mustard extracts and root exudates on two crops: Trifolium alexandrinum and Triticum aestivum, and two weeds: Phalaris paradoxa and Sisymbrium irio. The seeds were treated with aqueous and ethanolic extracts and chloroform for eight days, or subjected to root exudates of just harvested mustard in a greenhouse for five weeks. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to quantify phytotoxins from plant tissues. Seed germination of P. paradoxa was reduced with the lowest concentration of the different extracts. However, the aqueous extract at 4% completely curtailed the germination of all the target species. In general, plant extracts had a concentration-dependent reduction of seedling growth of the target species. However, the ethanolic extract, at the lowest concentration, has stimulated the shoot length of both T. alexandrinum and T. aestivum, and the root length of the former. Mustard root exudates inhibited emergence and growth of the target species throughout the experiment. Ferulic and syringic acids were the dominant allelochemicals found when HPLC was used.

Host suitability of weeds and forage species to root-knot nematode meloidogyne graminicola as a funcion of irrigation management

The irrigated rice production can be limited by various phytopathogenic agents, including root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). Thus, the aim of this research was to check the host suitability of plant species most often found off-season and during rice cultivation, to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola, under two irrigation managements. Two experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design. In the first experiment seven plant species that occur in an area of rice cultivation, in fallow, off-season were evaluated. For the second experiment nine weed species infesting the irrigated rice culture were tested in rainfed and flooding conditions. The sixteen species, kept individually in pots with sterilized substrate, were inoculated with 5,000 eggs and second stage juveniles (J2) of nematode. BRS 410 IRGA rice plants inoculated with M.graminicola were used as control. Two months after inoculation, the root system of each plant was evaluated for number of galls and nematode reproduction factor. It was verified that the species of off-season of rice cultivation Sida rhombifolia, Raphanus raphanistrum, Spergula arvensis, Lotus corniculatus and Trifolium repens, and, during the cycle of rice cultivation, Aeschynomene denticulata, Leersia hexandra, are immune to nematode. The plant species off-season, Avena strigosa and Lolium multiflorum and of cultivation, Alternanthera philoxeroides, red rice, Echinochloa crusgalli, Cyperus difformis, Cyperus esculentus, Cyperus iria and Fimbristylis miliacea would behave as hosts of M.graminicola, mostly under rainfed conditions.

CHEMICAL CONTROL OF WHITE CLOVER IN SOYBEAN CROPS

ABSTRACTWhite clover is tolerant to many herbicides, making difficult a chemical control of this species during soybean crop establishments. The objective of this research was to select herbicides applied postemergence to control white clover in soybean and know the effects of this control on soybean yield. Seven herbicides were assessed, applied postemergence, with or without sequential application of glyphosate, and two control treatments (no control and total control of white clover). Glyphosate (with two sequential applications), fomesafen (with a sequential application of glyphosate), chlorimuron-ethyl and lactofen have shown a satisfactory control of white clover (above 80%). The lower control efficiency has resulted in lower production of soybeans.

Influence of temperate grass seed rotation systems on weed seed soil bank composition

Due to changing cropping practices in perennial grass seed crops in western Oregon, USA, alternative rotation systems are being considered to reduce weed infestations. Information is generally lacking regarding the effects of alternative agronomic operations and herbicide inputs on soil weed seed bank composition during this transition. Six crop rotation systems were imposed in 1992 on a field that had historically produced monoculture perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) seeds. Each system plot was 20 x 30 m, arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated four times. Twenty to thirty soil cores were sampled in June 1997 from each plot. The weed species composition of the cores was determined by successive greenhouse grow-out assays. In addition to seed density, heterogeneity indices for species evenness, richness, and diversity were determined. The most abundant species were Juncus bufonius L. and Poa annua L. Changes in seed bank composition were due to the different herbicides used for the rotation crop components. Compared to the other rotation systems, no-tillage, spring-planted wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) reduced overall weed seed density and richness, but did not affect weed species evenness or diversity. When meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba Hartweg ex Benth.) succeeded wheat in rotation, weed species richness was unaffected, but evenness and diversity were reduced, compared to the other rotation systems. For meadowfoam in sequence after white clover (Trifolium repens L.), crop establishment method (no-tillage and conventional tillage) had no effect on weed seed species density, evenness, or diversity.